• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.304-311
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• 2001

An experimental study on the countercurrent two-phase flow in narrow rectangular channels has been performed. The void fraction and the pressure gradient were investigated using air and water in 760 mm long, 100 mm wide. vertical test sections with 2, 3 and 5 mm channel gaps. Tests were systematically performed with downward liquid superficial velocities and upward gas velocities covering 0 to 0.08 and 0 to 2.5 m/s ranges. respectively. the experimental results were compared with the previous correlations, which were mainly for round tubes, and the qualitative trends were found to be in good agreements. However the quantitative discrepancies were hardly neglected. as the superficial gas velocities increased, the void fraction increased and the pressure gradient decreased, where the effects of the liquid superficial velocities were infinitesimal. as the gap width of the rectangular channel increased the void fraction and the 2-phase frictional pressure gradient approached those values for the round tubes. Equi-periphery diameter, rather than the hydraulic diameter, seemed to be more effective in the analysis of two-phase flow behavior.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.97-100
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• 2008

Warthin's tumor is a benign neoplasm that most frequently occurs in the parotid gland. Warthin's tumor shows a tendency of bilateral occurrence, but most of bilateral tumors occur at different time. It usually affects older man and grows slowly. Surgical excision is appropriate treatment for patients with Warthin's tumor and rarely recurs after removal. We report a rare case of bilateral Warthin's tumor which detected at the same time. A 54-year-old man had painless, slowly growing masses on the both mandibular angles. The masses were detected ten years ago. CT scan, ultrasonographic evaluation and fine needle biopsy was performed for preoperative diagnostic study. Superficial parotidectomy was done one after the other at ten-day intervals. After excision, histological examination revealed a mixture of ductal epithelium and a lymphoid stroma. The overlying surface of lymphoid tissue was covered with epithelial cells that was abundant of eosinophilic cytoplasm. Both masses were diagnosed as Warthin's tumor. Postoperatively, the patient did well and had no evidence of recurrence of tumor for 2 years follow-up period. Authors experienced a rare case of bilateral Warthin's tumor which detected at the same time. We recommend stepwise superficial parotidectomy at one or two-week intervals as treatment of bilateral Warthin's tumor.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.304-313
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• 2018

Elevating thin flaps has long been a goal of reconstructive surgeons. Thin flaps have numerous advantages in reconstruction. In this study, we present a surgical method for elevating a thin flap and demonstrate the safety of the procedure. A retrospective review was performed of the electronic medical records of patients who underwent thin flap elevation for lower extremity reconstruction from April 2016 to September 2016 at the Department of Plastic Surgery of Asan Medical Center. All flaps included in this study were elevated above the superficial fascia. A total of 15 superficial circumflex iliac artery free flaps and 13 anterolateral thigh free flaps were enrolled in the study. The total complication rate was 17.56% (n=5), with total loss of the flap in one patient (3.57%) and partial necrosis of the flap in four patients (14.28%). No wound dehiscence or graft loss at the donor wound took place. Elevation above the superficial fascia is not inferior in terms of flap necrosis risk and is superior for reducing donor site morbidity. In addition to its safety, it yields good aesthetic results.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.161-165
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• 2018

A 12-year-old gelding Warmblood Horse was presented with a corneolimbal mass in the right eye (OD) of 6 months duration. Clinical signs included ocular discomfort, persistent mucoid ocular discharge, and conjunctival hyperemia. The mass was excised by superficial keratectomy under sedation in a standing position, followed by a topical application of 0.04% mitomycin C (MMC), and a placement of a conjunctival advancement graft. The histopathological diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma. One month after surgery, recurrence of the mass was suspected upon examination of the eye. Topical MMC and 5-fluorouracil followed by cryotherapy were applied as adjunctive therapies after debulking of the mass. The surgical site healed without complications and with a cosmetically acceptable result. No recurrence of the mass was noted four years following the second procedure.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.247-249
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• 2015

Herpes zoster most commonly occurs in elderly patients, and usually affects sensory neurons. Therefore, its characteristic symptoms are segmental pain, itching, and sensory changes in the affected areas. A 71-yr-old woman experienced painful herpetic rash on the right cervical 2-4 dermatomes for 16 days. Two days after the onset of the rash, she was diagnosed with herpes zoster, and prescribed 250 mg famciclovir three times a day for 7 days, pregabalin 150 mg twice a day, and tramadol 150 mg once a day for 14 days, by a dermatologist. Despite medication, her pain was rated at an intensity of 6/10 on the numeric rating scale. In addition, she complained of severe itching sensation on the affected dermatomes. Superficial cervical plexus block (SCPB) was performed at the right C4 level with 15 ml 0.5% lidocaine plus triamcinolone 30 mg. Five days after the procedure, pain and itching completely disappeared. SCPB may be an effective option for the treatment of acute pain and itching arising from herpes zoster, and for the prevention of postherpetic neuralgia.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2014

Adsorption of phenol on activated carbon in a fixed bed was studied. The effects of fixed-bed length, superficial velocity (flow rate) and particle size of adsorbent on fixed-bed performance were investigated. Some characteristic parameters such as the breakthrough time ($t_{0.05}$), saturation time ($t_{0.95}$), length of mass transfer zone ($L_{MTZ}$), adsorptive capacity (W), and adsorption rate constant ($K_a$) were derived from the breakthrough curves. Adsorbent particle sizes significantly affected the shape of the breakthrough curve. Larger particle sizes resulted in an earlier breakthrough, a longer $L_{MTZ}$ and a lower adsorption rate. Superficial velocity was a critical factor for the external mass transfer during fixed-bed adsorption process. The external mass transfer resistance was dominant as increasing superficial velocity.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.227-232
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• 2009

Purpose: Numerous experimental studies have shown the benefits of treating thermal burns by cooling. Nevertheless, few studies have shown the clinical effect of cooling therapy on thermal burns. This study aimed to identify the clinical effect of immediate cooling therapy. Methods: The research was conducted as a retrospective, case-control study. All patients had thermal injuries characterized as a superficial second-degree burn. In the cooling group, 14 patients had first-aid cooling therapy delivered by either parents, caregivers, general practitioners, local hospitals, and/or Myongji hospital. Included in the study were 22 control patients who were not treated with any cooling therapies. Other clinical factors, such as age, sex, cause of burn injury, and burn area (Total Body Surface Area %), were taken into consideration. The duration of treatment was defined as the time from the occurrence of the injury to the presence of complete re-epithelialization, as confirmed by two surgeons. Results: The duration of treatment in the cooling group was significantly less than that the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Cooling therapy as an initial emergent treatment is clinically effective for superficial second-degree burn injuries.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1990

The skull and superficial cephalis muscles of Coreoleuciscus splendidus Mori was investigated comparatively with other some fishes of the family Cyprinidae to study on the systematic position of this species. Coreoleuciscs splendidus was unique in the morphology of sphenotic process and the urohyal and this species differ from the true bottom dwellers of the subfamily Gobioninae in the strucutre of cephalic lateral-line canals, the relation of parasphenoids with pterotic and prootic, the morphology of urohyal , basihyal , hypobranchial, and , particulary, the configuration of adductor manibulae complex. With reference to the information so far obtained , the taxonomic position of the present species was discussed in the Cyprinidae.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.184-191
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• 1999

Reconstruction of soft tissue defect of the foot, ankle and distal tibial area has been and remains a challenging problem for reconstructive surgeons. We treated 19 patients who showed soft tissue defect in these area with distally based superficial sural artery flaps, including four adipofascial flaps, two sensate flaps. The size of the soft tissue defect was from $4{\times}5cm\;to\;8{\times}10cm$. In nine cases, we preserved sural nerve. Seventeen flaps survived completely, but one flap failed and another flap showed partial skin necrosis at the distal half. In failed cases, lesser saphenous vein was ruptured at initial injury. The advantage of this flap is a constant and reliable blood supply without sacrifice of major artery or sensory nerve. Elevation of the flap is technically easy and quick. The pedicle is long and the island flap can be transffered as far as to the instep area. It also has the potential for sensate flap, innervated by the lateral sural cutaneous nerve. But for appropriate venous drainage small saphenous vein must be preserved.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.137-141
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• 2003

Introduction: A routine superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve dissection in parotid tumor surgery often results in facial dysfunction, Frey syndrome and defect in operation site. Formal facial nerve dissection has been a recommended procedure, because pleomorphic adenoma is a commonly recurrent tumor in case of inadequate surgical management, however it can not be always reasonable in aspect of postoperative sequelae. Patients and Methods: Through retrospective review of 245 cases parotidectomies and follow up for more than three years, clinicophathologic factors influencing to the selection of surgical procedure were considered to be age, sex, and preoperative pathology confirmed by preoperative MRI and FNA. Results: Five categories were established as follow for surgical decision in parotid tumor surgery. Category 1. Superficial lobe adenoma -- Superficial parotidectomy -- 124 Category 2. Deep lobe adenoma -- Deep parotidectomy -- 39 Category 3. Non pleomorphic adenoma -- Tumorectomy 1.5cm adenoma in young female -- Tumorectomy -- 25 Category 4. Recurrent multicentric tumor -- Parotidectomy+RT -- 9 Category 5. Parotid cancer; Parotidectomy + UND (RND) + RT -- 48 ; CORE (Composite Regional Ear Resection) -- 2 Conclusion: Surgical morbidity and recurrence rate could be minimized by individualizing the surgical procedure according to the category principle based on the clincopathologic features.