• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate flow of defense qi(衛氣) through the relationship among the collateral meridians(絡脈), Pyobon(標本), Kika(氣街) and Geungyul(根結). The nutrient qi(營氣) and defense qi have a same origin and are transformed from the food and drink(水穀), the nutrient qi flows in the meridian(經脈) and the defense qi flows outside of the meridian. The defense qi flows in the collateral meridians where meridians divide into smaller ones. The beginnig of the collateral meridian division is called Bon(本) and the finishing point is called Pyo(標). The defense qi flows from Pyo(標) to outside of the collateral meridian which is called Kika and then flows to skins(皮膚) and muscles (肌肉). The defense qi enters the meridian at Geun(根) and it joins the other qi within the meridian at Gyul(結). In this study, we suggest that the collateral meridian, Pyobon, Kika and Geungyul are continuos pathways where the defense qi circulates.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.53-57
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• 2018

Even with the increasing number of high risk infants, neonatal care in Korea has undergone development with improved survival rate. This rapid improvement in the outcomes brought care quality in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to the surface. Quality improvement (QI) involves safe, timely, effective, efficient, equitable, and patient-centered care. In this review, methods of QI are described with examples of NICU QI topics. Each NICU can voluntarily develop a QI project, but systematic supports are essential. As human and systemic resources in NICUs in Korea are insufficient, institutional and national supports are necessary to attain QI. Furthermore, collaborative neonatal network can provide a QI standard and evidence based-medicine, as well as QI research.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.487-496
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• 2013

This article is a study on to which categories of modern diseases qi deficiency pattern types are assigned by reference to modern clinical papers to analyze and understand modern diseases with the perspective of Korean Medicine. Clinical papers were searched in China Academic Journals(CAJ) of China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) from 1994 to 2013. Conclusions are as follows. First, qi deficiency pattern types are roughly classified as qi deficiency pattern, qi-yin dual deficiency pattern and qi deficiency pattern related with viscera and bowels. Second, there are many patterns combined with static blood, qi stagnation, phlegm, dampness, heat, toxin, water or fluid deficiency and the level of pattern designation is more specific than pattern types in Korean Standard Classification of Diseases(KCD), which makes the pattern types more useful to clinical application. Third, static blood due to qi deficiency is the most frequent combined pattern and diseases related with blood circulation such as angina, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) were reported on that pattern. The detailed relation between modern diseases and pattern types can be an another topic.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.172-185
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• 2001

Background : This study was carried out to assess the quality improvement(QI)activities in Korean hospitals. Methods : A mailed questionnaire survey was conducted between September 15 and October 30, 2000. The staffs being charge of QI each of the hospitals with 400 beds or more responded to the questionnaire. Of the 108 hospitals eligible for inclusion in our study, 69 participated, yielding a response rate of 63.9%. Results : Based on these survey, 87.3 percent of the responding hospitals were performing QI projects and 54 percent of the hospitals had a separate department for QI activity. About 62 percent of hospitals performing QI activity (QI hospitals) had a QI manager and 58 percent had a separate budget for QI activities. Among the QI hospitals, 85 percent had cross-functional or cross-departmental teams as the major mechanisms for doing QI projects, 94 percent had one or more educational programs on QI. The level of physician's participation level for QI projects was lower than other staff(CEO, nurses and other administrators). Conclusion : The majority of the hospitals have undertaken activities in QI. For the successful implemented QI, the involvement of and education for employees(including physicians and other health professionals)are needed as well as management strategy and leadership. Understanding of other hospitals experience would be helpful for health care managers to plan and initiate QI activities.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.18-21
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• 2004

Six volunteers (mean $age=25.7{\pm}1.7$, $height=173{\pm}1.9$ and $weight=63.4{\pm}2.3{\;}kg$) participated in a graded exercise test and one hour of basic form of ChunDoSunBup (CDSB) Qi-training to investigate the cardiorespiratory responses and exercise intensity of Qi-training, a Korean traditional psychosomatic training. In the maximal exercise, the trainee showed $96.2{\pm}8.89{\;}l/min$ in ventilation (VE), $46.0{\pm}4.4$ in breath frequency (BF), $1.31{\pm}0.05$ in respiratory exchange ratio (RER), $180.7{\pm}3.0$ in heart rate (HR), and $2.6{\pm}1.1{\;}l/min$ or $40.7{\pm}2.3{\;}ml/kg/ml$ in oxygen consumption $(VO_2)$. Qi-training induced significant changes in BF, RER, HR, and $VO_2$. The exercise intensity of Qi-training were 42.3%, 46.9% and 38.7% of $HR_{max}$ during the sound exercise, slow motion (haeng-gong) and meditation respectively and the average was 46.2% of $HR_{max}$. We conclude that Qi-training is an aerobic exercise of a light (mild) intensity exercise, and it leads to decrease the metabolic rate in the trainee by breathing efficiently and relaxing them. In addition, Qi-training may affect cardiorespiratory function of BF, RER, HR and $VO_{2max}$ in trainees.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.43-53
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to investigate the connection between Stress Response Inventory(SRI), Happiness Index(HI), and Qi-training to find out the meaning of Qi-training on anti-stress. Method: The study group was consisted of 35 subjects training Qi and 179 subjects not training. We bad all subjects to reply to demographic questimnaire, SRI questimnaire and HI questimnaire. We made the Qi-training group write the kinds and periods of Qi seperately. Results and Conclussions : 1. The higer Happines Index score, the subjects bad lower Stress Response Iuventory total score. Each details were connected significantly. 2. The Qi-training group's mean SRI total scores and ill scores were higer than the non-training's significantly. 3. In Qi-training group, mean HI scores get higer as training longer.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.146-159
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• 2001

Background : To propose effective strategies for successful implementation of QI in health care institutions, by identifying facilitating factors and barriers to conducting QI programs. Methods : In order to examine empirical evidence on the success factors or barriers to QI implementation in hospitals, a literature study was performed on the basis of MEDLINE search. Among the identified literature. 13 provided reliable findings and basis comprehensive discussion on this issue and thus were selected for in-depth analysis. A mailed questionnaire survey was conducted for hospital CEOs and QI directors of hospitals with 400 beds or greater to investigate what attributes of their organizations they perceived as success factors or obstacles to QI implementation. Result : The analysis of selected literature and survey results presented that the primary factors considered to be most important as successful implementation of QI were: strong support from hospital CEOs, setting higher priority for QI activities, continuous and persistent efforts in QI activities, and active participation of clinical staffs. The barriers identified in this study were : the lack of orientation and understanding of QI concepts, low level of interest and participation of physician in QI programs, the lack of evaluation and rewarding system for QI activities. Conclusion : By identifying factors that affect facilitation of QI, the study results will be of great use for either institutions being in the early stage of evolving QI or those looking for better strategies to achieve more active and persistent QI implementation in their institutions.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.255-263
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• 2017

This article is for understanding relations between the classifications of gastritis and syndrome differentiation types of Korean Medicine through research on syndrome differentiations of clinically applied gastritis and literature of Korean Medicine. Clinical papers were searched in China Academic Journals(CAJ) of China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) from 1995 to 2015. Conclusions are as follows. First, disease mechanism of chronic gastritis are qi stagnation, damp stagnation, heat obstruction, blood stasis obstruction, yin damage, damage to collaterals with healthy qi deficiency and pathogenic qi. And qi movement stagnation is shown through the status of chronic gastritis. Second, chronic superficial gastritis belongs to qi aspect syndrome and mainly pathogen excess syndrome. And the key mechanisms are congestion and disharmony of stomach qi sometimes combined with liver depression, food accumulation and dampness-heat. Third, chronic atrophic gastritis belongs to qi-blood syndrome and deficiency-excess complex syndrome with the root of spleen qi deficiency and stomach yin deficiency and the tip of blood stasis, qi stagnation. And key mechanism is damage to collaterals with healthy qi deficiency and toxin-blood stasis. Forth, pathogen excess syndromes are shown at the early stage of chronic gastritis and healthy qi deficiency syndromes after the middle stage. Qi deficiency is shown at the beginning of the disease and yin deficiency at the late stage. And qi deficiency is related with superficial gastritis and yin deficiency with atrophic gastritis.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.217-237
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• 2006

The purpose of this paper is to show that there is a sure effect of the Extra Gigong Therapy(EGT) on Osteoarthritis patients. 1. Methods of the Spreading-Qi, Breathe naturally, concentrate the mind on Lower Dan(elixir field), When exhaling, Mindwill accompanies Qi to go to the Conception Vessel(CV) and Governor Vessel(GV), conduct Qi to the palms or fingers and emit Qi, with the emitting site touching or leaving the treated region. Qi helps vitality exalted, balance kept, and the circulation well-flowed. 2. For that, we made a schedule of joining some of Osteoarthritis patients who usually take anti-Osteoarthritis drugs, dividing them into two of groups. One is EGT-taken(group 1) and the other is not EGT-taken(group 2). 3. For insurance of analytic accuracy, we use the IEMD(Inner Energy Meridian Diagnosis). 4. In conclusion, there was significant differences between two of groups. Especially from the point of view of liver, kidney and spleen meridian pathways.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.74-81
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• 2009

Background and Objective : There are a lot of theories that explained the aging process, and the oxidative stress is one of the important theory that explained the aging process. The aim of this study was to investigate active oxygen and antioxidant capacity of Qi deficiency and Blood deficiency animal models. Material and Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: normal group, Qi deficiency group and Blood deficiency group. The Qi deficiency animal model was induced through restriction of food (12g/kg/day) for 20 days. Blood deficiency animal model was induced by bleeding from tail vein(0.4ml/time) 8 times. The normal animal model was kept without any intervention. The oxidative stress was observed by measuring the active oxygen and antioxidant capacity. Results and Conclusion : 1. Active oxygen was significantly increased in the Qi deficiency group and Blood deficiency group. (P=0.061) 2. Antioxidant capacity was increased in the Qi deficiency group and Blood deficiency group. But there is no significant difference. (P=0.113)