• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.541-550
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• 2021

While open-air compost has value as a source of nutrients for crops in agricultural land, it acts as a pollution that adversely affects the environment during rainfall, and management is required. In this study, it was intended to analyze the accuracy of calculating open-air compost volume using fixed-wing UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) capable of acquiring a wide range of images and automatic path flights and to identify the possibility of utilization. In order to evaluate the accuracy of calculating the three open-air compost volume, ground LiDAR surveys and precision surveys using a rotary UAV were performed. and compared with the open-air compost volume acquired through a fixed-wing UAV. As a result of comparing the calculation of open-air compost volume based on the ground LiDAR, the error rate of the rotary-wing was estimated to be ±5%, and the error rate of fixed-wing was -15 ~ -4%. one of three open-air compost volume calculated by fixed-wing was underestimated as about -15 %, but the deviation of the open-air compost volume was 2.9 m3, which was not significant. In addition, as a result of periodic monitoring of open-air compost using fixed-wing UAV, changes in the volume of open-air compost with time could be confirmed. These results suggested that efficient open-air compost monitoring and non-point pollutants in agricultural for a wide range using fixed-wing UAV is possible.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.156-166
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• 2022

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng), a herb distributed in Korea, China and Japan, exerts benefits on diverse inflammatory conditions. However, the underlying mechanism and active ingredients remains largely unclear. Herein, we aimed to explore the active ingredients of P. ginseng against inflammation and elucidate underlying mechanisms. Methods: Inflammation model was constructed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in C57BL/6 mice and RAW264.7 macrophages. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics, surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) and immunofluorescence were utilized to predict active component. Results: P. ginseng significantly inhibited LPS-induced lung injury and the expression of proinflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Additionally, P. ginseng blocked fluorescencelabeled LPS (LPS488) binding to the membranes of RAW264.7 macrophages, the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Furthermore, molecular docking demonstrated that ginsenoside Ro (GRo) docked into the LPS binding site of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) complex. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that the MD2-GRo binding conformation was stable. SPRi demonstrated an excellent interaction between TLR4/ MD2 complex and GRo (K_D value of 1.16 × 10^-9 M). GRo significantly inhibited LPS488 binding to cell membranes. Further studies showed that GRo markedly suppressed LPS-triggered lung injury, the transcription and secretion levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Moreover, the phosphorylation of NF-κB and MAPKs as well as the p65 subunit nuclear translocation were inhibited by GRo dose-dependently. Conclusion: Our results suggest that GRo exerts anti-inflammation actions by direct inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathway.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_1
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• pp.1357-1369
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• 2022

Cloud removal is an essential image processing step for any task requiring time-series optical images, such as vegetation monitoring and change detection. This paper presents a two-stage cloud removal method that combines conditional generative adversarial networks (cGANs) with regression-based calibration to construct a cloud-free time-series optical image set. In the first stage, the cGANs generate initial prediction results using quantitative relationships between optical and synthetic aperture radar images. In the second stage, the relationships between the predicted results and the actual values in non-cloud areas are first quantified via random forest-based regression modeling and then used to calibrate the cGAN-based prediction results. The potential of the proposed method was evaluated from a cloud removal experiment using Sentinel-2 and COSMO-SkyMed images in the rice field cultivation area of Gimje. The cGAN model could effectively predict the reflectance values in the cloud-contaminated rice fields where severe changes in physical surface conditions happened. Moreover, the regression-based calibration in the second stage could improve the prediction accuracy, compared with a regression-based cloud removal method using a supplementary image that is temporally distant from the target image. These experimental results indicate that the proposed method can be effectively applied to restore cloud-contaminated areas when cloud-free optical images are unavailable for environmental monitoring.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.636-645
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the adsorption characteristics of methyl orange (MO), an anionic dye, on ginkgo shell-based activated carbon (AC). For this purpose, ACs (GS-1, GS-2, and GS-4) with different textural properties were prepared using ginkgo shells and potassium hydroxide (KOH), a representative chemical activating agent. The correlation between the textural characteristics of AC prepared and the mixing ratio of KOH was investigated using nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. The MO adsorption equilibrium experiment on the prepared ACs was conducted under different pH (pH 3~11) and temperature (298~318 K) conditions, and the results were investigated by Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and temperature-dependent Sips equations. The feasibility of the MO adsorption treatment process of the prepared AC was also investigated using the dimensionless Langmuir separation factor. The heterogeneous adsorption properties of MO for the prepared AC examined using the adsorption energy distribution function (AED) were closely related to the system temperature and textural characteristics of AC. The kinetic results of the batch adsorption performed at different temperatures can be satisfactorily explained by the homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM), which takes into account the external mass transfer, intraparticle diffusion, and active site adsorption. The relationship between the activation energy value obtained by the Arrhenius plot and the adsorption energy distribution function value was also investigated. In addition, the adsorption process mechanism of MO on the prepared AC was evaluated using Biot number.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.880-889
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• 2021

The home meal replacement (HMR) market has attracted significant attention due to COVID-19 pandemic and products that utilize the combination of different processed ingredients are now being developed. In this study, Broughton's ribbed ark Scapharca broughtonii was soaked in seasoned soy sauce with the incorporation of mustard leaf Brassica juncea (M-BRA), which is known to have a unique texture as well as excellent functional properties such as antioxidation, to develop a regional specialty product. The optimal conditions for manufacturing M-BRA from the seasoned soy sauce (the sauce to be added [X₁] and the soaking time [X₂]), were examined using response surface methodology (RSM) to analyze the significance of the salinity (Y₁), amino-N content (Y₂), and overall acceptance (Y₃). The coefficient of determination (R²) between X₁-X₂ and Y₁-Y₃ were close to 1, thereby confirming the suitability of the RSM model. The optimal conditions were seasoned soy sauce addition of 140% and soaking time of 156 min. The M-BRA manufactured under these conditions exhibited superior overall acceptance compared to seasoned commercial soy sauce, which was used as a control. We expect that the market for M-BRA manufactured by combining marine and agricultural materials will expand owing to superior overall acceptance compared with commercial products.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.255-264
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• 2022

The active ingredients of Napttegi Kong(GML, Glycine max landrace), a type of native rare soybeans, were identified, and an ultrasonic extraction method was introduced as an eco-friendly extraction method. Through the component analysis of the Napttegi Kong extract, the epicatechin, which was not found in conventional soybeans, was identified. For effective extraction using ultrasonic, the main extraction conditions were optimized using the response surface analysis method. Through the Box-Behnken design process, 15 experiments were conducted with the extraction temperature, the ratio of extraction solvent/solution, and extraction time as key independent variables. A quadratic regression equation for the two dependent variables, epicatechin content and total isoflavone content, was derived, and the coefficients of determination were found to be high as R² = 0.9939 and R² = 0.9844, respectively, confirming that the correlation showed high significance. The extraction conditions satisfying the maximum expectations of these two dependent variables were predicted. to be 40.4℃ of extraction temperature, 19.3 times of extraction solvent/solution, and 91 sec of extraction time. The expected value and the actual experimental value of the epikatechin content and the total isoflavone content were similar, so it was confirmed that this experimental method is a highly reliable optimization model.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.507-522
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• 2021

Specific survey objectives often cannot be met using only one geophysical method, as each method's results are influenced by the specific physical properties of subsurface materials. In particular, areas susceptible to geological hazards require investigation using more than one method in order to reduce risks to life and property. Instead of analyzing the results from each method separately, this work develops a four-quadrant criterion for classifying areas of levees as safe or weak. The assessment is based on statistically determined thresholds of seismic velocity (P-wave velocity from seismic refraction and S-wave velocity from multichannel analysis of surface waves) and electrical resistivity. Thresholds are determined by subtracting the standard deviation from the mean during performance testing of this correlation technique applied to model data of four horizontal and inclined fracture zones. Compared with results from the crossplot of resistivity and P-wave velocity, crossplot analysis using resistivity and S-wave velocity data provides more reliable information on the soil type, ground stiffness, and lithological characteristics of the levee system. A loose and sandy zone (represented by low S-wave velocity and high resistivity) falling within the second quadrant is interpreted to be a weak zone. This interpretation is well supported by the N values from standard penetrating test for the central core.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.11
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• pp.969-977
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• 2022

In order to respond to the increase in water disasters due to climate change and urbanization, research on low impact development (LID) techniques and application to cities are expanding. The LID technique is a technology that reduces rainwater runoff in the city, controls various water disasters such as flash floods, etc. in an eco-friendly way, and restores the urban water circulation system to a natural water circulation system. However, quantitative analysis of stormwater runoff reduction through the LID technique is insufficient. Therefore, this study analyzed the ratio of the permeable area required to reduce the surface runoff of rainfall (25 mm/hr, 50 mm/hr, 100 mm/hr) with respect to the impervious watershed area of the old city using the permeable pavement. As a result of the analysis, it was found that a permeable area ratio of 7.14 to 12.63% of the total area was required for 25 mm/hr, 15.79 to 26.97% for 50 mm/hr, and 30 to 55.81% for 100 mm/hr.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.613-621
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• 2022

Due to the global climate change, the rainfall volume and frequency on the Korean Peninsula are predicted to increase at the end of the 21st century. In addition, impervious surface areas have increased due to rapid urbanization which has caused the urban water cycle to deteriorate. Green Infrastructure (GI) researches have been conducted to improve the water cycle soundness; the efficiency of this technique has been verified through various studies. However, there are still no suitable GI design guidelines for this aspect. Therefore, the rainfall scenarios are set up for each percentile (60, 70, 80, 90) based on the volume and frequency analysis using 10-year rainfall data (Busan Meteorological Station). After determining the GI areas for each scenario, the runoff reduction characteristics are analyzed based on Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 10-year rainfall-runoff-simulations. The total runoff reduction efficiency for each GI areas are computed to have a range of 13.1~52.1%. As a results of the quantitative analysis, the design rainfall for GI is classified into the 80~85 percentile in the study site.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.11
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• pp.855-863
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• 2022

In this study, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used to mapping air temperature in Seoul. MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiomter (MODIS) data was used as auxiliary data for mapping. For the ANN network topology optimizing, scatterplots and statistical analysis were conducted, and input-data was classified and combined that highly correlated data which surface temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), time (satellite observation time, Day of year), location (latitude, hardness), and data quality (cloudness). When machine learning was conducted only with data with a high correlation with air temperature, the average values of correlation coefficient (r) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) were 0.967 and 2.708℃. In addition, the performance improved as other data were added, and when all data were utilized the average values of r and RMSE were 0.9840 and 1.883℃, which showed the best performance. In the Seoul air temperature map by the ANN model, the air temperature was appropriately calculated for each pixels topographic characteristics, and it will be possible to analyze the air temperature distribution in city-level and national-level by expanding research areas and diversifying satellite data.