• Title/Summary/Keyword: Surface albedo

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Alchemical Transformation Process revealed in Sand Play (모래놀이에 나타난 연금술적 변환과정)

  • Dukkyu Kim
    • Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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    • v.39 no.1
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    • pp.61-91
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    • 2024
  • Alchemy is the process of producing worthless substances into the best substances through chemical opus(work). On the surface, many of the alchemist's experiments can be depicted as work on transforming substances, but in reality, the alchemist's result is a product of the Unconscious. This study aims to explain the three phases of alchemy, Nigredo, Albedo, and Rubedo, through Michael Mayer's alchemical text, Atalanta Fugiens, and understand the transformation process by utilizing images that appeared from clients' sand play therapy. This study first described why alchemy, as the foundation for the psychology of the Unconscious, is important in sand play that deals with images. Next, Nigredo (blackening), the first phase of the alchemical process, is briefly described, and how the contents of Nigredo, such as chaos, dissolution, separation, division, corruption, death, and calcination, appear in sand play therapy. Next, the second phase, albedo (whitening), is described, and how the images of water and fire, which are representative images of albedo in the form of purification, sublimation, distillation, separation, descension, and coagulation, are revealed in sand play. Lastly, the phase of rubedo (reddening) in alchemy is described, and how the form of union (mandala or central image) in rubedo, which appears in the form of conjunction and rebirth, is revealed in sand play. The symbols revealed in alchemy are very valuable in amplifying the images that appeared in sand play therapy or dream analysis. In particular, the procedures found in alchemical opus are helpful in understanding the transformation process of personality.

An estimation of surface reflectance for Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) data using 6SV

  • Seong, Noh-hun;Lee, Chang Suk;Choi, Sungwon;Seo, Minji;Lee, Kyeong-Sang;Han, Kyung-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.67-71
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    • 2016
  • The surface reflectance is essential to retrieval various indicators related land properties such as vegetation index, albedo and etc. In this study, we estimated surface reflectance using Himawari-8 / Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) channel data. In order to estimate surface reflectance from Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance, the atmospheric correction is necessary because all of the TOA reflectance from optical sensor is affected by gas molecules and aerosol in the atmosphere. We used Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum Vector (6SV) Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) to correct atmospheric effect, and Look-Up Table (LUT) to shorten the calculation time. We verified through comparison Himawri-8 / AHI surface reflectance and Proba-V S1 products. As a result, bias and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) are calculated about -0.02 and 0.05.

Evaluation of Meteorological Elements Used for Reference Evapotranspiration Calculation of FAO Penman-Monteith Model (FAO Penman-Monteith 모형의 증발산량 산정에 이용되는 기상요소의 평가)

  • Hur, Seung-Oh;Jung, Kang-Ho;Ha, Sang-Keun;Kim, Jeong-Gyu
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.39 no.5
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    • pp.274-279
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    • 2006
  • The exact estimation of crop evapotranspiration containing reference or potential evapotranspiration is necessary for decision of crop water requirements. This study was carried out for the evaluation and application of various meteorological elements used for the calculation of reference evapotranspiration (RET) by FAO Penman-Monteith (PM) model. Meteorological elements including temperature, net radiation, soil heat flux, albedo, relative humidity, wind speed measured by meteorological instruments are required for RET calculation by FAO PM model. The average of albedo measured for crop growing period was 0.20, ranging from 0.12 to 0.23, and was slightly lower than 0.23. Determinant coefficients by measured albedo and green grass albedo were 0.97, 0.95 and standard errors were 0.74, 0.80 respectively. Usefulness of deductive regression models was admitted. To assess an influence of soil heat flux (G) on FAO PM, RET with G=0 was compared with RETs using G at 5cm soil depth ($G_{5cm}$) and G at surface ($G_{0cm}$). As the results, RET estimated by G=0 was well agreed with RET calculated by measured G. Therefore, estimated net radiation, G=0 and albedo of green grass could be used for RET calculation by FAO PM.

The Effect of the Artificial Ground on Building Thermal Environment (인공지반이 건물 열환경에 미치는 효과에 관한 연구)

  • Hwang, Hyo-Keun;Lim, Jong-Yeon;Ryu, Min-Kyung;Song, Doo-Sam
    • 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2009.04a
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    • pp.170-175
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    • 2009
  • Apartment housing block has been spreaded according to rapid economic development and urbanization in Korea. A parking lot is located at underground, artificial ground is inevitably created in apartment housing block. Artificial ground creates different thermal environment compared to natural ground, because the composition and coverage of artificial ground are diverse. In this study, the effect of the artificial ground on building thermal environment will be disscussed by simulation. Considering the result of simulation, surface albedo is more important for building energy performance. A purpose of this study is to examine how the characteristic of surface effect to thermal environment, and to develop design method for sustainable outdoor space.

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Agricultural drought monitoring using optical sensor-based soil moisture (광학센서 기반의 토양수분을 이용한 농업적 가뭄 감시)

  • Sur, Chan Yang
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2022.05a
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    • pp.296-296
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    • 2022
  • 농업적 가뭄은 토양의 수분함량(토양수분)이 마르기 시작하면서 식생 활동에 영향을 주는 것으로 정의할 수 있다. 광범위한 농업적 가뭄을 판별하기 위해 인공위성 자료를 토대로 토양수분을 산정하고 이를 이용해 가뭄지수를 산정하고, 가뭄 상태를 판별한다. 기존 인공위성 기반의 토양수분의 경우, microwave sensor에서 제공되는 밝기온도(brightness temperature)를 통해 토양수분을 추정하는 방식이 일반적으로 활용되었다. 하지만, microwave sensor에서 제공되는 자료들의 공간해상도가 10 km 이상이기 때문에, 한반도나 더 작게는 유역 단위, 행정 단위별 가뭄 분석을 하기에는 적합하지 않다. 이에 본 연구에서는 공간 해상도 500m의 광학센서(visible infrared imaging radiometer suite sensor (VIIRS))에서 제공되는 지표면 온도(land surface temperature)와 지표 반사도(land surface albedo) 자료들을 조합하여 토양수분을 산정하는 방식을 제안하고, 산출된 토양수분으로 농업적 가뭄을 모니터링한 결과를 제시하고자 한다. 기존의 microwave sensor로 산출된 토양수분 결과 값과의 비교 및 검증을 통해 광학센서를 통한 토양수분 산출물의 한반도 내 적용성을 확인할 수 있다.

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The Changes of UV-B Radiation at the Surface due to Stratospheric Aerosols (성층권 에어로졸에 의한 지표면 UV-B 복사량 변동)

  • Jai-Ho Oh;Joon-Hee Jung;Jeong-Woo Kim
    • International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.31-46
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    • 1993
  • A radiative transfer model with two-stream/delta-Eddington approximation has been developed to calculate the vertical distributions of atmospheric heating rates and radiative fluxes. The performance of the model has been evaluated by comparison with the results of ICRCCM (Intercomparison of radiative codes in climate models). It has been demonstrated that the presented model has a capability to calculate the solar radiation not only accurately but also economically. The characteristics of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-320nm) are examined by comparison of relation between the flux at the top of atmosphere and that at the surface. The relation of UV-B is quadratic due to the strong ozone absorption in this band. Also, the dependence of the UV-B radiation on the stratospheric ozone depletion and stratospheric aerosol haze due to volcanic eruption on the stratospheric ozone depletion and stratospheric aerosol haze due to volcanic eruption has been tested with various solar zenith angles. The surface UV-B increases as the solar zenith angle increases. The existence of stratospheric aerosols causes an increase in the planetary albedo due to the aerosols' backscattering. The planetary albedo with aerosol's effect has been increases as the solar zenith angle is not sensitive. It may be caused by the fact that the aerosols' scattering effect becomes saturated with the relatively long path length in a large solar zenith angle. Finally, the regional impact of stratospheric aerosols due to volcanic eruption on the intensity of UV-B radiation at the surface has been estimated. A direct effect is that the flux is diminished at the low latitudes, while it is enhanced in the high latitudes by the aerosols' photon trap or twilight effect. In the high latitudes, both aerosols' scattering and ozone absorption have strong and opposite impacts to the surface UV-B radiation is located at the mid-latitudes during spring season in both hemispheres.

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The Variation of Radiative Equilibrium Temperatures with the Ice Crystal Habits and Sizes in Cirrus Clouds (권운 내 빙정의 종류와 크기에 따른 복사 평형 온도 변화)

  • Jee, Joon-Bum;Lee, Won-Hak;Lee, Kyu-Tae
    • Atmosphere
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.427-436
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    • 2010
  • The single-scattering optical properties of ice crystals in cirrus clouds by the aircraft measurement data were investigated, and the radiative equilibrium temperatures and radiative fluxes were calculated and analyzed by radiative convective model with the variations of ice crystal habits and sizes in cirrus clouds. The homogeneous cloud is assumed to be in the layer 200~260 hPa with an ice crystal content of $10gm^{-2}$ for the flux calculation. The profiles of temperature, humidity, and ozone typical of mid-latitude summer are used. The surface albedo is assumed to be 0.2 for all spectral bands and the cosine of solar zenith angles is 0.5. The result of radiative equilibrium temperature at surface was less than surface temperature of the standard atmosphere data in case of smaller effective ice crystal size and larger optical thickness. The column, aggregation and plate in 6 ice crystal habits were the most effective in positive greenhouse effect and bullet-4 was the worst in it. At the surface, the maximum difference of equilibrium temperature by 6 kinds of ice crystal habits were about 3~15 K with 30 sample aircraft measurement data.

Artificial Sea Ice Increasing to Mitigate Global Warming (지구 온난화 경감을 위한 인공해빙증가)

  • Byun, Hi-Ryong;Park, Chang-Kyun
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.36 no.6
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    • pp.501-511
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    • 2015
  • This study suggests a method of alleviating global warming by the increase of the Earth surface albedo through Artificial Sea ice Increasing (ASI) over the Available Freezing Areas (AFA). The method is developed based on the fact that the large sea surface area in or near the Arctic and the Antarctic has no ice even though both water and air temperatures are below zero and the artificial sea ice generation is thus available. The mean energy of $0.85Wm^{-2}$, which was suspected of adding to the earth by the global warming effect was calculated to offset at once when the sea ice area about $4.09{\times}10^6km^2$ was additionally increased. In addition, three techniques for producing ice plates on the sea surface (using ships, installation apparatus, and floating matter such as Green Cell Foam) for ASI were proposed. According to the result of simple analysis using the energy balance model, when ASI was maximally operated only for 3 months (September, October, and November) over AFA, it is expected that the annual mean temperature of earth surface would be decreased about $0.11^{\circ}C$ in the following year. On the other hand, in case of generating the artificial sea ice in all four seasons, a risk of triggering snowball earth was detected.

Estimation of spatial evapotranspiration using Terra MODIS satellite image and SEBAL model in mixed forest and rice paddy area (SEBAL 모형과 Terra MODIS 영상을 이용한 혼효림, 논 지역에서의 공간증발산량 산정 연구)

  • Lee, Yong Gwan;Jung, Chung Gil;Ahn, So Ra;Kim, Seong Joon
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.49 no.3
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    • pp.227-239
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    • 2016
  • This study is to estimate Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) daily spatial evapotranspiration (ET) comparing with eddy covariance flux tower ET in Seolmacheon mixed forest (SMK) and Cheongmicheon rice paddy (CFK). The SEBAL input data of Albedo, Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Terra MODIS products and the meteorological data of wind speed, and solar radiation were prepared for 2 years (2012-2013). For the annual average flux tower ET of 302.8 mm in SMK and 482.0 mm in CFK, the SEBAL ETs were 183.3 mm and 371.5 mm respectively. The determination coefficients ($R^2$) of SEBAL ET versus flux tower ET for total periods were 0.54 in SMK and 0.79 in CFK respectively. The main reason of SEBAL ET underestimation for both sites was from the determination of hot pixel and cold pixel of the day and affected to the overestimation of sensible heat flux.

The Development of the Solar-Meteorological Resources Map based on Satellite data on Korean Peninsula (위성자료기반의 한반도 태양기상자원지도 개발)

  • Jee, Joon-Bum;Choi, Young-Jean;Lee, Kyu-Tae
    • 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2011.11a
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    • pp.342-347
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    • 2011
  • Solar energy is attenuated by absorbing gases (ozone, aerosol, water vapour and mixed gas) and cloud in the atmosphere. And these are measured with solar instruments (pyranometer, phyheliometer). However, solar energy is insufficient to represent detailed energy distribution, because the distributions of instruments are limited on spatial. If input data of solar radiation model is accurate, the solar energy reaches at the surface can be calculated accurately. Recently a variety of satellite measurements are available to TERA/AQUA (MODIS), AURA (OMI) and geostationary satellites (GMS-5, GOES-9, MTSAT-1R, MTSAT-2 and COMS). Input data of solar radiation model can be used aerosols and surface albedo of MODIS, total ozone amount of OMI and cloud fraction of meteorological geostationary satellite. The solar energy reaches to the surface is calculated hourly by solar radiation model and those are accumulated monthly and annual. And these results are verified the spatial distribution and validated with ground observations.

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