• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.85-96
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• 2015

한국의 현대적 예술치료는 1960~1970년대 국내 정신과 환자들을 대상의 보조치료인 활동요법(activity program)의 형태에서, 1982년 정신과 의사들을 중심으로 한국임상예술학회가 창립되면서, 음악치료(music therapy), 미술치료(art therapy), 무용치료(dance therapy), 시치료(poetry therapy), 정신치료극(Psychodrama) 등의 예술치료가 정신장애환자를 대상으로 발전하였다. 1990년대에는 한국미술치료학회와 한국음악치료학회 등 분야별 전문단체가 본격적으로 출범하였고, 2001년 한국예술치료학회가 창립되었다. 통합예술치료의 예술은 한 개인의 내적인 세계와 연관된 인간자체가 가지는 본연의 능력인 창조적 활동이며, 여기에는 음악치료, 미술치료, 무용치료, 시치료 등이 포함된다. 통합예술치료는 인간의 체험현상을 그대로 인정하고 자각하게 하는 현상학적 측면에서 신체와 창조성의 회복을 목표로 예술매체를 활용한 심신치료활동이면서 심신의 성장과 발달을 목표로 하는 치료예술활동이다. 최근 국내 음악치료, 미술치료, 무용동작치료, 통합예술치료를 중심으로 예술치료의 효과에 대한 메타분석 결과, 신체기능 효과 변인군을 제외한 모든 변인군에서 효과크기가 유의했고, 심리적응 효과, 행동적응 효과 그리고 생리적 효과 변인군 순으로 효과크기가 확인되었다. 2015년 7월, 보건복지부는 완화의료 건강보험수가 급여를 일당정액제로 시행하면서, 국내 56개 호스피스전문기관에서 대부분 시행중인 음악치료, 미술치료, 원예치료에 대한 수가를 인정하는 방향으로 논의하고 있다. 이것은 1977년 정신과 환자에 대한 예술요법의 수가가 인정된 이후, 호스피스 완화의료 환자에 대한 예술치료의 수가가 인정된다는 데 그 의의가 있다. 그러나, 예술치료매체와 중재유형, 그리고 치료효과간의 인과관계의 명확한 제시, 즉 치료기전의 문제와 무분별하게 발급되는 자격증 취득자의 교육 수련 수퍼비젼을 통한 전문성과 정체성의 문제를 해결하기 위해, 전문학회 및 협회 등 전문단체간의 유기적인 협력과 노력이 요구된다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.179-198
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• 2000

Since dental prosthesis is made possible only when dental technicians give themselves to the study of knowledge and the acquisition of updated skills, continuing education is of great importance in that it makes up for the efforts of dental technicians. Accordingly, continuing education relates to a system designed to contribute to the enhancement of the talents of dental technicians and the dental health of the nation. Specialized knowledge and information may work as the best weapon to preserve their jbs. This is true of this modern society where no one can expecth to survive without acquiring knowledge and information constantly for work is getting more classified and more divirsifide. This paper is dedicated to take a look at the current condition of the continuing education of dental technicians and to come up with measure to make general evaluation and to improve continuing education. This research resorts to 609 questionnaires among 6433 copies save unfaithfully responded 34 copos with 6.431 dental technicians as the subjects enrolled in the Dental technician Association. The collected questionnaires consist of 365 dental technicians living in Seoul and of 244 ones, Which account for 11.8 percent of dental technicians enrolled in the association. Because dental technicians live more in local areas than Seoul, the generalization of this survey leaves something to be desired. I have come up with the following findings. 1. 6,431 dental technicians, or 36.3 percent of an total of 14,956 licensed dental technicians, were admitted as numbers of the Dental Tachnician Association as of October 31, 1999. In the '98 continuing education. 4,141 dental technicians among 4,711 dental technicians got relevant training, and in the '99 continuing education, 4,075 technicians, or 75.9 percent of 5,365 technicians got relevant training while 1,290 technicians or 24.2 percent, fail to get relevant training. 2. The survey has it that 38.1 percent of dental technicians are ignorant of the laws on continuing education, and that technicians staying in local communities(146 persons, or 61.6%) take more part in education than those living in the capital of Korea(159 persons, or 146%), and that the older they are, the more money they earn, the more carrer they have, the higher position they hold, the more part they take in education 3. According to the survey, those who have the experience of getting training more than three times account for 52 persons(16.8%) in Seoul and 47 persons(22.4%) in local districts(p<0.01). In terms of sanctions in relation to continuing education, 26 dental technicians(4.6%) say that they have ever gotten sanctions, and 533 dental technicians(95.4%) say that they haven't. And those who were absent from continuing education(72 technicians : 13.51%) didn't get any sanction. 4. In terms of the degree of understanding continuing education, local technicians(46.8% : 110 persons) have a higher understanding of continuing education than their countparts staying in Seoul(36.0% : 130). Continuing education is not the ultimate goal itself. It should be changed to motivate those who get education to be willing to take part in contunuing education, and to help dental technicians in a practical and specific way. And the branch societies should be developde to engage in more specialized and classified expert fields. Of course, the curriculum should be so selected that the conceptions of dental technicians may be reflected to the maximum extent, and the ultimate effores should be made to effect diversity in the ways of educational methods and to perfect the preparation of continuing education on the part of instructors. Regulations should be established in relation to continuing education with a veiew to enhancing the participation of continuing education and its effectiveness. The supervision of the Ministry of Health and Welfare is of great importance in this context. The regulation of continuing education is not administrative regulation, but the expression of national will to guarantee the medical service of the nation at highest level. Therefore, it is necessary that the Ministry of Health and Welfare should change their understanding of the needs for the continuing education of dental experts, and that the expertise of government employees in charge of continuing education should be expanded. It goes without saying that the government should suppory continuing education in a financial way so as to supply the person in charge of public welfare and control the quality of national medicine.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.57-74
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• 1990

As the whole world took on the tendency to be highly industrialized, it became necessary for each field of occupation to require professional man power. Especially, since the World War n, the participation of woman power in economic activities has been continually increasing. In our country also, because of the rapid economic growth, change in the way of thinking of women as well as their participation in economic activities are increasing. Thus, woman power is being utilized in various occupational fields from simple physical labor to those that require high-professional skill. Also, continued economic development policies, by setting the establishment of welfare society as the ideology to be fulfilled, brought expansion of medical facilities in the field of public health and increase in man power in that field. As for the nursing specialists, more than 6000 have been being produced per year and as of the end of 1988, the total number of nursing specialists, reached 123, 115. Therefore, this study is done to recognize the professional knowledge and ability of nursing specialists, who take up $40\%$ of the total public-health related man power in our country, through evaluating their working environment and their disposition of character. This study, which was done from September 18th to September 30th 1989, took on the method of using formed questionnaires that had been amended and supplemented during two preparatory investigations, 322 of such questionnaires were used as an analytical material. In the formation of questionnaires, 12 questions were related to the working environment, and 26 in fortotal were related to the disposition of character, 5 for wise-disposition, 11 for activedisposition and 10 for open-disposition. The measuring method, which used 5-point-standard, allowed 5 points for affirmative recognition of the working environment, also 5 points for showing wise, active and open disposition of character and only point in opposite cases. Collected materials were analyzed, through an electronic calculation, into the average value, the standard deflection percentage, pearson corelative number and stepwise multiple regression. Summarizing the results from this study is as follows: 1. It was shown that the nursing specialists with the average of 3.07 have affirmative recognition of their working environment. The questions which drew most affirmative reaction were those concerning finance-management system such as hand, the questions that received negative reaction were those concerning communication method with the average of 2.49. Such reaction seems to have resulted from the cramming regulation by the superior authorities. Concerning the recognition of working environment in relation to employment conditions, more affirmative recognition is shown with the average of 3.14. at hospitals where injection job is not performed. The nursing specialists working at regular hospitals show more affirmative recognition than those at general hospitals, the averages being respectiely 3.16 and 3.03. 2. As for the disposition of character of the nursing specialists, active-disposition was highest with the average of 3.38, next was wise-disposition with 3.20 and the lowest was open-diposition with 2.98. Variable-wise disposition of character shows that wise-disposition and academic background are beneficially correlated by 0.12. Ative-disposition and open-disposition show correlation to the office term by respectively 0.16 and 0.21. In other words. better academic background leads to higher wise-disposition and more - experience results in higher active and open disposition. Also, the class that performs the injection job, in relation to the working environment, might cause change in the self-conceit that identify those in that class with the nurses; however, as far as professional judgment and action, in dealing with nursing job, being wise, active and open is concerned, not much effect is made. 3. The relation between the recognition of the working environment and the disposition of character is that more afirmative recognition- a nursing specialist has about her working environment, the higher the active-disposition becomes by 0.13. The degrees of the relation between recongnition of environment and wise and open dispositions show respectively 0.06 and -0.06 and -0.06. That is to say that when having more affirmative recognition of the working environment, a nursing specialist shows wise but closed disposition of character. This, howerver, didn't mean much statistically. When observing the results mentioned above, it is conspicuous that the nursing specialists, working as substitutes for the nurse at medical institutions of various sizes, get the feeling of being somewhat equal to the nurses and to some extent, fulfill their desire to accomplish their ego; however, as far as professional ability expansion if concerned. they lack wise and open dispositions. Therefore, considiering upon the results of this study, in medical institutions where the work of nursing specialists is regaded equal to that of the nurses, as a medical member who deals with human lives, it is desirable to make the nursing specialists work under the supervision of the nurses and to offer them continuous education to strengthen and improve their natural dispositions.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.202-217
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• 2022

연구목적: 최근 개인형 이동장치(PM : Personal Mobility) 이용이 지속적으로 증가하면서 사고 또한 매년 폭발적으로 급증하고 있다. 이에 따라 PM 이용에 대한 안전 요구가 강화되고 있으나 여전히 안전한 환경을 위한 법/제도, 인프라, 관리체계 등은 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 PM 관련 선행연구 검토를 토대로 주요 문제점과 개선방안을 종합적으로 모색하고, 델파이조사를 통해 개선방안의 중요성에 따른 우선순위를 제시한다. 연구방법: 연구방법은 크게 문헌연구와 전문가 설문조사(델파이조사)로 구성된다. 기존의 선행연구와 개선사례(지방자치단체, 정부부처, 업체 등)를 검토하여 문제점, 개선사항을 도출하고 키워드를 기반으로 문제점/개선사항 분류표를 작성한다. 분류 내용을 토대로 전문가 설문조사를 실시하여 우선순위 개선방안을 도출한다. 연구결과: PM 관련 문제점은 인적요인과 관련하여 '교통법규 미준수, 지식 부족, 조작 미숙, 안전의식 부재'가, 물리적요인과 관련하여 '기기 특성, 도로-주행 가능 공간, 도로시설물, 주차시설'이, 관리적요인으로 '관리/감독, 제품관리, 이용자관리, 교육/훈련'이, 그 외 이 모든 요인들과 관련한 법률적요인을 '법률 부재/미흡, 혼선/중복, 실효성 저하' 측면으로 나눠볼 수 있었다. 이와 관련한 개선과제로 'PM 교육·홍보, 주차·반납, 도로개선, PM 등록·관리, 보험, 안전기준, 통행기준, PM 기기안전, PM 부대시설, 단속/관리, 전담조직, 서비스제공업체, 관리체계, 이와 관련한 법/제도 개선'의 14개 핵심 부문에 대해 42개 세부과제를 도출하였다. 세부 과제에 대한 중요도 평가결과 비용, 시간, 효과, 시급성, 실현가능성 평가항목에 대해 평균이 종합적으로 높은 과제는 '단속/계도활동 강화, 교육홍보/캠페인, 무단방치 PM관리, 통행규정 명확화'로 나타났다. 결론: PM 시장은 공유 서비스를 기반으로 점차 시장 규모가 커지고 있으며, 산업 활성화와 더불어 PM 이용의 안전환경이 보장되어야 한다. 이러한 측면에서 본 연구는 PM 관련 주요 문제점, 개선방안을 종합적인 관점에서 모색하고 우선적으로 필요한 개선대책의 순위를 알아본데 있어 그 의미가 있으며 향후 정책수립 자료의 기초가 될 수 있다는 점에서 그 가치가 있다. 향후에는 실질적인 정책 적용을 위해 개선 핵심 분야별로 심층적인 자료 보완이 필요할 것이다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.293-300
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 국내 한 토양관련전문기관에서 실시한 석유류저장시설에 대한 법정누출검사와 자체정밀조사에서 실제 특정토양오염관리대상시설로부터 오염물질이 누출되는 기준으로는 25.7%, 저장탱크의 결함 등으로 부적합 경우를 포함하면 53.6%가 부적합으로 나타나 환경부의 누출검사 통계의 평균 부적합률 3.1%와는 현저한 차이가 있으며, 누출검사를 실시하는 동기와 점검방식 등에 따른 부적합률이 매우 다르게 나타났다. 또한, 제작 당시에 발생된 결함이 남아 누출의 잠재적 요인이 되고 있는 탱크가 약 20%에 이르고 있으며, 시설의 사용년수 경과에 따른 조사에서는 설치 후 10년 이하 시설의 부적합률이 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과들을 토대로 도출한 특정토양오염관리대상시설에 대한 최적의 사후관리방안은 다음과 같다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 한 법정누출검사의 이상적인 부적합률은 직접법의 경우 53.6%, 간접법의 경우 30.7%로서 현재의 부적합률과는 많은 차이가 있으며 이는 누출이 되더라도 이를 감지하는 확률이 떨어지는 간접법과, 누출이 없더라도 결함 등으로 부적합으로 판정되는 직접법 등 검사방식에서 비롯된 원천적 차이와, 검사자의 부정 또는 부실검사 등 운용상의 문제로부터 야기되는 결과로 판단되며, 이를 개선하기 위해서는 현재 누출의 감지율이 극히 낮은 가압법 등의 검사방식은 전문적인 실험을 통해 실제 누출을 감지할 수 있는 수준의 시험기준을 마련하는 한편, 토양관련전문기관 및 이에 소속된 검사자에 대한 교육과 검사결과에 대한 사후검증을 통해 부실 부정검사가 이루어지지 않도록 해야 한다. 설치경과년수 10년 이하의 시설이 업소단위의 부적합률, 저장탱크 및 배관계통의 시설단위 부적합률에서 공히 상대적으로 높은데 이는 부실 시공 등으로 인한 문제가 초기에 집중적으로 발생하는 결과로 보이며, 이와 같은 문제를 해소하기 위해서는 신규 시설에 대한 관리제도를 개선하는 한편, 특정토양오염관리대상시설을 설치한 후 10년이 경과하였을 때에는 6개월 이내 누출검사를 받도록 한 현재의 토양환경보전법 시행령 제8조제1항제2호의 규정은 설치 후 5년이 경과한 시점으로 변경하는 방안을 고려해야 한다. 시설을 설치한 후 10년 이상 경과하면 업소단위의 부적합률은 년평균 약 1.4%씩, 시설로부터 누출 발생률은 약 0.25% 씩 증가하고 있는데, 누출검사의 주기는 새로이 발생되는 누출로 인한 환경적 피해와 복구비용, 누출검사에 따른 직접적인 경제적 비용, 행정규제에 따른 국가차원의 득실을 고려하여 결정하는 것이 타당하나 누출검사와 정화에 따른 직접적인 비용만을 비교하여 결정하는 것도 하나의 방안이 될 수 있다. 예를들어, 누출검사 비용을 업소당 150만원, 오염된 업소의 토양정화비용을 1억원으로 하면 경제성 관점에서의 바람직한 점검주기는 약 6년이 된다. 그러나, 업소에 설치된 저장탱크와 배관계통의 품질은 거의 동등하여 하나의 탱크나 배관에서 문제가 발생되면 나머지 시설에서도 순차적으로 유사한 문제가 발생되고, 시설이 내구연한에 도래할수록 그 경향이 뚜렷해지므로, 일련의 시설계통에서 누출이 발생된 경우에는 검사주기를 점차 단축하여 적용하는 것을 고려할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서 검사방식에 따른 점검결과를 보면, 업소단위의 부적합률에서는 58.9%와 22.5%, 저장탱크에 대한 검사에서 23.1%와 1.6%, 주입배관의 경우 4.1%와 0.5%, 주유 배관의 경우 5.5%와 4.1% 등 직접법으로 점검한 경우가 간접법에 비해 현저히 높아, 간접법으로만 점검을 지속하는 경우 그 차이만큼 누출을 방치하는 결과가 초래되는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 문제를 해소하기 위해서는, 일정 주기마다 반드시 직접법으로 점검을 실시토록 하거나 직접법과 간접법을 교차하여 적용토록 개선할 필요가 있다. 비파괴검사에서 부적합 된 저장탱크를 결함의 유형별 분류한 결과 기공 또는 미용접 등 제작하는 과정에서 발생되는 선천적 결함으로 부적합 된 것이 약 20%에 이르고 있는데, 이는 시설의 노후화로 인한 두께미달과 국부부식 등의 후천적 결함에 의한 불합격률 보다 높은 것이다. 이와 같은 선천적 결함은 당해 저장탱크를 제작할 당시의 기술수준과 점검제도 등에서 기인한 것으로 이를 해소하기 위해서는 차기의 누출검사를 반드시 직접법으로 실시하여 원천적 결함을 보수하도록 하고, 현재의 위험물안전관리법에 의한 탱크 성능시험기준을 개정하여 새로이 설치되는 저장탱크는 모두 비파괴시험을 실시하여 제작과정에서 발생된 결함이 제거되도록 하여야 한다. 검사를 실시하게 된 동기를 자체정밀조사와 법정누출검사로 분류하여 평가한 결과, 자체정밀조사에서의 부적합률이 법정누출검사에서의 부적합률에 비해 현저히 높게 나타났는데, 검사결과 부적합 되는 경우 수반되는 2차적인 부담을 회피하려는 심리가 크게 작용하고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 즉, 법정누출검사에서 부적합 되는 경우 행정관서로부터 받게 되는 시설에 대한 보완 및 재검사, 토양정밀조사 및 오염토양 정화 등 일련의 조치를 회피하기 위하여 검사를 취소하거나 즉시 보수를 행하여 재검사를 받도록 함으로서 검사결과가 왜곡되고 있다. 이와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 법정누출검사 결과 부적합된 시설에 대한 시정명령을 시설 보완과 재검사로 한정하여 특정토양오염관리대상시설의 소유자가 사실적으로 점검할 수 있도록 하고, 시설로부터 저장물질의 누출에 의한 부지의 오염은 소유주가 상황을 고려하여 자발적으로 사후조치를 하게 하거나 차기토양오염도 검사를 통해 오염여부를 확인하도록 부담을 완화 할 필요가 있다. 특정토양오염관리대상시설은 설치시기가 오래된 것 일수록 높은 부적합률을 나타내고 있다. 철판의 부식속도를 시설의 설치경과년수에 따른 평균최소두께의 추이에서 확인된 $0.1mm\;yr^{-i}$을 적용할 경우, 6 mm의 철판을 사용한 탱크는 위험물안전관리법상 탱크의 최소두께 (3.2 mm)에 이르기까지 이론상 내구연한은 28년으로서, 2012년 기준 내구연한을 초과한 시설이 7.3%에 이르고 있으며, 동시기에 설치된 주유배관 (표준두께 3.7 mm)의 경우 이론상의 잔존두께는 0.9 mm에 불과하다는 결론이다. 이와 같이 한계수명에 다다른 시설이나 이론상 내구연한을 초과한 시설에 대하여는 조속히 국가적 차원의 조사를 통해 그 실태를 파악하고 그 결과에 따라 폐쇄 또는 Upgrade 방안을 강구해야 한다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

At the initial stage of Internet advertising, banner advertising came into fashion. As the Internet developed into a central part of daily lives and the competition in the on-line advertising market was getting fierce, there was not enough space for banner advertising, which rushed to portal sites only. All these factors was responsible for an upsurge in advertising prices. Consequently, the high-cost and low-efficiency problems with banner advertising were raised, which led to an emergence of keyword advertising as a new type of Internet advertising to replace its predecessor. In the beginning of 2000s, when Internet advertising came to be activated, display advertisement including banner advertising dominated the Net. However, display advertising showed signs of gradual decline, and registered minus growth in the year 2009, whereas keyword advertising showed rapid growth and started to outdo display advertising as of the year 2005. Keyword advertising refers to the advertising technique that exposes relevant advertisements on the top of research sites when one searches for a keyword. Instead of exposing advertisements to unspecified individuals like banner advertising, keyword advertising, or targeted advertising technique, shows advertisements only when customers search for a desired keyword so that only highly prospective customers are given a chance to see them. In this context, it is also referred to as search advertising. It is regarded as more aggressive advertising with a high hit rate than previous advertising in that, instead of the seller discovering customers and running an advertisement for them like TV, radios or banner advertising, it exposes advertisements to visiting customers. Keyword advertising makes it possible for a company to seek publicity on line simply by making use of a single word and to achieve a maximum of efficiency at a minimum cost. The strong point of keyword advertising is that customers are allowed to directly contact the products in question through its more efficient advertising when compared to the advertisements of mass media such as TV and radio, etc. The weak point of keyword advertising is that a company should have its advertisement registered on each and every portal site and finds it hard to exercise substantial supervision over its advertisement, there being a possibility of its advertising expenses exceeding its profits. Keyword advertising severs as the most appropriate methods of advertising for the sales and publicity of small and medium enterprises which are in need of a maximum of advertising effect at a low advertising cost. At present, keyword advertising is divided into CPC advertising and CPM advertising. The former is known as the most efficient technique, which is also referred to as advertising based on the meter rate system; A company is supposed to pay for the number of clicks on a searched keyword which users have searched. This is representatively adopted by Overture, Google's Adwords, Naver's Clickchoice, and Daum's Clicks, etc. CPM advertising is dependent upon the flat rate payment system, making a company pay for its advertisement on the basis of the number of exposure, not on the basis of the number of clicks. This method fixes a price for advertisement on the basis of 1,000-time exposure, and is mainly adopted by Naver's Timechoice, Daum's Speciallink, and Nate's Speedup, etc, At present, the CPC method is most frequently adopted. The weak point of the CPC method is that advertising cost can rise through constant clicks from the same IP. If a company makes good use of strategies for maximizing the strong points of keyword advertising and complementing its weak points, it is highly likely to turn its visitors into prospective customers. Accordingly, an advertiser should make an analysis of customers' behavior and approach them in a variety of ways, trying hard to find out what they want. With this in mind, her or she has to put multiple keywords into use when running for ads. When he or she first runs an ad, he or she should first give priority to which keyword to select. The advertiser should consider how many individuals using a search engine will click the keyword in question and how much money he or she has to pay for the advertisement. As the popular keywords that the users of search engines are frequently using are expensive in terms of a unit cost per click, the advertisers without much money for advertising at the initial phrase should pay attention to detailed keywords suitable to their budget. Detailed keywords are also referred to as peripheral keywords or extension keywords, which can be called a combination of major keywords. Most keywords are in the form of texts. The biggest strong point of text-based advertising is that it looks like search results, causing little antipathy to it. But it fails to attract much attention because of the fact that most keyword advertising is in the form of texts. Image-embedded advertising is easy to notice due to images, but it is exposed on the lower part of a web page and regarded as an advertisement, which leads to a low click through rate. However, its strong point is that its prices are lower than those of text-based advertising. If a company owns a logo or a product that is easy enough for people to recognize, the company is well advised to make good use of image-embedded advertising so as to attract Internet users' attention. Advertisers should make an analysis of their logos and examine customers' responses based on the events of sites in question and the composition of products as a vehicle for monitoring their behavior in detail. Besides, keyword advertising allows them to analyze the advertising effects of exposed keywords through the analysis of logos. The logo analysis refers to a close analysis of the current situation of a site by making an analysis of information about visitors on the basis of the analysis of the number of visitors and page view, and that of cookie values. It is in the log files generated through each Web server that a user's IP, used pages, the time when he or she uses it, and cookie values are stored. The log files contain a huge amount of data. As it is almost impossible to make a direct analysis of these log files, one is supposed to make an analysis of them by using solutions for a log analysis. The generic information that can be extracted from tools for each logo analysis includes the number of viewing the total pages, the number of average page view per day, the number of basic page view, the number of page view per visit, the total number of hits, the number of average hits per day, the number of hits per visit, the number of visits, the number of average visits per day, the net number of visitors, average visitors per day, one-time visitors, visitors who have come more than twice, and average using hours, etc. These sites are deemed to be useful for utilizing data for the analysis of the situation and current status of rival companies as well as benchmarking. As keyword advertising exposes advertisements exclusively on search-result pages, competition among advertisers attempting to preoccupy popular keywords is very fierce. Some portal sites keep on giving priority to the existing advertisers, whereas others provide chances to purchase keywords in question to all the advertisers after the advertising contract is over. If an advertiser tries to rely on keywords sensitive to seasons and timeliness in case of sites providing priority to the established advertisers, he or she may as well make a purchase of a vacant place for advertising lest he or she should miss appropriate timing for advertising. However, Naver doesn't provide priority to the existing advertisers as far as all the keyword advertisements are concerned. In this case, one can preoccupy keywords if he or she enters into a contract after confirming the contract period for advertising. This study is designed to take a look at marketing for keyword advertising and to present effective strategies for keyword advertising marketing. At present, the Korean CPC advertising market is virtually monopolized by Overture. Its strong points are that Overture is based on the CPC charging model and that advertisements are registered on the top of the most representative portal sites in Korea. These advantages serve as the most appropriate medium for small and medium enterprises to use. However, the CPC method of Overture has its weak points, too. That is, the CPC method is not the only perfect advertising model among the search advertisements in the on-line market. So it is absolutely necessary that small and medium enterprises including independent shopping malls should complement the weaknesses of the CPC method and make good use of strategies for maximizing its strengths so as to increase their sales and to create a point of contact with customers.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.165-203
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• 1987

This project was a service-cum-research effort with a quasi-experimental study design to examine the health benefits of an integrated Family Planning (FP)/Maternal & Child health (MCH) Service approach that provides crucial factors missing in the present on-going programs. The specific objectives were: 1) To test the effectiveness of trained nurse/midwives (MW) assigned as change agents in the Health Sub-Center (HSC) to bring about the changes in the eight FP/MCH indicators, namely; (i)FP/MCH contacts between field workers and their clients (ii) the use of effective FP methods, (iii) the inter-birth interval and/or open interval, (iv) prenatal care by medically qualified personnel, (v) medically supervised deliveries, (vi) the rate of induced abortion, (vii) maternal and infant morbidity, and (viii) preinatal & infant mortality. 2) To measure the integrative linkage (contacts) between MW & HSC workers and between HSC and clients. 3) To examine the organizational or administrative factors influencing integrative linkage between health workers. Study design; The above objectives called for quasi-experimental design setting up a study and control area with and without a midwife. An active intervention program (FP/MCH minimum 'package' program) was conducted for a 2 year period from June 1982-July 1984 in Seosan County and 'before and after' surveys were conducted to measure the change. Service input; This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University in collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survery in 1981, trained nurses/midwives were introduced into two health sub-centers in a rural setting (Seosan county) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwifery services in the existing health delivery system with emphasis on nurse/midwife's role as the link between health workers (nurse aids) and village health workers, and the referral of risk patients to the private physician (OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Method of evaluation; a. In this study, the primary objective was first to examine to what extent the FP/MCH package program brought about changes in the pre-determined eight indicators (outcome and impact measures) and the following relationship was first analyzed; b. Nevertheless, this project did not automatically accept the assumption that if two or more activities were integrated, the results would automatically be better than a non-integrated or categorical program. There is a need to assess the 'integration process' itself within the package program. The process of integration was measured in terms of interactive linkages, or the quantity & quality of contacts between workers & clients and among workers. Intergrative linkages were hypothesized to be influenced by organizational factors at the HSC clinic level including HSC goals, sltrurture, authority, leadership style, resources, and personal characteristics of HSC staff. The extent or degree of integration, as measured by the intensity of integrative linkages, was in turn presumed to influence programme performance. Thus as indicated diagrammatically below, organizational factors constituted the independent variables, integration as the intervening variable and programme performance with respect to family planning and health services as the dependent variable: Concerning organizational factors, however, due to the limited number of HSCs (2 in the study area and 3 in the control area), they were studied by participatory observation of an anthropologist who was independent of the project. In this observation, we examined whether the assumed integration process actually occurred or not. If not, what were the constraints in producing an effective integration process. Summary of Findings; A) Program effects and impact 1. Effects on FP use: During this 2 year action period, FP acceptance increased from 58% in 1981 to 78% in 1984 in both the study and control areas. This increase in both areas was mainly due to the new family planning campaign driven by the Government for the same study period. Therefore, there was no increment of FP acceptance rate due to additional input of MW to the on-going FP program. But in the study area, quality aspects of FP were somewhat improved, having a better continuation rate of IUDs & pills and more use of effective Contraceptive methods in comparison with the control area. 2. Effects of use of MCH services: Between the study and control areas, however, there was a significant difference in maternal and child health care. For example, the coverage of prenatal care was increased from 53% for 1981 birth cohort to 75% for 1984 birth cohort in the study area. In the control area, the same increased from 41% (1981) to 65% (1984). It is noteworthy that almost two thirds of the recent birth cohort received prenatal care even in the control area, indicating that there is a growing demand of MCH care as the size of family norm becomes smaller 3. There has been a substantive increase in delivery care by medical professions in the study area, with an annual increase rate of 10% due to midwives input in the study areas. The project had about two times greater effect on postnatal care (68% vs. 33%) at delivery care(45.2% vs. 26.1%). 4. The study area had better reproductive efficiency (wanted pregancies with FP practice & healthy live births survived by one year old) than the control area, especially among women under 30 (14.1% vs. 9.6%). The proportion of women who preferred the 1st trimester for their first prenatal care rose significantly in the study area as compared to the control area (24% vs 13%). B) Effects on Interactive Linkage 1. This project made a contribution in making several useful steps in the direction of service integration, namely; i) The health workers have become familiar with procedures on how to work together with each other (especially with a midwife) in carrying out their work in FP/MCH and, ii) The health workers have gotten a feeling of the usefulness of family health records (statistical integration) in identifying targets in their own work and their usefulness in caring for family health. 2. On the other hand, because of a lack of required organizational factors, complete linkage was not obtained as the project intended. i) In regards to the government health worker's activities in terms of home visiting there was not much difference between the study & control areas though the MW did more home visiting than Government health workers. ii) In assessing the service performance of MW & health workers, the midwives balanced their workload between 40% FP, 40% MCH & 20% other activities (mainly immunization). However, $85{\sim}90%$ of the services provided by the health workers were other than FP/MCH, mainly for immunizations such as the encephalitis campaign. In the control area, a similar pattern was observed. Over 75% of their service was other than FP/MCH. Therefore, the pattern shows the health workers are a long way from becoming multipurpose workers even though the government is pushing in this direction. 3. Villagers were much more likely to visit the health sub-center clinic in the study area than in the control area (58% vs.31%) and for more combined care (45% vs.23%). C) Organization factors (admistrative integrative issues) 1. When MW (new workers with higher qualification) were introduced to HSC, it was noted that there were conflicts between the existing HSC workers (Nurse aids with less qualification than MW) and the MW for the beginning period of the project. The cause of the conflict was studied by an anthropologist and it was pointed out that these functional integration problems stemmed from the structural inadequacies of the health subcenter organization as indicated below; i) There is still no general consensus about the objectives and goals of the project between the project staff and the existing health workers. ii) There is no formal linkage between the responsibility of each member's job in the health sub-center. iii) There is still little chance for midwives to play a catalytic role or to establish communicative networks between workers in order to link various knowledge and skills to provide better FP/MCH services in the health sub-center. 2. Based on the above findings the project recommended to the County Chief (who has power to control the administrative staff and the technical staff in his county) the following ; i) In order to solve the conflicts between the individual roles and functions in performing health care activities, there must be goals agreed upon by both. ii) The health sub·center must function as an autonomous organization to undertake the integration health project. In order to do that, it is necessary to support administrative considerations, and to establish a communication system for supervision and to control of the health sub-centers. iii) The administrative organization, tentatively, must be organized to bind the health worker's midwive's and director's jobs by an organic relationship in order to achieve the integrative system under the leadership of health sub-center director. After submitting this observation report, there has been better understanding from frequent meetings & communication between HW/MW in FP/MCH work as the program developed. Lessons learned from the Seosan Project (on issues of FP/MCH integration in Korea); 1) A majority or about 80% of the couples are now practicing FP. As indicated by the study, there is a growing demand from clients for the health system to provide more MCH services than FP in order to maintain the achieved small size of family through FP practice. It is fortunate to see that the government is now formulating a MCH policy for the year 2,000 and revising MCH laws and regulations to emphasize more MCH care for achieving a small size family through family planning practice. 2) Goal consensus in FP/MCH shouBd be made among the health workers It administrators, especially to emphasize the need of care of 'wanted' child. But there is a long way to go to realize the 'real' integration of FP into MCH in Korea, unless there is a structural integration FP/MCH because a categorical FP is still first priority to reduce the rate of population growth for economic reasons but not yet for health/welfare reasons in practice. 3) There should be more financial allocation: (i) a midwife should be made available to help to promote the MCH program and coordinate services, (in) there should be a health sub·center director who can provide leadership training for managing the integrated program. There is a need for 'organizational support', if the decision of integration is made to obtain benefit from both FP & MCH. In other words, costs should be paid equally to both FP/MCH. The integration slogan itself, without the commitment of paying such costs, is powerless to advocate it. 4) Need of management training for middle level health personnel is more acute as the Government has already constructed 90 MCH centers attached to the County Health Center but without adequate manpower, facilities, and guidelines for integrating the work of both FP and MCH. 5) The local government still considers these MCH centers only as delivery centers to take care only of those visiting maternity cases. The MCH center should be a center for the managment of all pregnancies occurring in the community and the promotion of FP with a systematic and effective linkage of resources available in the county such as i.e. Village Health Worker, Community Health Practitioner, Health Sub-center Physicians & Health workers, Doctors and Midwives in MCH center, OBGY Specialists in clinics & hospitals as practiced by the Seosan project at primary health care level.