• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.581-589
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• 2011

Generally, treated water or raw water is transported into storage reservoirs which are receiving facilities of local governments from multi-regional water supply systems. A water supply control and operation center is operated not only to manage the water facilities more economically and efficiently but also to mitigate the shortage of water resources due to the increase in water consumption. To achieve the goal, important information such as the flow-rate in the systems, water levels of storage reservoirs or tanks, and pump-operation schedule should be considered based on the resonable water demand forecasting. However, it is difficult to acquire the pattern of water demand used in local government, since the operating information is not shared between multi-regional and local water systems. The pattern of water demand is irregular and unpredictable. Also, additional changes such as an abrupt accident and frequent changes of electric power rates could occur. Consequently, it is not easy to forecast accurate water demands. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce a short-term water demands forecasting and to develop an application of the forecasting models. In this study, the forecasting simulator for water demand is developed based on mathematical and neural network methods as linear and non-linear models to implement the optimal water demands forecasting. It is shown that MLP(Multi-Layered Perceptron) and ANFIS(Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) can be applied to obtain better forecasting results in multi-regional water supply systems with a large scale and local water supply systems with small or medium scale than conventional methods, respectively.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.45-52
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• 2019

In recent years, there has been a demand for a residential supply model that can actively and flexibly cope with various housing demands in the changing paradigm of public rental housing. This study focuses on the two-step supply system that has been studied in Japan. It was used to examine and analyze cases to recommend a supply plan that can be used for domestic public rental housing. In more detail, the literature review of the two-step supply system discloses that four types by supply methods (A-1, A-2, B-2, and C-2) and four types of relationship (construction and management combine entities type, management entity type, construction entity type, a separated entity type) can be categorized. In addition, from the actual case study, it revealed that the way of linking and supplying activities among the entity can have a great influence on "ease of supply (supply)", "diversity of housing demand (diversity)," and "quality of construction (construction)". "Ease of supply (supply)" refers to whether the construction entity is separated, and the owner is a manager. "Diversity" refers to whether the management subject is separated, and if the owner is also the constructor or the manager. "Construction" is whether the management entity is connected and managed by the management entity and can be evaluated in "Good", "Middle", and "Bad" level. As a summary, even if the existing public rental housing in Korea can be separated into a skeleton and infill system, the result suggested that it has a limitation on response to residential demand. In addition, the paper was able to propose an improved plan to make the infill as a secondary operator.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1993.07a
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• pp.45-47
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• 1993

Load Management, is originated from efficiency improvement of energy use, or energy conservaion. Traditionally, electric utilities have constructed new power plants to meet the steadily increasing electricity demand. Power development planning, however, is becoming more difficult in the countries like Korea, Japan, and the United States, and increasing concerns about global environmental problems necessitate changes from existing supply-side options based on fossil-fuel to environmentally agreeable supply strategies. This paper discusses the demand side management strategy with emphasis on the concept, implementation scheme, and current practices employed in utilities.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.283-301
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• 2010

This study estimated the paper demand and supply using VAR model. And the variance decomposition and impulse response were analyzed using the model. In the model of paper demand, the own price change accounts for about seventeen percent of variation in the demand, and the gross domestic product change accounts for about twenty eight percent of variation in the demand. And the impacts of a shock to the own price and gross domestic product are significant for about six months on the demand for paper. In the model of paper supply, the own price change accounts for about twenty nine percent of variation in the supply, and the pulp price change accounts for about twelve percent of variation in the supply. And the impacts of a shock to the own price and pulp price are significant for about six months on the supply of paper.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.861-864
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• 2011

Since national GHG reduction target by 2020 has been presented in Korea, the role of railroad has been reinforced within transport system due to the allocation of reduction target into sector. So, it is necessary to manage activity data systematically for the calculation of GHG emission in railroad. Now, the activity data of diesel consumption for NIR(National Inventory Report) are provided from oil supply and demand statistics. On the other hands, the activity data collected directly from railroad operating companies are used for GHG & Energy Target Management Act. This study aimed to assess the GHG emissions using two kinds of activity data related to the diesel consumption of railroad in 2009 and 2010. As a result, GHG emissions based on oil supply and demand statistics was 636 thousands ton $CO_{2e}$, but the activity data collected from railroad operating companies showed 649 thousands ton $CO_{2e}$ in 2009. Also, the gap of $CO_{2e}$ emission was increased in 2010. These trends were caused because oil supply and demand statistics included total diesel sales volume during 1 year and the activity data collected from railroad operating companies were the amount of diesel consumption only at railcar operation and maintenance step. In conclusion, it is important to develop the management and verification system of activity data with high reliability to substitute oil supply and demand statistics in railroad sector.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.65-79
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• 2007

Purpose : It was to find out demand and supply of EMT from 2007 to 2045 and to expand scope of practice of paramedic in Korea. Methods : This study was conducted by applying a projection formula to the data from admission quota for EMT of the Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development, rate of successful candidates of annual report of the National Health Personnel Licensing Examination Board etc. Results : The number of EMTs were 6,043 paramedics, 5,378 EMT-Bs until 2006 and two produce constants derived from simple estimation were paramedic 0.81, EMT-B 0.86. On the American basis of 5.6 EMTs per 10,000, the number of paramedics under the present act will reach the basis around 2015(5.02), the number of paramedics under the amended act will reach the basis around 2030(5.50). Conclusion : There was relationship between scope of practice of paramedic in the act and demand-supply of paramedic, this necessitates surveys, studies, amendment of the act, legalization for expanded scope of practice of paramedic.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.69-97
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• 2003

This study focuses on the determinants of the community health service utilization. Theories suggest seven models for community health service utilization, which are divided largely into two groups such as Health Service Supply Model and Health Service Demand Model: Supply Model includes Medical Implements Model, Personnel and Budget Model, Management System Model, Staffs' Behavior Model, Service Quality Model; Demand Model includes Area Model and Clients' Characteristics Model. This paper tests how the above models influence on the community health service utilization. After interviewing some administrative staffs of the Community Health Service Center at Pusan, questionnaires were made and mailed to the staffs of 198 Korean Community Health Service Center as a universe, among which from 98 centers we got response. Analyzing the data from the questionnaires, we found "the number of personnels in the health service center" and "demands for medical service" as important variables to affect the utilization of the community health service center. These two variables are typical factors representing Supply Model and Demand Model each. However, the variables selected from Management System Model, Administrative Behavior Model, Service Quality Model and Area model are not significant in a statistical sense. The paper suggests that to recruit the personnels, especially nurses, and to make out the demands of the clients for health service be the precedent conditions to increase the utilization of the Community Health Service Centers in Korea.ce Centers in Korea.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.248-274
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• 2015

This study discusses a contract to promote collection and recycling of used products in a green supply chain (GSC). A collection incentive contract is combined with a reward-penalty contract. The collection incentive contract for used products is made between a retailer and a manufacturer. The reward-penalty contract for recycling used products is made between a manufacturer and an external institution. A retailer pays an incentive for collecting used products from customers and delivers them to a manufacturer with a product order quantity under uncertainty in product demand. A manufacturer remanufactures products using recyclable parts with acceptable quality levels and covers a part of the retailer's incentive from the recycled parts by sharing the reward from an external institution. Product demand information is assumed as (i) the distribution is known (ii) mean and variance are known. Besides, the optimal decisions for product quantity, collection incentive of used products and lower limit of quality level for recyclable parts under decentralized integrated GSCs. The analysis numerically investigates how (1) contract for recycling activity, (ii) product demand information and (iii) quality of recyclable parts affect the optimal operation for each GSC. Supply chain coordination to shift IGSC is discussed by adopting Nash Bargaining solution.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.201-223
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• 2008

This paper studies the supply and demand of Industrial Technology Labor-force(ITL) and analyzes the determinate of ITL shortage in Korean manufacturing. We classified the industry into four categories-high technology industries, medium-high technology industries, medium-low technology industries and low technology industries-based on its R&D intensity like OECD. For the empirical analyses we use a survey data collected from 5,703 enterprises. The key findings are as follows: Firstly, a large majority of ITL is engaged in more technology-intensive industries but the categories that are exposed to more serious labor-force shortage problem are medium-high technology industries and low technology industries. Secondly, in the terms of supply factor, the ITL shortage problems are mainly due to the avoidance of ITL jobs. And the demand point, the reason is that the most of ITL are not researchers but production managers. Thirdly, the cause of imbalance between supply and demand of ITL are different by the technological categories. For example, in the high technology industries, the supply factors, such as average wage and turnover rate played more important role in the imbalance. But in the low technology industries the demand factors, such as per capita sales and the ratio of ITL in all employees were relatively much more important. Based on the findings, we discovered some political meanings such as the necessity to plan various policies to resolve the shortage problem of ITL according to the technological categories, etc.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.4-11
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• 1993

The Korean Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgical Society was founded in 1968. After the first Board Certified Examination in 1972, the Society consists of 592 members including 392 specialists [certified board members] now in 1992. Many of the great advances in cardiothoracic surgery were made by pioneering efforts of these members. The annual increment rate of certified board members in KTCSS [KTCSS Boardmen] was 11.9% which was slight greater than that of doctors [6.6%] and overall specialists [9.9%] in Korea. Their working territories were mainly urban areas [91.9%]. Some states showed regional discrepancy in supply/demand of KTCSS Boardmen. 56.1% of all [73.5% of active members] was working at a larger institute than general hospital. There were 99 institutes [41university hospitals and 58 general hospitals] and 76 private clinics where KTCSS Boardmen were employed, and more than three quarters of those institutes have less than 3 in number of KTCSS Boardmen. The rate of practicing private clinics was declined from over than 50% of the beginning to less than 30% now. We propose this survey for a basic data for specialist supply/demand and resident training program.