• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2022

Purpose : This study was to verify the effect of eccentric training and suggest a specific application method by comparing the effects of acromohumeral distance (AHD), supraspinatus tendon thicknees (STT), pain intensity and functional performance after MWM and eccentric training (MWM-ET) or general exercise (MWM-GE) in chronic subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS) patients. Methods : A total of 55 participants were randomly assigned to each group, and according to the intervention method, "MWM-ET group (n=28)" vs. "MWM-GE group (n=27)" was divided into two groups. AHD, STT, pain intensity, and functional performance were measured before intervention, and both groups were re-measured 3 times a week after 6 weeks of intervention in the same way. Results : The AHD was significantly increased in MWM-ET group compared to MWM-GE group. No significant difference was observed between the groups in the STT, but Pain intensity was significantly lower in MWM-ET group than in MWM-GE group, and functional performance was significantly increased in MWM-ET group compared to MWM-GE group. Conclusion : As a result of MWM-ET intervention that further increases AHD compared to MGE, it can be clinically presented as a more effective intervention method for faster recovery from injury due to pain reduction and smooth return to daily life due to improved functional performance.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2022

Background: Scapular winging is a rare disorder that is commonly caused by nerve damage of the dorsal scapular nerve, spinal accessory nerve, or the long thoracic nerve. This affects the scapulohumeral rhythm which may cause abnormal kinetic motion of the shoulder. The purpose of this case report is to describe a self-exercise oriented management incorporating shoulder strengthening to reduce symptoms in a shoulder pain patient with winging scapular. Methods: A 45 year old male patient complained of pain in his both shoulders without any trauma. Shoulders were treated with steroid injections for supraspinatus tendonitis, but although pain improved to some extent, pain and disability continued for 3 months. Both shoulders had pain, decreased active range of motions, muscles weakness, and scapular winging. The patient underwent 9 interventional sessions over 3 months and was managed mainly by self-exercise. The intervention method involved push up plus, sling, muscle strengthening, and stabilization exercises. Loads were increased as symptoms improved. Results: Clinical outcomes were measured at every session. Pain in both shoulders reduced to 0 on a numerical pain rate scale by the 4th session, and the active range of motion was fully recovered. During the 9th session, the strength of the serratus anterior had improved from grade P to G on the right side and grade G to N grade on the left. Conclusion: In this case study, the self-exercise program was effective in reducing pain, increasing active range of motion, and improving muscle strength in subjects with scapular winging.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.10-19
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• 2023

Background: Tendon degeneration contributes to rotator cuff tears; however, its role in postoperative structural integrity is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with postoperative structural integrity after rotator cuff repair, particularly focusing on the histology of tendons harvested intraoperatively. Methods: A total of 56 patients who underwent primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between 2009 and 2011 were analyzed. A 3-mm-diameter sample of supraspinatus tendons was harvested en bloc from each patient after minimal debridement of the torn ends. Tendon degeneration was assessed using seven histological parameters on a semi-quantitative grading scale, and the total degeneration score was calculated. One-year postoperative magnetic resonance imaging was used to classify the patients based on retear. Results: The total degeneration scores in the healed and retear groups were 13.93±2.03 and 14.08±2.23 (P=0.960), respectively. Arthroscopically measured anteroposterior (AP) tear sizes in the healed and retear groups were 24.30±12.35 mm and 36.42±25.23 mm (P=0.026), respectively. Preoperative visual analog scale pain scores at rest in the healed and retear groups were 3.54±2.37 and 5.16±2.16 (P=0.046), respectively. Retraction sizes in the healed and retear groups were 16.02±7.587 mm and 22.33±13.364 mm (P=0.037), respectively. The odds of retear rose by 4.2% for every 1-mm increase in AP tear size (P=0.032). Conclusions: The postoperative structural integrity of the rotator cuff tendon was not affected by tendon degeneration, whereas the arthroscopically measured AP tear size of the rotator cuff tendon was an independent predictor of retear. Level of evidence: III.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.265-273
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• 2022

Background: Massive rotator cuff tears (MRCTs) with subscapularis (SSC) tears cause severe shoulder dysfunction. In the present study, the influence of SSC tears on three-dimensional (3D) shoulder kinematics during scapular plane abduction in patients with MRCTs was examined. Methods: This study included 15 patients who were divided into two groups: supraspinatus (SSP) and infraspinatus (ISP) tears with SSC tear (torn SSC group: 10 shoulders) or without SSC tear (intact SSC group: 5 shoulders). Single-plane fluoroscopic images during scapular plane elevation and computed tomography (CT)-derived 3D bone models were matched to the fluoroscopic images using two-dimensional (2D)/3D registration techniques. Changes in 3D kinematic results were compared. Results: The humeral head center at the beginning of arm elevation was significantly higher in the torn SSC group than in the intact SSC group (1.8±3.4 mm vs. -1.1±1.6 mm, p<0.05). In the torn SSC group, the center of the humeral head migrated superiorly, then significantly downward at 60° arm elevation (p<0.05). In the intact SSC group, significant difference was not observed in the superior-inferior translation of the humeral head between the elevation angles. Conclusions: In cases of MRCTs with a torn SSC, the center of the humeral head showed a superior translation at the initial phase of scapular plane abduction followed by inferior translation. These findings indicate the SSC muscle plays an important role in determining the dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint in a superior-inferior direction in patients with MRCTs.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2022

Background: Chronic subscapularis tendon tear (SBT) is a degenerative disease and a common pathologic cause of shoulder pain. Several potential risk factors for chronic SBT have been reported. Although metabolic abnormalities are common risk factors for degenerative disease, their potential etiological roles in chronic SBT remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential risk factors for chronic SBT, with particular attention to metabolic factors. Methods: This study evaluated single shoulders of 939 rural residents. Each subject undertook a questionnaire, physical examinations, blood tests, and simple radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations of bilateral shoulders. Subscapularis tendon integrity was determined by MRI findings based on the thickness of the involved tendons. The association strengths of demographic, physical, social, and radiologic factors, comorbidities, severity of rotator cuff tear (RCT), and serologic parameters for SBT were evaluated using logistic regression analyses. The significance of those analyses was set at p<0.05. Results: The prevalence of SBT was 32.2% (302/939). The prevalence of partial- and full-thickness tears was 23.5% (221/939) and 8.6% (81/939), respectively. The prevalence of isolated SBT was 20.2% (190/939), SBT combined with supraspinatus or infraspinatus tendon tear was 11.9% (112/939). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, dominant side involvement (p<0.001), manual labor (p=0.002), diabetes (p<0.001), metabolic syndrome (p<0.001), retraction degree of Patte tendon (p<0.001), posterosuperior RCT (p=0.010), and biceps tendon injury (p<0.001) were significantly associated with SBT. Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome is a potential risk factor for SBT, as are these factors: overuse activity, diabetes, posterosuperior RCT, increased retraction of posterosuperior rotator cuff tendon, and biceps tendon injury.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2023

Background: Massive rotator cuff tears (RCTs) are complicated by muscle atrophy, fibrosis, and intramuscular fatty degeneration, which are associated with postoperative tendon-to-bone healing failure and poor clinical outcomes. We evaluated muscle and enthesis changes in large tears with or without suprascapular nerve (SN) injury in a rat model. Methods: Sixty-two adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into SN injury (+) and SN injury (-) groups (n=31 each), comprising tendon (supraspinatus [SSP]/infraspinatus [ISP]) and nerve resection and tendon resection only cases, respectively. Muscle weight measurement, histological evaluation, and biomechanical testing were performed 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Ultrastructural analysis with block face imaging was performed 8 weeks postoperatively. Results: SSP/ISP muscles in the SN injury (+) group appeared atrophic, with increased fatty tissue and decreased muscle weight, compared to those in the control and SN injury (-) groups. Immunoreactivity was only positive in the SN injury (+) group. Myofibril arrangement irregularity and mitochondrial swelling severity, along with number of fatty cells, were higher in the SN injury (+) group than in the SN injury (-) group. The bone-tendon junction enthesis was firm in the SN injury (-) group; this was atrophic and thinner in the SN injury (+) group, with decreased cell density and immature fibrocartilage. Mechanically, the tendon-bone insertion was significantly weaker in the SN injury (+) group than in the control and SN injury (+) groups. Conclusions: In clinical settings, SN injury may cause severe fatty changes and inhibition of postoperative tendon healing in large RCTs. Level of evidence: Level Basic research, controlled laboratory study.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2012

목적: 65세 이상 고령 환자의 대형 및 광범위 회전근 개 파열에서 관혈적 회전근 개 봉합술의 결과를 평가하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1995년 9월부터 2010년 3월까지 대형 및 광범위 회전근 개 파열로 관혈적 견봉 성형술 및 회전근 개 봉합술을 시행 받은 환자 중 65세 이상이고 1년 이상 추시가 가능했던 147례를 대상으로 하였다. 대형 파열이 67예, 광범위 파열이 80예였으며 평균연령은 69.6세였다. 임상평가는 수술 전과 후 근력, 운동 범위, ASES 점수, Constant 점수를 측정하였고, 87예에 대해 자기공명영상 검사를 시행하여 건의 연속성을 평가하였다. 결과: ASES 점수는 50.4점에서 88.9점, Constant점수는 47.1점에서 75.2점, 극상근 근력은 51.1%에서 80.8%, 외회전근 근력은 64.5%에서 83.1%, 관절 운동범위는 전방거상이 117.4도에서 153도, 외회전은 23.64도에서 41.8도로 회복되었다. 자기공명영상 추시 검사를 시행한 87예 중 20예에서 재파열이 발생하였고, 1예를 제외하고 모두 광범위 파열에서 재파열이 발생하였다. 결론: 65세 이상 고령 환자에서 회전근 개 파열의 크기가 크더라도 적극적으로 봉합술의 시행을 고려하는 것이 임상적 결과를 호전시키기 위해 바람직할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.914-924
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• 2018

본 연구는 스탠스 자세와 운동면의 차이가 어깨돌림동작 시 활동근의 %MVIC를 비교분석하여 어깨강화운동을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 남성 8명을 무선배정하여 두발지지 자세, 한발지지 자세, 런지자세와 이마면, 수평면, 시상면에서 회전동작을 10회씩 수행하였다. 수행 중 가시위근, 가시아래근, 작은원근, 앞세모근, 배곧은근, 척수세움근, 큰가슴근, 넓은등근의 근활성도를 측정하였다. SPSS 22.0 통계프로그램을 사용하여 반복측정 일원분산분석(repeted one-way ANOVA)을 실시하였다. 첫째, 이마면에서 바깥돌림 동작 시 척추세움근은 두발지지 자세와 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세에서 높게 나타났고 안쪽돌림 동작 시 가시위근은 두발지지 자세보다 한발지지 자세, 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세에서 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 수평면에서 바깥돌림 동작 시 앞세모근은 두발지지 자세보다 한발지지 자세과 런지자세에서 높게 나타났고 안쪽돌림 동작 시 가시아래근은 두발지지 자세와 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세에서 높게 나타났으며, 큰가슴근에서는 한발지지 자세보다 두발지지 자세, 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세가 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 시상면 바깥돌림 동작 시 배곧은근은 두발지지 자세보다 한발지지 자세와 런지자세에서 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 안쪽돌림 동작 시 가시위근은 두발지지 자세보다 한발지지 자세와 런지자세에서 높게 나타났고 가시아래근은 두발지지 자세와 한발지지 자세보다 런지자세에서 높게 나타났다. 배곧은근에서 두발지지 자세와 런지자세보다 한발지지 자세에서 높게 나타났고 척추세움근은 한발지지 자세보다 두발지지 자세와 런지자세에서 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 스탠스와 어깨의 운동면의 차이가 어깨위팔관절의 돌림운동 시 활동근들의 근활성도에 미치는 영향은 스탠스자세와 운동면에 따라서 다른 양상이 나타났으며, 이를 어깨 강화 운동프로그램에 적용한다면 보다 긍정적 효과를 기대할 수 있는 운동프로그램이 될 것으로 생각 된다.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2011

목적: 후하방 회전근개 파열과 상완이두박근 장두건의 관계에 대해서 명백히 알려진 바가 없다. 후하방 회전근개 파열에서 회전근 파열의 개수 및 회전근개의 퇴화 정도에 따른 상완이두박근 장두건의 병변의 차이를 비교하여 후하방 회전근개의 파열이 상완이두박근 장두건에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2002년부터 2009년까지 수술을 받은 후하방 회전근개 파열인 65명을 연구의 대상으로 설정하였다. 회전근개의 역동적 안정화에 영향을 줄 뿐만 아니라 상완이두박근 장두건에도 영향을 줄 것으로 생각되는 인자로 회전근파열의 개수 및 회전근개의 퇴화 정도로 설정을 하였다. 결과: 회전근개 파열의 개수에 의하여 극상건만 파열이 있는 군에서는 상완이두박근 장두건의 병변이 동반된 경우는 51예 중에서 11예, 극하건, 소원형건까지 포함한 파열군에서는 14예 중 8예 동반되어 두 군간 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p=0.0095). 상완이두박근 장두건파열이 동반된 군에서 회전근개의 파열이 크게 발생하며 이것은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=0.049). 또한 두 군간의 상완이두박근 장두건의 병변의 분포를 보았을 시 제 2형 전후 관절와 순 병변은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p=0.0073). Tangent sign 및 Goutallier classification을 통한 회전근 개 퇴행성 변화와 상완이두박근 장두건 병변은 통계적으로 유의한 관련을 보이지 않았다. 결론: 후상방 회전근개 파열은 상완이두박근 장두건에 영향을 미칠것으로 사료되며, 특히 이환된 회전근개의 개수가 상완이두박근 장두건의 병변에 높은 영향을 미칠것으로 생각되나 퇴행성의 정도는 영향을 미치지 않을 것으로 사료된다.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2009

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 동일한 환자에게서 시행한 전산화단층촬영 관절조영술 (CT arthrography, CTA)와 자기공명 관절조영술 (MR arthrography, MRA) 및 관절경 소견을 비교하여 견관절의 다양한 병변을 진단함에 있어 CTA의 유용성을 알아보고자 함이다. 대상 및 방법: 견관절의 질환이 의심되는 49명의 환자에게 MRA와 CTA를 동시에 시행하고, 각각의 영상을 통하여 극상근 전층 파열, 상부 관절와순 전후방 병변 (SLAP 병변), 극상근 관절측 부분층 파열 (PASTA 병변), 극상근 점액낭편 부분층 파열의 총 4개의 병변을 진단하고 MRA와 비교하여 CTA의 민감도 (sensitivity), 특이도 (specificity), 양성예측도 (positive predictive value), 음성예측도 (negative predictive value)를 평가하였다. 또한, 49명의 환자 중 수술을 시행한 34명의 관절경 수술 소견을 분석하여 CTA의 정확도를 평가하였다. 결과: CTA는 MRA와 비교할 때 극상근 전층 파열 및 SLAP 병변에서 민감도가 각각 90%, 100%, 특이도는 100%, 97.5%로 거의 대등한 진단적 유용성이 있었으며, PASTA 병변에서는 민감도 71.4%, 특이도 97.7%로 일부에서 유용성을 보였으나, 극상근 점액낭편 부분파열의 진단에는 민감도가 10%로 취약하였다. 또한 CTA에서 진단된 병변은 수술 소견과 비교할 때 극상근 전층 파열 100%, SLAP 병변 87.5%, PASTA 병변 71.4%로 높은 정확도를 보였다. 결론: CTA는 MRA와 비교할 때, 4개의 견관절 병변 중, 점액낭편 부분 파열을 제외하고 극상근 전층 파열, SLAP 병변, PASTA 병변을 평가함에 있어서 MRA와 거의 대등한 유용성을 보였다. 따라서, 보다 경제적인 검사로서 견관절 병변 진단 및 수술 후 추시 등에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.