• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.160-164
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• 2015

Hunter syndrome(Mucopolysaccharidosis type II, MPS type II) is an X-linked disorder of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) metabolism caused by an iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS2) deficiency. A 24-month-old boy visited the department of pediatrics with the chief compliant of chronic purulent rhinorrhea beginning at age one. He had a history of repeated acute otitis media and chronic rhinitis. On physical examination he had a coarse face, enlarged tongue, distended abdomen, joint stiffness, and Mongolian spots at his first visit. The urine GAGs level was elevated at 66.10 mg/mmolCr (reference range, <11.1) and iduronate-2-sulfatase activity in leukocyte was decreased at 0.21 nmol/mg protein/hr (reference range, 18.7-57). Finally with an IDS gene mutational analysis, recombinant known mutation between intron 7 and distal of exon 3 in IDS2 was detected. Recombinant iduronate-2-sulfatase therapy was started without any infusion related reactions. The author highlights the importance of suspecting Hunter syndrome when pediatric patients visit with chronic purulent rhinorrhea which is a common cause of hospital visits for infants and children.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.326-336
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• 2021

Background: Sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) is critical for the binding and signaling of ligands that mediate inflammation. Extracellular 6-O-endosulfatases regulate posttranslational sulfation levels and patterns of HSPGs. In this study, extracellular 6-O-endosulfatases, sulfatase (Sulf)-1 and Sulf-2, were evaluated for their expression and function in inflammatory cells and tissues. Methods: Harvested human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide, and murine peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β for the evaluation of Sulf-1 and Sulf-2 expression. Sulf expression in inflammatory cells was examined in the human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium by immunofluorescence staining. The antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages were compared according to the expression state of Sulfs. Sulfs-knockdown macrophages and Sulfs-overexpressing macrophages were generated using small interfering RNAs and pcDNA3.1 plasmids for Sulf-1 and Sulf-2, respectively. Results: Lymphocytes and monocytes showed weak Sulf expression, which remained unaffected by IL-1β. However, peritoneal macrophages showed increased expression of Sulfs upon stimulation with IL-1β. In human RA synovium, two-colored double immunofluorescent staining of Sulfs and CD68 revealed active upregulation of Sulfs in macrophages of inflamed tissues, but not in lymphocytes of lymphoid follicles. Macrophages are professional antigen-presenting cells. The antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages were dependent on the level of Sulf expression, suppressed in Sulfs-knockdown macrophages, and enhanced in Sulfs-overexpressing macrophages. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that upregulation of Sulfs in macrophages occurs in response to inflammation, and Sulfs actively regulate the antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages as novel immune regulators.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 2017

Background: Extracellular sulfatases (Sulfs), sulfatase 1 (Sulf1) and sulfatase 2 (Sulf2), play a pivotal role in cell signaling by remodeling the 6-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface. The present study examined the effects of Sulfs on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertensive mediator expression and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods: Ang II receptors, 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions in SHR VSMCs were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. VSMCs proliferation was determined by [$^3H$]-thymidine incorporation. Results: Basal Sulfs mRNAs expression and enzyme activity were elevated in SHR VSMCs. However, Sulfs had no effect on the basal or Ang II-induced 12-LO and ET-1 mRNA expression in SHR VSMCs. The inhibition of Ang II-induced 12-LO and ET-1 expression by blockade of the Ang II type 2 receptor ($AT_2\;R$) pathway was not observed in Sulf1 siRNA-transfected SHR VSMCs. However, Sulf2 did not affect the action of $AT_2\;R$ inhibitor on Ang II-induced 12-LO and ET-1 expression in SHR VSMCs. The down-regulation of Sulf1 induced a reduction of $AT_2\;R$ mRNA expression in SHR VSMCs. In addition, the inhibition of Ang II-induced VSMCs proliferation by blockade of the $AT_2\;R$ pathway was mediated by Sulf1 in SHR VSMCs. Conclusion: These findings suggest that extracellular sulfatase Sulf1 plays a modulatory role in the $AT_2\;R$ pathway that leads to an Ang II-induced hypertensive effects in SHR VSMCs.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.44-48
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• 2015

뮤코다당증 제3A형(Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA, Sanfillippo syndrome type A)은 heparan sulfate 대사에 관여하는 heparan N-sulfatase의 결핍으로 유발되는 리소좀 축적 질환이다. 본 연구는 대두증과 발달 지연을 보이는 5세 환아를 대상으로 하였다. 환아 소변의 glycosaminoglycan은 26 g/moL creatinine으로 증가되어 있었고(참고치: <7 g/moL creatinine), 소변의 전기영동 검사에서는 heparan sulfate 분획이 뚜렷하게 관찰되었다. 피부 섬유아세포에서 측정한 heparan N-sulfatase 활성도는 0.2 pmol/min/mg protein으로 매우 감소되어 있었다(참고치: 9-64 pmol/min/mg protein). 중합효소연쇄반응-염기서열분석법에 의한 SGSH 유전자 검사에서는 c.1040C>T (p.S347F) 및 c.703G>A (p.D235N) 돌연변이가 각각 이형접합체 양상으로 나타났다. 이에 생화학적 검사 및 분자유전학적 검사를 통해 뮤코다당증 제3A형으로 확진된 첫 번째 한국인 사례를 보고하는 바이다.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.178-181
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• 2014

헌터증후군(뮤코다당증 II형)은 글리코사미노글리칸의 분해를 촉매하는 효소인 iduronate-2-sulfatase 결핍에 의해 조직이나 기관의 세포 내 리소좀에 heparin sulfate와 dermatan sulfate 등의 전구물질이 축적되어 퇴행성 병변을 일으키는 유전 질환이다. 현재 효소보충요법을 통해 증상의 호전 및 질병의 진행을 지연시키는 치료가 가능하나, 중추신경계 증상이 발현된 경우 치료가 어려운 한계가 있어, 무엇보다 조기에 의심하고 진단하여 치료를 시작하는 것이 중요하다. 따라서 어린연령에 진단된 환아들의 임상적 특징에 대해 이해하는 것이 필요하며, 이에 저자들은 2.5세의 어린 연령에 진단된 환아를 경험하여 이를 보고하는 바이다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVI)
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• pp.38-38
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• 2005

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.641-646
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• 2012

In our recent report on gene expression in gastric cancer we identified the endo-sulfatase Sulf-1 gene to be up-regulated in gastric tumors relative to apparently normal (AN), and paired normal (PN) gastric tissue samples. In the present report we investigate the protein expression levels of Sulf-1 gene in gastric tumors, AN and PN samples using tissue microarray (TMA) and immunohistochemistry. Expression data was collected from two sets of TMA's containing replicate sections of tissue samples. Scoring data from TMA set-1 revealed a significant difference in Sulf-1 immunoreactivity between tumors and "normals" (PN and AN) (p-value = 0.001928). Also, Sulf-1 expression in tumors was also significantly different from either PN (p-value = 0.019) or AN (p-value = 0.006) samples. Similar results were obtained from analysis of scoring data from the second set of arrays. Comparison of mRNA expression and protein expression in gastric tumor tissues revealed that in 6/20 (30%) tumor samples showed up-regulated protein expression concordant with over-expression of mRNA. However, a discord with mRNA being over-expressed relative to down regulated protein expression was observed in majority 14/20 (70%) of tumor samples. Our study indicates down regulation of Sulf-1 protein expression in gastric tumors relative to PN and AN samples which is discordant with mRNA over-expression seen in tumors.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.206-210
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• 2019

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by mutation of the iduronate-2-sulfatase gene. The mutation results in iduronate-2-sulfatase deficiency, which causes the progressive accumulation of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate in cellular lysosomes. The phenotype, age of onset, and symptoms of MPS II vary; accordingly, the disease can be classified into either the early-onset type or the late-onset type, depending on the age of onset and the severity of the symptoms. In patients with severe MPS II, symptoms typically first appear between 2 and 5 years of age. Patients with severe MPS II usually die in the second decade of life although some patients with less severe disease have survived into their fifth or sixth decade. Here, we report the establishment of a preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) strategy using multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction, direct sequencing, and linkage analysis. Unaffected embryos were selected via the diagnosis of a single blastomere, and a healthy boy was delivered by a female carrier of MPS II. This is the first successful application of PGD in a patient with MPS II in Korea.

• Journal of Interdisciplinary Genomics
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.6-9
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• 2019

In this report, the phenotypes of three patients from two families with mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) are compared: a novel variant and recombinant variant of IDS gene. The results of urine in patients showed a pronounced increase in glycosaminoglycan excretion with decreased iduronate-2-sulfatase enzyme activity in leukocyte, leading to a diagnosis of MPS II. A patient has a novel variant with 1 bp small insertion, c.1224_1225insC in exon 9, which caused frameshifts with a premature stop codon, and two patients have a recombination variant, c.418+495_1006+1304del, leading to the loss of exons 4, 5, 6, and 7 in genomic DNA, which is relatively common in Korean patients. They had different phenotypes even in the same mutation. The patients have now been enzyme replacement therapy with a significant decrease in glycosaminoglycan excretion. Further study on residual enzyme activity, as well as experience with more cases, may shed light on the relationship between phenotypes in MPS II and gene mutations.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2015

뮤코다당증(mucopolysaccharidosis)은 글리코사미노글리칸(glycosaminoglycans)의 분해에 필요한 리소좀 효소의 결함으로 인해 야기되는 질병으로 글리코사미노글리칸의 대사 산물이 세포의 리소좀 내에 축적되어 세포, 조직 그리고 기관의 기능 이상을 초래해 신체적, 신경학적인 퇴행을 보이며, 심한 경우 조기에 사망하게 되는 다양한 임상양상을 보이는 질환이다. 뮤코다당증 가운데 가장 높은 비율을 차지하는 헌터증후군(뮤코다당증 제2형)은 조기에 진단하여 효소보충요법을 시행하는 것이 중요하다. 본 증례는 언어발달지연과 등과 엉덩이에 몽고반점, 간비대, 두껍고 거친 피부가 있었으며 과성장된 신체 검진소견을 보였던 환아에서, 뇌자기공명영상 검사 결과에서 뇌교량체에 다수의 낭종, 백색질에 비정상 신호 증가 병변들, 미만성 뇌수축 소견을 보여 헌터증후군을 의심하였으며 효소검사 결과를 통해 확진하였다. 저자들은 언어발달지연을 주소로 내원한 환아에게 시행한 뇌자기공명영상에서 조기에 헌터증후군을 의심하여 효소검사를 통해 확진을 할 수 있었던 증례를 경험하였기에 이를 보고하는 바이다.