• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 2016

Recently, there has been a rapid increase in the sale and purchase of an array of organic products. In particular, organic milk has grown in popularity. This growth could lead to expensive, premium retail prices for various organic cow's milk products. In fact, most consumers believe that (1) dairy farming to produce organic milk is beneficial for human health and (2) organic milk products are made without the use of various antibiotics, synthetic chemicals, genetic modification, extra hormones, and so on. Several factors, including breed, diet, and stage of lactation, are known to influence the composition of milk. Therefore, this review (1) presents a research outline to compare organic and conventional milk and (2) provides a summary of individual elements that affect the composition of milk.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the antiseptic effect of stabilized chlorine dioxide (S-$ClO_2$) on muscle tissue of rats. Skeletal muscle of 8-week old Sprague-Dawley rats was used. Light and transmission electron microscopic findings were observed in the control group, which was not treated with stabilized chlorine dioxide, and in the experimental group, which was treated with a stabilized chlorine dioxide powder in aqueous solution. According to the LM and TEM observations, the day 1 control group showed the initiation of endomysium collapse resulting in an unclear boundary of muscle fibers, and partial collapse of the mitochondrial membranes. All endomysium had collapsed, and bacteria were observed among muscle fibers in the day 2 and later groups. Shapes of muscles were not distinguishable in day 3 or later groups. In contrast, the day 1 and 3 experimental groups revealed detailed structure of typical muscles, but partial collapse of the mitochondrial membranes was observed in the day 3 and later groups. Subsequently, connective tissues collapsed and structures in the shape of concentric circles were observed. In summary, the day 1 control group showed the initial collapse of tissues, and shapes were not distinguishable in the day 3 and later groups because most of the tissues had collapsed. In contrast, the day 3 experimental group showed partial collapse, but the overall shapes of muscles were maintained as time went on, confirming the antiseptic effect of stabilized chlorine dioxide on muscles.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to understand Korea students' characteristics as well as to give important information of improving our education using comparative analysis of framework, test booklets, test results between PISA 2009 and NAEA 2009. PISA 2009 was administered on May of 2009 and NAEA was administered on October of same year. The summary of the results of comparing two assessment is as follows First, cut score of NAEA Advance level is bigger than the cut score of level 5, which is considered as high achievement level. The cut score of Basic level of NAEA is also higher than the level 2 of PISA, which is considered as basic achievement level. This phenomenon can show that NAEA achievement level is set little bit higher than the achievement level of PISA in mathematics domain. Second, the percentage of female students on higher level was higher than that of male students. In suburban area, the percentage of high level was small and the percentage of low level was big. Third, students of Advanced level are distributed concentrating in PISA levels 4~6, Proficient achievement level concentrating in PISA levels 3~5, Basic achievement level concentrating in PISA levels 2~4, and below basic achievement levels concentrating in below level 1 and level 3 of PISA. Fourth, the correlation between NAEA 2009 and PISA 2009 achievement scores are significantly positive. However, the correlation of subscales were low. Fifth, analysis of non-equivalent group, 11 items located in 'change and relationship', 'uncertainty', 'connection cluster' domains found to be significantly different. The percent correct showed very big difference. The analysis results presents the implication of mathematics curriculum, teaching and learning methods as well as National Assessment of Educational Achievement.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2007

The object of this experiment was to investigate the effect of mixture which consist of different seeding rates and species on dry matter yield and quality in Daejon area. The field trials were conducted from 2003 to 2005 at Chungnam National University in order to evaluate the dry matter yield and quality of different mixture. The experimental design includes three mixture types: Conventional mixtures, CM{orchardgrass(Potomac) 50% + tall fescue (Fawn)20% + Kentucky bluegrass(Kenblue) 20% + white clover(Regal) 10%}, red clover + mixtures, RM{orchardgrass(Potomac) 40% + tall fescue(Fawn) 20% + Kentucky bluegrass(Kenblue) 10% + red clover(Kenland) 30%) and Turf type grass + mixtures, TM {orchardgrass (Potomac) 50% + turf type grass (tall fescue, Millennium 20% + Kentucky bluegrass, Midnight 10% + perennial ryegrass, Palmer III 10%) + white clover(Regal) 10%}. The average DM yield for 2 years of red clover+mixture(11,656kg/ha) was higher than those of the other mixtures(p<0.05). The content of crude protein and dry manu digestibility were higher in red clover+mixture than in other mixtures(p<0.05). but, the content of fibrous compounds like as NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin were lower in red clover+mixture than in other mixtures(p<0.05). The crude protein dry matter(CPDM) yield was higher in red clover + mixture(2,832kg/ha) than in conventional mixture(2,372kg/ha) and turf type + mixture(2,266kg/ha)(p<0.05). The digestible dry matter (DDM) yield was higher in red clover + mixture(8,881 kg/ha) than in conventional mixture(8,255kg/ha) and turf type + mixture(7,314kg/ha)(p<0.05). In botanical composition at last cutting time in 2005, conventional mixture were maintained orchardgrass 45%, tall fescue 22%, Kentucky bluegrass 5% and white clover 24%. Red clover + mixture were maintained orchardgrass 40%, tall fescue 22%, Kentucky bluegrass 4% and red clover 31%. turf type + mixture were orchardgrass 37%, tall fescue 23%, Kentucky bluegrass 6%, perennial ryegrass 8% and white clover 24%, respectively. As summary, DM yields and quality of mixture species and seeding rates were observed significant difference. The results of this experiment indicated that red clover + mixture was more effective in enhancing the DM yield and forage quality in Daejon area.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.47-54
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• 2005

In boars, unlike the cases in males of other species, gonadal hormones suppress voluntary feed intake. for this reason, barrows, compared with gilts or boars, eat too much feed resulting in excessive fat deposition. Two experiments were performed in the present study to investigate the effects of implantation of Revalor H[Experiment(Exp.) I: 140mg trenbolone acetate(a synthetic androgen) + 14mg estradiol-$17\beta(E_{2}\beta)$] and Compudose(Exp. II; 24mg $E_{2}\beta$) on growth efficiency, carcass characteristics and circulating concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3(IGFBP-3). In Exp. I, sixty-four cross-bred finishing barrows weighing approximately 60kg were randomly divided into eight pens under a 2[control vs Revalor implant] $\times$ 2(ad libitum vs $80\%$ ad libitum feeding) $\times$2[control($103\%$ NRC-recommended level) vs low-energy($87\%$ NRC recommendation) diet] arrangement of treatments. In Exp. II, effects of Compudose were studied using 80 finishing barrows(10 animals/pen). In both Exps., all the animals were slaughtered at 100- to 110-kg body weight. Both Revalor and Compudose implants caused a decrease in feed intake and backfat thickness without affecting major physicochemical characteristics of the carcass and an increase in circulating IGF-I concentration. Moreover, Revalor implant exhibited greater effects than restricted feeding, low-energy diet, or Compudose in these variables. In addition, Revalor implantation suppressed weight gain, but enhanced the feed efficiency without exhibiting any interaction with the diet or feeding. In summary, results suggest that 1) both androgen and estrogen suppress voluntary feed intake and backfat deposition and enhance IGF-I secretion and 2) these effects of the gonadal steroid hormones in growth are likely to be mediated, in part, by IGF-I in finishing barrows.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.317-325
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• 2001

This study investigated the effect of ferrous sulfate (Fe$^{2+}$) and/or ascorbic acid (Asc) on fertilizing ability in vitro of frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa. Using chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence, the spermatozoa was treated in preincubation medium with control, Fe$^{2+}$(1 mM), Asc (0.5 mM) and Fe$^{2+}$Asc to assessed for acrosome reaction, and the oocyte penetration test to determine whether the Fe$^{2+}$ and/or Asc can promote the penetration ability in vitro. When frozen-thawed spermatozoa was washed with preincubation medium, there were significantly (P ＜ 0.05) more acrosome-reacted in medium with Fe$^{2+}$Asc (38%) than control (27%). The penetration rates were also significantly (P ＜ 0.05) higher in medium with Fe$^{2+}$Asc (76%) than control (55%). Next, the lipid peroxidation of sperm was evaluated on the basis of malondialdehyde production following same treatments. The addition of Fe$^{2+}$Asc to sperm suspension increases the formation of malondialdehyde. However, there were not significantly different under the all conditions. The sperm suspension were also treated with control, Fe$^{2+}$, Asc and Fe$^{2+}$/Asc and assayed for sulfhydry1(-SH) group content. In the Fe$^{2+}$/Asc group, sperm-SH group were higher than another groups. In spermatozoa treated with Fe$^{2+}$ and/or Asc, however, no changes in sperm -SH-groups were detected when compared to controls. In another experiment, the activity of sperm binding to zona pellucida was evaluated through binding to salt-stored porcine oocytes. In control and Asc treatment groups, sperm binding to zona pellucida were significantly (P ＜ 0.05) higher than in medium with Fe$^{2+}$. On the other hand, there is not a significant increase in binding to zona pellucida with spermatozoa treated by Fe$^{2+}$/Asc. In summary, the present study suggests that Fe$^{2+}$/Asc causes an enhancement in fertilizing ability that is associated with penetration rate increased without change of spermatozoa binding capacity to homologous zona pellucida.o homologous zona pellucida.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.177-190
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine effects of dietary herbaceous peat on in vitro fermentation and milk production in dairy cows. Ruminal pH, gas production, VFA (volatile fatty acid), Ammonia-N, and rumen degradability were examined by the addition of three times over 0, 1, and 5% herbaceous peat with substrate of timothy hay, and the change of rumen fermentation characteristics were evaluated. In 0, 3, 12 and 24 hours cultivation, all treatments did not show a significant difference but the control at 6 hours appeared significantly lower pH compared to 1 and 5% treatments (p<0.05). The gas production of the treatments significantly increased until 12 hours of cultivation compared to control (p<0.05), the rumen ammonia concentration showed a tendency to increase until 24 hours in all treatment groups, and there was no significant difference between treatments. About the rumen degradability, 5% treatment showed higher rumen degradability in all hours than control and 1% treatment (p<0.05). Meanwhile, for in vivo trial, 16 heads of Holstein lactation dairy cows were selected for experiment for four weeks in order to research the change of milk yield, milk compositions and change of somatic cell counts of lactation dairy cows by herbaceous peat feeding. The milk yield of vitamin C and herbaceous peat treatments (T3) was 25.0 kg but the control was 23.2 kg, herbaceous peat treatment (T1) was 23.1 kg, and vitamin C treatment (T2) was 23.4 kg, so there was linear increase effect of milk yield by T3. The partial significance of the milk (fat, milk protein, lactose, MUN and SNF) and change of somatic cell count before and after experiment by the control and treatments about change of milk and somatic cell counts (p<0.05) were recognized. About change of milk in the first half (1~2 weeks) and latter half (3~4 weeks) during four weeks of experiments period, the herbaceous peat supplement treatments showed a tendency of significant decrease of quality of milk protein and SNF. The control and treatments did not show significant change of blood nutrients (total protein, cholesterol, NEFA, BUN), liver function component (AST, GGT) and minerals (Ca, P, Mg) before and after experiment. In summary, it is judged that herbaceous peat feeding for lactation dairy cows would be recommendable based on the results of milk, somatic cell count physiologically.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.128-141
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• 2012

This study focused on the historic documents known as $deungnok$, records created during preparations for royal events in the $Joseon$ Dynasty, rather than the often cited $uigwe$, the documents describing the Royal Protocol of the $Joseon$ Dynasty. As a reference to the food served at royal banquets, the $deungnok$ can enhance our understanding of royal banquet foods. Seven specimens of $deungnok$ describing royal banquet foods are currently in existence, created during preparations for royal events by the agencies in charge of food, the $Saongwon$ and $Jeonseonsa$. Owing to the nature of their authorship, the details recorded in these $deungnok$ hold great value as important resources for the study of royal banquet cuisine. $Naeoejinyeon$-$deungnok$, which documented an $oejinyeon$ banquet held at the $Junghwajeon$ Pavilion in November 1902, was somewhat disorganized and fragmented. $Jinyeonuigwe$ was more inclusive and well-summarized, since the former were progress reports to the King during banquet preparations that listed various items separately, such as dishes for each table setting and the kinds of flower pieces, and thus did not present a complete picture of all the details as a whole. The latter, on the other hand, were final reports created upon completion of a banquet, and contained more comprehensive records not only of the $chanpum$ (the menu of dishes served), but also the sorts of tableware and tables, floral arrangements, location, scale, and installation date of the $sukseolso$ (temporary royal kitchens for banquets). They also offer a more effective summary by simplifying details duplicated in identical table settings. Nevertheless, the $Naeoejinyeon$-$deungnok$ recorded some facts that cannot be gleaned from the $Jinyeonuigwe$, including the height of some dishes presented in piled stacks, as well as the specific names of dishes and their ingredients. The comparative study of the historic records in the $deungnok$ and $uigwe$ will be helpful in identifying and understanding the specific foods served at royal banquets. The $oejinyeon$-$seolchando$ diagrams in $Naeoejinyeon$-$deungnok$ depict the table settings for the King and the Crown Prince. The two diagrams contain large rectangles divided into three sections. In each section are similar-sized circles in which the names of dishes and the titles for table settings are recorded. From these records we can see that the arrangements of the table settings for the King and the Crown Prince are similar. The relationships and protocols shown in the arrangement of dishes and table settings for the King and the Crown Prince at royal banquets in the $Seolchando$ appear to be consistent. By comparing the two references, $deungnok$ and $uigwe$, which recorded the dishes served at royal banquets, the author was able to determine the height of some foods served in stacked arrangements, the names of $chanpum$, the ingredients used, and the configuration of the $chanpum$. The comparative review of these two written records, $deungnok$ and $uigwe$, will be helpful for a proper understanding of the actual food served at royal banquets.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.509-516
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• 2017

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. sprouts (PFS) is a plant of the labiatae family. The purpose of this work was to assess the preventive effects of PFS ethanolic extracts (PFSEs) on cytokine-induced ${\beta}$-cell damage. Cytokines, which are released by the infiltration of inflammatory cells around the pancreatic islets, are involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The combination of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-1), interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$), and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accumulation of intracellular ROS led to ${\beta}$-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. PFSEs possess antioxidant activity and thus lead to downregulation of ROS generation. Cytokines decrease cell viability, stimulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and induce the production of nitric oxide (NO). PFSEs prevented cytokine-induced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Incubation with PFSE resulted in significant reduction in cytokine-induced NO production that correlated with reduced levels of the iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Furthermore, PFSE significantly decreased the activation of nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) by inhibition of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation in RINm5F cells. In summary, our results suggest that the protective effects of PFSE might serve to counteract cytokine-induced ${\beta}$-cell destruction. Findings indicate that consumption of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. sprouts alleviates hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced ${\beta}$-cell damage and thus has beneficial anti-diabetic effects.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.517-523
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• 2017

This study was to investigate the role of antioxidants on the characteristics of arsenite-damaged boar semen. Collected sperm was diluted with semen extender, and $100{\mu}M$ arsenite was used for sperm damage. Then melatonin, silymarin, curcumin, and vitamin E were applied for 3, 6, and 9 hr in arsenite-treated boar sperm. Sperm characteristics were then analyzed for motility, plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, and lipid peroxidation. In the results, sperm motility (control, $77.3{\pm}1.8%$) was decreased by arsenite ($33.3{\pm}1.5%$), while the antioxidant treatment groups (100 nM melatonin, $55.8{\pm}3.4%$; $2{\mu}M$ silymarin, $48.8{pm}3.4%$; $10{\mu}M$ curcumin, $53.9{\pm}2.8%$; and $500{\mu}M$ vitamin E, $54.5{\pm}3.1%$) showed increases compared to the arsenite group (p<0.05). $100{\mu}M$ arsenite decreased the sperm plasma membrane integrity ($24.5{\pm}1.6%$) and mitochondrial activity ($58.2{\pm}2.6%$), and increased lipid peroxidation ($5.3{\pm}0.2%$) at 3 hr (p<0.05). However, arsenite-treated samples with 100 nM melatonin, $2{\mu}M$ silymarin, $10{\mu}M$ curcumin, and $500{\mu}M$ vitamin E increased the plasma membrane integrity and mitochondria activity, and decreased lipid peroxidation compared to the arsenite-treated samples. In summary, arsenite may induce sperm damage and oxidation stress, while antioxidants such as melatonin, silymarin, curcumin, and vitamin E are useful for maintaining sperm characteristics. Therefore, antioxidants can protect sperm against damage by arsenite in fresh boar semen.