• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.54-65
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• 2019

China government recently tries to preserve not only the famous national historic-culture cities, but also the small and medium-sized cities due to the damages and destruction of the cities by the rapid economic development, urban expansion and the development of tourism industry. Hence, this study chose 'Zhoucun ancient mall' which is one of the hotness of cultural heritage located in a mid-sized city named 'Zhoucun district Zibo city Shandong province' that has continuously cared historical landscapes by the protective policy regarding the city as a historic-culture resource from '80s, and considered the character of the city's development process on how the historical landscapes were well protected. In fact, the protection policy in Zhoucun ancient mall had been started in early '80s, however, the viable plan was established in 2001 entitled 'Historical block protection planning of Zhoucun Da street'. And then, 'Regulatory plan for the ancient mall site of Zhoucun Da street' established in 2008 has expanded the area of the blocks for protection. However, this plan organized area only block-by-block so that the small blocks couldn't have the unity when expanded. Later in 2015, 'Regulation Organization Plan' hastried to expanded the protect-area to solve the unity problem. As a result of the study, the historical landscape management plan of Zhoucun in Zibo city has been systematically changed in 2001 after. In other words, this 2001's plans established buffer zones for the maintenance of protected areas and the surrounding environment. And then the detailed regulatory plan for 2008 led to a concrete urban management plan. After that, in 2015, it was found that the expansion plan to protect and manage the whole area of Zhoucun disrict is to manage the landscape of the surrounding area including the historical landscape of 'Zhoucun ancient mall'.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1172-1180
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• 2013

Two experiments were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirement and the ideal SID threonine (Thr) to Lys ratio for finishing barrows. In Exp. 1, 120 barrows with an average body weight of $72.8{\pm}3.6$ kg were allotted to one of six dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design conducted for 35 d. Each diet was fed to five pens of pigs containing four barrows. A normal crude protein (CP) diet providing 15.3% CP and 0.71% SID Lys and five low CP diets providing 12% CP with SID Lys concentrations of 0.51, 0.61, 0.71, 0.81 and 0.91% were formulated. Increasing the SID Lys content of the diet resulted in an increase in weight gain (linear effect p = 0.04 and quadratic effect p = 0.08) and an improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) (linear effect p = 0.02 and quadratic effect p = 0.02). For weight gain and FCR, the estimated SID Lys requirement of finishing barrows were 0.71 and 0.71% (linear broken-line analysis), 0.79 and 0.78% (quadratic analysis), respectively. Exp. 2 was a 26 d dose-response study using SID Thr to Lys ratios of 0.56, 0.61, 0.67, 0.72 and 0.77. A total of 138 barrows weighing $72.5{\pm}4.4$ kg were randomly allotted to receive one of the five diets. All diets were formulated to contain 0.61% SID Lys (10.5% CP), which is slightly lower than the pig's requirement. Weight gain was quadratically (p = 0.03) affected by SID Thr to Lys ratio while FCR was linearly improved (p = 0.02). The SID Thr to Lys ratios for maximal weight gain and minimal FCR and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) were 0.67, 0.71 and 0.64 using a linear broken-line model and 0.68, 0.78 and 0.70 using a quadratic model, respectively. Based on the estimates obtained from the broken-line and quadratic analysis, we concluded that the dietary SID Lys requirement for both maximum weight gain and minimum FCR was 0.75%, and an optimum SID Thr to Lys ratio was 0.68 to maximize weight gain, 0.75 to optimize FCR and 0.67 to minimize SUN for finishing barrows.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2011

A severely vertical resorbed ridge is a significant challenge in implant dentistry. To solve this problem, several augmentation techniques, such as guided bone regeneration (GBR), onlay bone grafts, distraction osteogenesis, and ridge splitting techniques, have been proposed and used for several years. Among these methods, vertical ridge augmentation using guided bone regeneration aims to build space and guide osteoblasts to this space to promote osteogenesis. The aim of guided bone regeneration is to maintain and stabilize the space and block the proliferation of adjacent soft tissue. In our hospital, we encountered a case of a woman in her forties with an atrophied mandible, who underwent implant surgery in the right mandible. Titanium reinforced Gore-Tex (TRG) was used to augment the mandible and titanium mesh was used in the left mandible. Favorable results were obtained. This report compares the two methods and reviews the relevant literature.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.173-179
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• 1990

The effect of a highly water absorbing polyacrylate polymer, commonly called K-sorb, at rates of 0.0, 0.05, 0.2, and 0.5% by weight on the water retention properties of three soils, and the longevities of these treatment effects were evaluated. Water retentions were measured for all the treatments by use of a pressure-plate extractor in the laboratory. Available water and three-phase distributions at moisture tensions of 0.01, 0.3, and 15b were calculated from water retentivity data. A randomized block experiment of Chinese cabbages was conducted to examine the effects and the longevities of the treatments(0.0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) on water retention of Jungdong sandy loam soil in the field. Water retentions for a loamy sand, sandy loam, and loam soil, treated with 0.2 and 0.5% K-sorb, were increased. K-sorb treatments were more effective in sandy soil than in loamy soils. Water contents for the 0.5% treatment were markedly greater than those for the 0.2% treatment at earth moisture tension. K-sorb only at a rate of 0.5% remained effective in water retention of each soil through repeated drying and wetting for 12 months. Duncan's multiple range showed 0.2% treatment was effective(at the level of 0.05) after 2 months but not after 10 months under field condition.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2007

The international EARTHSHINE mission is to measure 1% anomaly of the Earth global albedo and total solar irradiance using Amon-Ra instrument around Lagrange point 1. We developed a new ray truing based integrated end-to-end simulation tool that overcomes the shortcomings of the existing end-to-end performance simulation techniques. We then studied the in-orbit radiometric performance of the breadboard Anon-Ra visible channel optical system. The TSI variation and the Earth albedo anomaly, reported elsewhere, were used as the key input variables in the simulation. The output flux at the instrument focal plane confirms that the integrated ray tracing based end-to-end science simulation delivers the correct level of incident power to the Amon-Ra instrument well within the required measurement error budget of better than ${\pm}0.28%$. Using the global angular distribution model (ADM), the incident flux is then used to estimate the Earth global albedo and the TSI variation, confirming the validity of the primary science cases at the L1 halo orbit. These results imply that the integrated end-to-end ray tracing technique, reported here, can serve as an effective and powerful building block of the on-line science analysis tool in support of the international EARTHSHINE mission currently being developed.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.91-100
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• 2009

In regional nutrient quota system, livestock manure was applied as liquid fertilizer after slurry composting and biofiltration (SCB) process. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of SCB liquid fertilizer on turfgrass growth in golf course during 6 month period from May to October in 2008. Fertilizer treatment was designed as follows; non-fertilizer (NF), control (CF; compound fertilizer), S-1 (1L SCB${\cdot}m^{-2}$) and S-2 (2L SCB${\cdot}m^{-2}$). Every treatment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In creeping bentgrass, turf color index, chlorophyll content, and dry weight were measured. Results were as follows; A seasonal change pattern of turf grass quality in all treatment increased in April $\sim$ June and September $\sim$ October, whereas it decreased in July $\sim$ August. As compared with NF, turf color index of CF, S-1 and S-2 increased by 1.8%, 1.8%, and 3.3%, respectively and chlorophyll content by 13%, 14%, and 20%, respectively. Dry weight of CF, S-1, and S-2 was higher than that of NFl by 7.7%, 18.2%, and 18.1%, respectively. For turf color index, chlorophyll content, and dry weigh, S-2 showed the best effect, followed by S-1 and CF in creeping bentgrass. These results indicated that the SCB application improves turf growth and quality.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2017

Unlike mouse results, cloning efficiency of nuclear transfer from porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) is very low. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of cell cycle inhibitors on the cell cycle synchronization of piPSCs. piPSCs were generated using combination of six human transcriptional factors under stem cell culture condition. To examine the efficiency of cell cycle synchronization, piPSCs were cultured on a matrigel coated plate with stem cell media and they were treated with staurosporine (STA, 20 nM), daidzein (DAI, $100{\mu}M$), roscovitine (ROSC, $10{\mu}M$), or olomoucine (OLO, $200{\mu}M$) for 12 h. Flow Cytometry (FACs) data showed that piPSCs in control were in G1 ($37.5{\pm}0.2%$), S ($34.0{\pm}0.6%$) and G2/M ($28.5{\pm}0.4%$). The proportion of cells at G1 in DAI group was significantly higher than that in control, while STA, ROSC and OLO treatments could not block the cell cycle of piPSCs. Both of viability and apoptosis were affected by STA and ROSC treatment, but there were no significantly differences between control and DAI groups. Real-Time qPCR and FACs results revealed that DAI treatment did not affect the expression of pluripotent gene, Oct4. In case of OLO, it did not affect both of viability and apoptosis, but Oct4 expression was significantly decreased. Our results suggest that DAI could be used for synchronizing piPSCs at G1 stage and has any deleterious effect on survival and pluripotency sustaining of piPSCs.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.271-282
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• 2013

Recently, ITU-T/VCEG and ISO/IEC MPEG have started a new joint standardization activity on video coding, called High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). This new standard gives significant improvement in terms of picture quality for high resolution video. The main challenge in this upcoming standard is the time complexity. In this paper we have focused on CU splitting algorithm. We have proposed a novel algorithm which can terminate the CU splitting process early based on the RD cost of the parent and current level and the motion vector value of the current CU. Experimental result shows that our proposed algorithm gives on average more than about 10% decrement in time over ECU [8] with on average 1.78% of BD loss on the original.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2000

Objective: A number of studies to improve in vitro culture conditions have been tried over past ten years by using co-culture system with helper somatic cells. However, the mechanism of coculture is poorly understood. This study was designed to understand the mechanism for the mode of actual action of co-culture using co-culture system of ICR strain's 1-cell embryos with human oviduct epithelial cells by examining the effect of conditioned medium and contactless coculture using a cell culture insert on the embryo development and by measuring the level of superoxide anion from conditioned medium after co-culture. Methods: ICR strain's zygote embryos were cultured in medium alone (control), coculture, conditioned medium, or contactless coculture system for 6 days. Conditioned media (CM) were prepared as following 5 groups. All CM were collected after culturing oviduct cells for 2 days. CM-1 was stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until use, and CM-2 was prepared just before use as a culture medium. CM-3 was cocultured with embryos and retrieved just before use. CM-4 and CM-5 were derives from the microfilteration of CM-2 and CM-3, respectively, using Microcon-10 (10 kDa molecular weight cut-off). The percentage of the embryos developed to hatched blastocyst stage and the level of superoxide anion in supernatant from medium alone culture (control), coculture, and contactless coculture were measured. Results: The rates of embryo development to the hatched blastocyst stage were significantly higher in coculture (43%) than in control (0%) (p<0.05). The CM-1 group had no embryo development since 2-cell embryonic stage, whereas the CM-2, CM-3, CM-4 and CM-5 groups had the improved development to 4 or 8 cell embryo stage, but the similar rate of development to hatched blastocyst compared to control. The effect of coculture on embryo development was disappeared in the contactless coculture group. The level of superoxide anion was significantly reduced in coculture group compared to control. Conclusion: It is concluded that the present coculture system overcomes the 2-cell block in vitro and improves the embryo development. This beneficial effect may be due to the direct cell-cell contact between embryo and helper cells or the removal of deleterious components from medium rather than the embryotrophic factors.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2023

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is commonly used in sunscreen formulations to protect the skin surface and prevent the penetration of harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays by the physical scattering action of light. However, a disadvantage of using TiO₂ is that it can cause white turbidity when used on skin due to its inactive mineral ingredient. In addition, when TiO₂ particles are reduced to nanosize to eliminate opacity, they can increase the transmittance of visible light and reduce whitening, but may lead to serious skin problems, such as allergic inflammation. To overcome these issues, the bandgap of TiO₂ was controlled by adjusting the amount of oxygen defect and nitrogen amount, resulting in color TiO₂ tailored to the skin. This innovative technology can reduce the whitening phenomenon and effectively block blue light, which is known to cause skin aging by inducing active oxygen. The bandgap controlled TiO₂ compounds proposed in this study are hypoallergenic, broad-spectrum, and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, these compounds have been shown to significantly enhance sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreens, demonstrating their compatibility with blue light blocking products.