• 한국습지학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.69-78
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• 2007

Constructed wetlands and other aquatic systems have been successfully used for waste and wastewater treatment in either temperate or tropical regions. To treat waste or wastewater in a sustainable manner, the integrated eco-engineering designs are explained in this paper with 2 case studies: (i) a combination of vertical-flow constructed wetland (CW) with plant irrigation systemfor fecal sludge management and (ii) integrated CW units with landscaping at full-scale application for domestic wastewater treatment. The pilot-scale study of fecal sludge management employed 3 vertical-flow CW units, each with a dimension of $5{\times}5{\times}0.65m$ (width ${\times}$ length ${\times}$ media depth) and planted with cattails (Typha augustifolia). At the solid loading rate of 250 kg total solids (TS)/$m^2.yr$ and a 6-day percolate impoundment, the CW system could achieve chemical oxygen demand (COD), TS and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal efficiencies in the range of 80 - 96%. The accumulated sludge layers of about 80 - 90 cm was found at the CW bed surface after operating the CW units for 7 years, but no clogging problem has been observed. The CW percolate was applied to 16 irrigation Sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus) plots, each with a dimension of $4.5{\times}4.5m$ ($width{\times}length$). In the study, the CW percolate were fed to the treatment plots at the application rate of 7.5 mm/day but the percolate was mixed with tap water at different ratio of 20%, 80% and 100%. Based on a 1-year data of 3-crop plantation were experimented, the contents of Zn, Mn and Cu in soil of the experimental plots were found to increase with increasing in CW percolate ratios. The highest plant biomass yield and oil content of 1,000 kg/ha and 35%, respectively, were obtained from the plots fed with 20% or 50% of the CW percolate, whereas no accumulation of heavy metals in the plant tissues (i.e. leaves, stems and flowers) of the sunflower is found. In addition to the pilot-scale and field experiments, a case study of the integrated CW systems for wastewater treatment at Phi Phi Island (a Tsunami-hit area), Krabi province, Thailand is illustrated. The $5,200-m^2$ CW systems on Phi Phi Island are not only for treatment of $400m^3/day$ wastewater from hotels, households or other domestic activities, but also incorporating public consultation in the design processes, resulting in introducing the aesthetic landscaping as well as reusing of the treated effluent for irrigating green areas on the Island.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.126-136
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• 1998

This study was designed to determine the effects of linoleic acid contents and $\omega$ 6/$\omega$3 ratios on the induction of gastric ulcer by water immersion and restraint stress. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 5diets containing 7% fat(w/w) for 6weeks. These diet groups were Lh, Mh, Hh, Mm, Ml, : 3 different linoleic acid levels(0.3% of energy(L). 3.5(M), 10(H) and 3 different $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios (11(1), 33(m), 100(h) with beef tallow, sunflower or fish oil. The Lh group showed a significantly higher ulcer index (UI) than the Mh and Hh groups(p<0.05). At the same linoleic levels, the UI had no significant difference within the $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios. The Mh group showed significantly higher (p<0.05) PGE2 and TBX2 content than any other group. Pearson's correlation coeffcients between UI and PGE2 and TBX2 had a negatively significant correlation(p<0.05). Linoleic acid of gastric mucosal phospholipids was reflected by the diet, but was not significantly different. The most significant finding of this study is that not only the absolute amount of linoleic acid, but also the $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratios are important factors for the prevention of gastric ulcer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.739-747
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• 2018

The low solubility and high-cost recovery of Propionibacterium acnes polyunsaturated fatty acid isomerase (PAI) are key problems in the bioproduction of high value-added conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). To improve the solubility of recombinant PAI, six chaperone proteins were coexpressed with PAI. Introduction of GroELS proteins dramatically improved the PAI solubility from 29% to 97%, with increased activity by 57.8%. Combined expression of DnaKJ-GrpE and GroELS proteins increased the activity by 11.9%. In contrast, coexpression of DnaKJ-GrpE proteins significantly reduced the activity by 57.4%. Plasmids pTf16 harboring the tig gene and pG-Tf2 containing the tig and groEL-groES genes had no visible impact on PAI expression. The lytic protein E was then introduced into the recombinant Escherichia coli to develop a cell autolysis system. A 35% activity of total intracellular PAI was released from the cytoplasm by suspending the lysed cells in distilled water. The PAI recovery was further improved to 81% by optimizing the release conditions. The lipase from Rhizopus oryzae was also expressed in E. coli, with an extracellular activity of 110.9 U/ml. By using the free PAI and lipase as catalysts, a joint system was established for producing CLA from sunflower oil. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum titer of t-10,c-12-CLA reached 9.4 g/l. This work provides an effective and low-cost strategy to improve the solubility and recovery of the recombinant intracellular PAI for further large-scale production of CLA.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.398-404
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• 1996

전세포 효소 고정화 캡슐을 제조하기 위하여 Eschericia coli를 calcium alginate 캡슐내부에 접종하고 배양하였다. E. coli의 캡슐내부 건조중량이 1OOg/L에 달하였다. 생산배지에서 배양하는 동안 캡슐내부에 축적되는 미생물의 양이 많을수록 캡슐 내부에 축적되는 $\beta$galactosidase의 활성도 높았다. 생산배지에 금속이온 $Zn^{+2}를 2{\times}10^{-4} M $ 첨가함으로써 캡슐내부에 축척되는 ${\beta}$-galactosidase의 활성 을 25% 증가시킬 수 있었다. 캡슐제조시 해바라기유를 부피비로 2% 첨가함으로써 캡슐내부에 축적되 는 ${\beta}$-galactosidase의 활성을 10% 증가시킬 수 었었다. 부피산소전달계수, $k_La가 2.55h^- $ 안 플라스크 대신 $k_La가 82h^- $인 concentric air lift reactor 내에서 고정화 E. coli를 배양호농로써 캡슐내부의 전세포${\beta}$-galactosidase의 활성을 86% 증가시킬 수 있었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.304-308
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• 2005

The effects of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on various oxidative stress responses in liver, kidney and gill tissues of freshwater bagrid catfish Pseudobagrus fulvidraco were investigated under laboratory conditions. Bagrid catfish were intraperitoneally injected with sunflower seed oil containing nominal concentrations of 0, 300 or 900mg DEHP per kilogram of body weight for 3 days and the effects after last injection were assessed in liver, kidney and gill tissues of the exposed organisms. The oxidative stress responses of fish were evaluated by analyzing the level of glutathione (GSH), as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR). After exposure to the DEHP, there were significant decrease in GR, GPx activity and GSH content in liver of fish exposed to 900 mg DEHP per kilogram of body weight compared to the control group. Compared with the control group, significant decreases in renal GPx and GR activity were observed in the DEHP treatment groups (900 mg $kg^{-1}$ bw). However, no significant difference was observed in any oxidative stress responses in gills between the DEHP-treated and the untreated group of fish. The findings of the present investigation show that DEHP induce oxidative stress and the liver was the most affected organ followed by the kidney and gills. Furthermore, the changes of GPx and GR activities may be important indicators of oxidative stress responses but additional study is required to confirm the oxidative stress of DEHP.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2015

오가노겔은 반고형상이며 3차원의 네트워크 구조로 이루어진 친유성 용매로 이루어져 있다. 본 연구에서는 유상과 수상에서 모두 난용성 특징을 가진 제니스테인을 포함하는 레시틴 오가노겔을 개발하였다. 이 시스템은 안정할 뿐만 아니라 경피 흡수 실험에서도 높은 흡수율을 보였다. 본 오가노겔 제형에 적합한 원료들을 선별한 결과, 수화된 레시틴, 해바라기유, dipropylene glycol (DPG), polyethylene glycol (PEG)이 이 시스템에서 주로 사용되었다. 레시틴 오가노겔의 제조에 적합한 원료의 함량은 phase ternary diagram 작성을 통하여 결정하였다. 제조된 레시틴 오가노겔을 organoleptic characteristics, stability, pH, rheology, phase transition temperatures, microscopic analysis, skin penetration 실험을 통해 평가하였다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 본 논문에서 제시하는 레시틴 오가노겔 제형은 안정한 상태에서 난용성 물질을 높은 농도로 피부에 효과적으로 전달할 수 있는 제형으로 활용될 수 있을 것이라 생각된다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.15-19
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• 2000

This study was conducted to determine sensory and chemical traits of reduced-fat frankfurters made with lean lamb or lean lamb/pork (50%/50%), fat from three different sources(pork fat, lamb fat or high-oleic sunflower oil) and added water products designated as L-P-15, LP-L-15, LP-So-15 and LP-P-15, according to lean meat type, source of added fat and target fat content and to compare such products with a similar reduced-fat product made with lean beef/pork (50%/50%) with pork fat(product designated as BP-P-15) and high-fat products made with lean beef/pork (50%/50%) or lamb/pork (50%/50%) with pork fat (BP-P-30 and LP-P-30). Actual fat contents of reduced-fat and high-fat products formulated for 15% and 30% fat were 17~18% and 28~31%, respectively, after processing. Processing yields were lower for all reduced-fat products than for the high-fat products. Trained sensory panelists rated LP-P-15 less intense in lamb flavor as compared to LP-L-15 and LP-So-15. Off-flavor intensity was positively correlated with lamb-flavor intensity (r=0.80), whereas frankfurter-flavor intensity was negatively correlated with lamb-flavor intensity (-0.88) and off-flavor intensity (r=-0.90). According to consumer panelists, LP-P-15 was as desirable in flavor as BP-P-15 or the two high-fat products (BP-P-30 and LP-P-30), while LP-So-15 and LP-L-15 were not. LP-P-15 and BP-P-15 were not notably different from their high-fat counterparts in juiciness and texture desirability and overall palatability. Regardless of fat content, meat type and fat source, there was little lipid oxidation when vacuum-packaged products were refrigerated for 12 weeks.

• 공업화학
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.501-506
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• 2023

수크로스 에스터와 세라마이드를 혼합하여 겔레이터로 사용한 해바라기 오일의 올레오겔과 올레오겔 에멀전을 제조하였다. 올레오겔과 올레오겔 에멀젼 제형 내에서 겔레이터의 결정 구조는 편광현미경으로 관찰하고 물의 분산형태는 공초점 현미경으로 확인하였다. DSC 열차트 분석을 통해, 수크로스 에스터와 세라마이드를 혼합하면 세라마이드의 결정구조는 사라지고 제형에 물이 첨가되면 혼합된 겔레이터의 결정성이 더욱 상승함을 확인하였다. 제형에서의 수크로스 에스터, 세라마이드, 물의 비율에 따른 점도와 점탄성 등의 유변학적 특성의 변화를 살펴보았다. 세라마이드와 물의 함량이 증가할수록 점도 및 저장탄성률, 손실 탄성률 등이 모두 증가하고, 또한 제형의 안정성도 높아지는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.842-853
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• 2014

본 연구는 고올레산 해바라기유(high oleic sunflower oil, HOSO), palmitic ethyl ester 및 stearic ethyl ester를 이용하여 대칭형 유지와 비대칭형 유지를 합성하였으며, 이를 이용하여 in vitro digestion에서의 소화율(%)을 비교하고자 하였다. 생성된 대칭형 유지와 비대칭형 유지는 acetone을 이용하여 분별함으로써 대칭형 유지는 I, II, III으로, 비대칭형 유지는 IV, V로 분별되었다. 그 후 분별물들을 이용하여 in vitro digestion을 진행함으로써 소화율(%)과 농도변화량(mg/mL/min)을 비교하였으며, 분별물들의 위치별 지방산 및 TAG 조성 분석, DSC를 통한 흡열 및 발열곡선 분석, solid fat index와 융점 측정을 통해 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 위치별 지방산 조성 분석 결과 I, II, III은 sn-2 위치에 palmitic acid와 stearic acid의 합이 4.9~6.5 area%로 나타나 주로 대칭형 TAG로 이루어졌고, IV와 V는 41.9~43.9 area%로 나타나 주로 비대칭형 TAG로 구성되어 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 한편 in vitro digestion을 진행하여 분별물간의 가수분해율(%)을 비교한 결과, 반응시간 120분에서는 V만 다른 분별물에 비해 약 40% 정도 소화가 되지 않았으며, V의 융점이 $49^{\circ}C$로 반응온도($37^{\circ}C$)보다 높았다. 초기 반응시간(15분)에서는 I,II>IV>III>V 순으로 소화가 되지 않았으며, 각 분별물에서 ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$와 POS/PSO의 가수분해율(%)을 비교해 본 결과 TAG 간의 가수분해율 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 III과 IV를 비교해 보았을 때, IV가 III에 비해 두 개의 포화지방산으로 구성된 TAG 함량이 약 40 area% 적지만 complete melting point가 III과 유사한 것으로 나타나 비대칭형 TAG가 대칭형 TAG에 비해 융점이 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 slip melting point가 in vitro digestion 결과에 가장 큰 영향을 미치며, 융점은 총지방산 조성에서의 포화지방산 함량이 높을수록, 두 개의 포화지방산으로 구성된 TAG의 함량이 높을수록, 비대칭형 TAG로 이루어질수록 높아짐을 알 수 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.639-645
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• 2016

본 연구는 음용가능한 수준의 비독성, 비휘발성 식물성 오일에서 PtOEP와 DPA를 광감응제와 전자수용체로 이용해 구현되는 효율적인 TTA-UC현상에 대해 보고하고 있다. 다양한 종류의 식물성 오일에 PtOEP/DPA를 담지시켰을 때, 탈산소 공정없이도 532 nm의 입사 레이저에서 430 nm 영역의 선명한 green-to-blue UC현상이 관측되었으며, 양자수율은 약 8%로 측정되었다. 이러한 UC의 효율은 식물성 오일의 화학적 조성, 특히 불포화 탄화수소의 함량과 점도에 크게 의존하는 것으로 나타났다. 식물성 오일에서의 Stern-Volmer 상수값은 유기용매에 비해 다소 낮은 값을 보였으나, 전환효율은 93% 정도로 여전히 높은 수치를 보여주었다. 해바라기씨유에서 UC의 전환 입사광 강도($I_{th}$)는 약 $100mW/cm^2$로 태양광의 직접활용에는 아직 무리가 있으나, 산소포화조건에서 비독성 매질을 통해 즉각적으로 구현되는 UC는 비전통적인 방식의 bioimaging과 같은 기술에의 응용가능성이 높을 것으로 생각된다.