• Architectural research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2018

To improve the chloride ingress resistance of concrete, slag is widely used as a mineral admixture in concrete industry. And currently, most of experimental investigations about non steady state diffusion tests of chloride penetration are started after four weeks standard curing of concrete. For slag blended concrete, during submerged chloride penetration tests periods, binder reaction proceeds continuously, and chloride diffusivity decreases. However, so far the dependence of chloride ingress on curing ages are not detailed considered. To address this disadvantage, this paper shows a numerical procedure to analyze simultaneously binder hydration reactions and chloride ion penetration process. First, using a slag blended cement hydration model, degree of reactions of binders, combined water, and capillary porosity of hardening blended concrete are determined. Second, the dependences of chloride diffusivity on capillary porosity of slag blended concrete are clarified. Third, by considering time dependent chloride diffusivity and surface chloride content, chloride penetration profiles in hardening concrete are calculated. The proposed prediction model is verified through chloride immersion penetration test results of concrete with different water to binder ratios and slag contents.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.148-156
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• 2022

대부분의 국내 콘크리트 구조물이 동결융해 및 염해 환경에 동시에 노출됨에도 불구하고 현장에서의 콘크리트 내구성능 평가는 각각의 단일 작용에 의한 손상을 평가하고 있으며 염해 손상은 현장에서 코어를 별도로 채취하여 추가적인 실내 실험분석까지 요구된다. 그러나 국내에서는 2018년부터 「시설물의 안전 및 유지관리에 관한 특별법」과 「지속가능한 기반시설 관리 기본법」 등의 시설물 유지관리를 강화하는 정책들이 수립 및 시행됨에 따라 정부 및 지자체에서 안전점검 관리 대상시설물이 증대되어 시설물이 안전 점검 및 진단에 대한 효과적인 점검 간소화 기술이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 기존의 피복부 콘크리트 품질을 평가하는 표면반발경도를 활용하여 동해 손상이 발생한 콘크리트 부위를 대상으로 염해 손상의 가속화 정도를 판단할 수 있는 방법의 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 동결융해 촉진 환경에 노출시켜 이미 동해 손상이 발생한 콘크리트 실험체를 염수에 침지시킨 후 콘크리트 내 침투한 염화물을 분석하여 동해 손상 정도에 따른 염화물 침투 가속화 관계를 분석하였다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.186-190
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• 2004

In this work, a nickel metal (Ni) electroplating on the activated carbon fiber (Ni/ACFs) surfaces was carried out to remove the toxic hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas. The surface properties of the treated ACFs were determined by using nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K, SEM, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. HCl removal efficiency was confirmed by a gas-detecting tube technique. As a result, the nickel metal contents on the ACF surfaces were increased with increasing the plating time. And, it was found that the specific surface area or the micropore volume of the ACFs studied was slightly decreased as increasing the plating time. Whereas, it was revealed that the HCl removal efficiency containing nickel metal showed higher efficiency values than that of untreated ACFs. These results indicated that the presence of nickel metal on the ACF surfaces played an important role in improving the HCl removal over the Ni/ACFs, due to the catalytic reactions between nickel and chlorine.

• Carbon letters
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.86-92
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• 2003

A series of micro- and mesoporous activated carbons were prepared from two kinds of phenolic resin using a metal treated chemical activation methodology. $N_2$-adsorption data were used to characterize the surface properties of the produced activated carbons. Results of the surface properties and pore distribution analysis showed that phenolic resin can be successfully converted to micro- and mesoporous activated carbons with specific surface areas higher than 973 $m^2/g$. Activated carbons with porous structure were produced by controlling the amount of metal chlorides ($CuCl_2$). Pore evolvement depends on the amount of additional metal chloride and precursors used. From the SEM and EDX data, copper contents were shown to be most effected by the incremental addition of metal chloride.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.377-382
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• 2012

Recent research has demonstrated that treating poultry litter with alum (aluminum sulfate) and aluminum chloride can remove environmental threats (ammonia, soluble phosphorus and odor) posed by litter. However, scientific information available on heavy metal in poultry litter with liquid aluminum chloride is still lacked. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of applying liquid aluminum chloride to rice hulls on heavy metals and to provide basic information to producers. Six hundred 0-d-old broiler were assigned to 4 treatments (control, 100 g, 200 g and 300 g of liquid $AlCl_3$/kg of rice hulls, respectively) with 3 replicates of 50 birds. The experimental period lasted for 6 weeks. Liquid $AlCl_3$ was sprayed on the rice hulls surface using a small hand pump. Total Al contents increased (P<0.05) with the increasing levels of liquid $AlCl_3$ levels over time in comparison with control groups. Total Cu and Pb were lowered in all liquid $AlCl_3$ treatments compared with the controls during 6 weeks. Significant differences in all treatments were found for total Cu contents at 2, 3 and 5 weeks and total Pb at 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Total Zn contents decreased with time when compared with controls. However, no significant differences in total Zn contents were observed among all treatments. In light of environmental managements, spraying liquid $AlCl_3$ to rice hulls indicated the significant advantages in reducing heavy metals as well as improving poultry industrial competitiveness.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.708-717
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• 2002

해안 등 열악한 환경에 노출되는 구조물들의 건설이 증가되면서 구조물의 내구성 문제가 심각해지고 있다. 특히, 염해만이 아니라 염해와 황산염 그리고 중성화 등 복합작용에 의한 열화문제는 아직도 연구된 바가 거의 없는 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 염해와 황산염 및 중성화가 복합된 환경하에서 콘크리트 구조물의 성능저하 현상을 살피고 이들의 상호작용과 영향을 실험적으로 구명하는데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해서 단일 및 복합열화 실험을 포괄적으로 수행하였다. 본 연구결과, 염소이온 단일열화시 보다 황산염 또는 황산염과 중성화가 복합되었을 경우의 열화현상이 더 두드러졌으며, 모든 열화조건에서 표면염소이온의 농도는 시간에 따라 증가하고 반면에 확산계수는 시간에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 표면염소이온 농도는 복합열화에서 더 증가하며 특히 염소이온 확산계수는 염해와 황산염 2중 복합열화시 더 커지고 여기에 중성화가 복합될 경우 더욱 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 해안 구조물과 같이 염해와 황산염 및 중성화가 복합될 경우 염소이온의 침투가 더욱 커져 이들의 합리적인 고려가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.274-279
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• 2016

Stainless steel is widely used in various industries due to its excellent anti-corrosion characteristics. However, if the stainless steel is exposed to high speed fluid flow and chloride ion in the marine environment, corrosion and cavitation damage occurred on the surface easily. Therefore, to prevent these problems, stabilzed stainless steel is applied to offshore and shipbuilding industries. In this study, stabilized stainless steel specimen was made by 19%Cr-9%Ni with different Nb contents (0.29%, 0.46% and 0.71%). And then, their cavitation characteristics were investigated. As a result, the characteristics of cavitation resistance of stainless steel could be improved by increasing Nb contents.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 구조물의 표면마감 특성이 해양콘크리트의 공극 및 염화물 확산특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토하였다. 콘크리트의 종류는 Plain과 함께 실리카퓸을 사용한 경우와 플라이애시를 사용한 콘크리트를 대상으로 하였고, 표면거푸집 종류로는 목재합판, 코팅합판, 철 및 폴리프로필렌 필름으로 하는 총 4 case를 대상으로 하였다. 검토결과, 공극은 콘크리트 시험체의 중앙부 절단면이 철이나 폴리프로필렌 필름을 사용한 경우에 비해 상대적으로 많은 공극량을 포함하는 것으로 나타난 반면, 목재 합판을 사용한 경우가 가장 적은 공극량을 포함하는 것으로 나타났다. 염화물 침투시기는 동일한 콘크리트라 할지라도 거푸집 종류에 따라 Plain 콘크리트의 경우는 최대 13.2%, MSF 콘크리트는 20.3%, FA 콘크리트는 17.7% 수준까지 상이하게 되는 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 콘크리트의 내구성을 평가하는데 있어 콘크리트의 표면마감 특성에 대해서도 면밀히 검토되어야 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.589-594
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• 2009

The goals of this study were conducted to investigate the effects of applying liquid aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3$) to rice hulls on pH and soluble reactive P (SRP). A total of 800 broiler chicks (4 treatments $\times$ 4 replicates $\times$ 50 birds) were housed into 16 floor pens in a single house for 5 weeks. The treatments were divided into 4 groups: control, 100 g of liquid $AlCl_3/kg$ of rice hulls, 200 g of liquid $AlCl_3/kg$ of rice hulls, and 300 g of liquid $AlCl_3/kg$ of rice hulls. Liquid $AlCl_3$ was sprayed on the rice hulls surface at a rate of 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g liquid $AlCl_3$ per kg rice hull. pH values and SRP contents were significantly decreased (P<0.05) with the increased liquid $AlCl_3$ levels in comparison with control. However, no significant differences in SRP contents were observed among all treatments at 3 and 4 weeks. Applying 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g liquid $AlCl_3$ to rice hulls reduced SRP contents by 18, 25, and 52% for 5 weeks, respectively, compared with the controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that using liquid $AlCl_3$ on rice hulls should be promising for reducing water contamination and resulted in a reduction in SRP contents, which reduced pH.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

Most of chloride diffusion models based on finite difference method (FDM) could not express the diffusion in horizontal direction at each elevation. To overcome these weakness, two dimensional chloride ion penetration model based on finite element method (FEM) to be able to combine various multi-physics simultaneously was suggested by introducing moving mesh technique. To avoid the generation of mesh being able to be distorted depending on the relative movement of water level to static concrete, a rectangular type of mesh was intentionally adopted and the total number of meshes was empirically selected. The simulated results showed that the contents of surface chloride decreased following to the increase of elevation in the top part of low sea level, whereas there were no changes in the bottom part of low level. In the DuraCrete model, the diffusion coefficient of splashed zone is generally smaller than submerged zone, whereas the trend of Life365 model is reverse. Therefore, it could be understood that the developed model using moving mesh technique effectively reflects $DuraCrete^{TM}$ model rather than $Life365^{TM}$ model. In the future, the model will be easily expanded to be combined with various multi-physics models considering water evaporation, heat of hydration, irradiation effect of sun and so on because it is based on FEM.