• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.806-817
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• 2014

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of providing different levels of a supplement on the nutritional characteristics and productive performance of heifers on pasture during the rainy-dry transition and dry season in Brazil or tropical area. Thirty crossbred heifers with predominance of Zebu breed were used in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of a mineral supplement and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 kg/animal/d of a protein supplement containing 300 g crude protein (CP)/kg of dry matter (DM). In the rainy-dry transition season there was quadratic effect of the protein supplementation (p<0.10) on daily weight gain (DWG). A linear relationship (p<0.10) was found between increasing supplement intake and intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), non fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Coefficients of apparent digestibility of CP, EE, and NFC increased linearly (p<0.10) with increasing supplement levels, but there was no effect on the DM apparent digestibility (p>0.10); the microbial efficiency (g CPmic/kg TDN) and the relationship of microbial nitrogen flow with nitrogen intake (g/g nitrogen intake) were negative linear profiles. In the dry season, the descriptive pattern least squares means showed a trend of stabilization of DWG from the supply of 0.98 kg of protein supplement; the intakes of DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC, and TDN showed increasing linear relationship (p<0.10) with protein supplement levels; the means of apparent digestibility coefficients of the different dietary fractions presented a linear-response-plateau (LRP); the microbial nitrogen flow (g/d) showed positive linear profile (p<0.10) for supplementation levels. It is concluded that supplementation improves the productive performance of grazing heifers and that 1.0 kg/d of supplement per animal gives the maximum increment of weight gain.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.487-498
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• 2016

The Ministry of Education has serviced nationwide the diagnosis-supplement system for basic academic skills for elementary and middle schools since 2013. The purpose of this paper is to propose an improvement plans of the diagnosis-supplement system by analysing system utilization status, 2015 and requirements of teachers and experts. For this study, over three times the taking rates and achievement rates were analyzed and the interviews and consultations of teachers and professionals were also analyzed. In conclusion, we proposed the improvement plans of the diagnosis-supplement system for the each of teachers and students.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.358-370
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• 1997

In the present study, investigations were carried out to obtain data on combustion characteristics of methane gas and hydrogen supplemented methane gas in a constant volume combustion chamber. The main results obtained from the study can be summarized as follows. The maximum combustion pressure increases as the initial pressure and hydrogen supplement rate increase, the total burning time is shorten by lowering the initial pressure and by increasing the hydrogen supplement rate. The maximum flame temperature and NO concentration increase by the initial pressure and hydrogen supplement rate increase. The flame propagation processes in near stoichiometric mixture are propagated with a spherical shape, but in excess rich or lean mixtures are propagated with a elliptical shape. And, they are changed an unstable elliptical shape flame with very regular cells by increasing the hydrogen supplement rate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.299-306
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• 2006

This study was done to investigate the use of nutritional supplements (NS) in Korean elite soccer players using an anonymous questionnaire. NS were classified into health supplements, manufactured health food supplements, chinese medicines & tonic foods, and nutrient supplements. Information was sought on the type of NS and factors that might influence supplement use including selected demographic parameters and health related variables. The data were collected from 241 athletes (aged $24.6{\pm}3.8$ years) in 9 professional soccer club. The prevalence of NS use among the subjects was 81.3%. Health supplements were used most frequently and nutrient supplement drug was the second one. Among the health supplements, weight/muscle gainer and calorie replacement product were most frequently used. Vitamin supplements were most frequently used among all nutrient supplement drugs. Users of NS were higher age (p<0.05) duration of exercise (p<0.05), and income (p<0.05) than non-users. The married (p<0.05) and a member of K-league (p<0.01) tended to have higher prevalence of NS use. The main adviser of NS were family (55.3%) and oneself (39%) instead of coach or sports nutritionist. Although NS use, only 26.2% certainly check up nutritional information on their used NS. Among the subjects, 84.5% of them felt that NS use were improved athletic performance, and 86.5% of them will to keep on taking supplement. These data suggest that a large number of elite soccer players use NS and these players may require education about healthy nutritional supplement practice and on the proper use of nutritional supplements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.527-530
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• 1994

The effect of orally supplemented urea on eating and rumination behaviour of sheep fed a low-quality hay was investigated in this study. Daily time spent eating was not influenced by ruminal addition of urea, thus the eating rate (g DM/min) also did not change with urea supplementation. The rumination appearance (the lag time after eating) tended to be shorted with urea supplement than without supplement, but not significantly (p>0.05). Daily time spent ruminating was in the range of 600-630 min/d, and rumination index (ruminating time/100 g DM ingested) was 85 min. on the average for all the treatments, but there were no significant differences among the values in each treatment. Daily number of rumination periods tended to be smaller with urea supplement than with no urea, but not significantly (p>0.05), and cyclic rate was almost constant in all the treatments. From these results, it may be concluded that an administration of urea in sheep receiving hay diet could have little effect on eating and rumination behaviour, when it was given at two times a day.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.946-955
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the dietary supplement use and related factors by college students attending in web class. One thousand four hundred college students(male: 632, female: 768) were participated in this study. The questionnaire about dietary supplements use, demographic characteristics, eating behavior, health-related lifestyles, nutrient intake was self-administered and the data were obtained via internet or mail. Dietary supplements were taken by 63.6%(male : 62.2%, female : 64.2%) of subjects. The higher concern about nutrition and health, the higher the incidence of dietary supplements taking was(p < 0.05). Dietary supplement users were satisfied more than non-users about meal served(p < 0.05). Supplements used by most male students were lactic acid beverage, Chinese medicine, geigogi geisoju and multivitamin, Chinese medicine, fiber-processed flood for female students. Most of dietary supplement users answered that the sources of information on supplements were 'friend, family or relatives' and 'TV or radio'. Dietary supplement users were taking significantly more nutrients compared to non-use. Therefore, it may be necessary to provide nutrition information and education which show that balanced diet is the best nutritional strategy for health promotion and diet supplements can be helpful in deficient state nutrients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.834-837
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• 2002

The effect of undecorticated sunflower cake (USFC) as critical protein supplement was assessed and compared with deoiled groundnut cake (DGNC) in adult goats and sheep. The animals were fed a basal diet of wheat straw ad libitum and supplemented with either USFC or DGNC to meet their protein requirement for maintenance. Total dry-matter intake by sheep and goats (g/kg $BW^{0.75}$) on USFC was similar to their counterparts on DGNC supplemented group. However, while intake of cake moiety was significantly (p<0.05) higher in USFC, the intake of wheat straw was significantly (p<0.05) higher by animals on DGNC. Digestibility of various nutrients, except lower crude protein digestibility by goats in USFC group, did not differ significantly between animals given DGNC or USFC. DCP and TDN concentration (% DM) was comparable in sheep and goats irrespective of dietary supplement. Similarly, the intake (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) of DCP, DDM, DOM, and TDN was similar between DGNC and USFC in both sheep and goats. It may be concluded that undecorticated sunflower cake is comparable to deoiled groundnut cake as a critical protein supplement to the roughage based diet of small ruminants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.200-210
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• 2003

In order to investigate supplement use in middle-aged and elderly outpatients suffering from age-related diseases over the last year, a cross-sectional survey was conducted from July to December 2001. The subjects were 1702 (male 731, female 971) age-related disease outpatients over age 50. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire and in-person interviews. The prevalence of supplement use and the different categories of supplements taken by the subjects were examined using SPSS statistical package. Supplements were used by 48.9% of the subjects. The mean number of kinds of dietary supplements taken by subjects was 1.7. Chinese medicine was the most commonly used supplements in both the male and female subjects. Among the reasons for using supplements, health promotion ranked as the most common. Most of the supplement users, however, did not know or only knew roughly about the health claims of their supplements. Subjects reported the information source on supplements as family, friends or relatives followed by doctors or pharmacists. These results may provide basic information for proper supplement use among Korean middle-aged and elderly outpatients with age-related diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1066-1075
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• 1998

The use of vitamin and mineral supplements among 330 preschool children was examined for relationships with general characteristics and food habits. Mean intake of vitamin and minerals obtained from supplement use was calrulated. The percrntage of preshool children receiving vitamin-mineral supplements was 34.2% and a higher percentage of use was shown in boys(p<0.05). Among preschool children, supplement use by mother and children showed some association(p<0.05). Socio-economi factors had little influence on vitamin-mineral supplement usage. There D·ere no significant differences in. weight and height between the users and non-users. The parent's main reasons f3r providing their preschoolers with vitamin-mineral supplements were that they were unsure that the preschoolers were receving sufficient nutrients from their diet, and that they were not healthy. The reasons for not feeding their children vitamin-mineral supplements were that considered the preschoolers were eating well and were healthy, therefore vitamin-mineral supplements were not necessary. The mean vitamin intake obtained from the supplements was about 2-7 times the RDA, but the level of minerals(Ca, Fe, Zn) furnished by supplement use was 1/2 of the RDA. (Korean J Nutrition 31(6) : 1()66-1075, 1998)

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2007

The cost of low-income groups's housing expenses have been weighting since 2000. To solve this problem, governments encourage supplying rental apartments for them. House rental supplement is most common things to solve housing problem in an advanced country but there is neither earning rate nor assessment standards in our country. Therefore, studies on house rental supplement are required to develop this systems. Hence in this study, we try to suggest both proper house rental charge to encourage nongovernmental construction and house rental supplement, considerng ability to pay.