• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 1977

Two hundred and twenty-seven strains of Escherichia coli isolated from 25 hens (12 hens received tetracycline neomycin and sulfadimethoxine, and 13 hens not received antibiotics) were studied for the drug resistance and distribution of R factors. About 74 per cent of E. coli strains isolated from hens of a herd received antibiotics were resistance to tetracycline (TC) streptomycin (SM), chloramphenicol (CM), kanamycin (KM), ampicillin (AP) and sulfisomidine (Su), alone or in combination thereof, but only a hen among a herd not received antibiotics excreted E. coli resistant to TC and SM. Among resistant strains, about 7% were found to be resistant to TC and SM, whereas 93% were resistant to three or more antibiotics. The most common pattern was the quadruple resistant to SM, TC, KM and Su (28.7%), and followed by triple ones to SM, TC and Su (25.3%), and SM, TC and KM (24.7%). About 84% of resistant strains carried R factors which were transferable to the recipient by conjugation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.5-8
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• 1977

One hundred and fifty seven Escherichia coli strains isolated from 18 cattle (9 dairy cattle received penicillin, streptomycin (SM) or sulfadimethoxine for treatment of diseases and 9 Korean native cattle not received antibiotics) were studied for the drug resistance and distribution of R factors. Of 88 E. coli strains isolated from cattle not received antibiotics, only 1 strain was resistant to SM, but about 46 per cent of 69 E. coli strains isolated from cattle received antibiotics were resistant to SM, tetracycline (TC), ampicillin (AP), kanamycin (KM), chloramphenicol (CM), and sulfisomidine (Su), alone or in combination thereof. Of resistant strains, about 72% were resistant to three or more antibiotics, but 28% were found to singly resistant. The most frequent resistant pattern was triple resistance to AP, KM and Su (37.6%), and quadruple one to SM, TC, CM and Su (12.5%). About 28% of resistant strains carried R factors which were transferable to E. coli ML 1410 $NA^r$ by conjugation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.213-217
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• 1995

A screening method has been developed for detecting sulfamethazine(SMZ) contamination of meat or feeds by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled protein A (Prot AHRP)and an indirect competitve enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The assay is based on competitve binding of guinea pig anti-SMZ with SMZ in smaple and SMZ-gelatin conjugate(SMZ.GEL). Percent binding (B.Bo$\times$100) was calculated from the absorbance in the absence (B0) and presence (B) of SMZ. By the sandard curve prepared by plotting log(SMZ) vs percent binding of each known reference solution, the detection limit was 1.0ppb or less. Cross reacton with sulfadimethoxine, sulfaguaniding, sulfamerazine, sulfamthoxpyridazine, sulfanilamide, sulfisomidine and sufisoxazole were not observed. But sulfamerazine crossreacted in the test. The EC-50 value (concentration causing 50% inhibition of color development compared with blank) of sulfamerazine was 2.0 ppm. Further quality control will make the ELISA system ideal for the detection of SMZ in meat or feeds.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2002

This study was carried out to compare the residual antibiotic materials in muscles of slaughter cattle and swine from slaughterhouses in Seoul from 2000 to 2001 by EEC-4-plate method, Charm II and HPLC method. 1. Residual antibiotic materials were detected from 95 samples(0.8%) by EEC-4-plate and 57 samples(10.2%) by Charm II. The final HPLC method determined the positives are 43(45.3%) and 27(47.3%) respectively. 2. The detection ratios were 45% by EEC-4-plate and 47% by Charm II. 3. Seventy samples were classified as tetracyclines 56(75.7.4%), sulfonamides 10(14.9%), $\beta$-lactam 6(8.1%) chloramphenicol 1(1.4%). Three of them were confirmed to be positive simmultaneously for tetracyclines, sulfonamides and chloramphenicol. 4. The highest residual concentration of chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfaquinoxaline, penicillin, ampicillin and chloramphenicol were 0.34, 11.29, 68.16, 0.13, 4.0, 0.12, 0.4 and 0.04ppm, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1993

This experiment was carried out to detect the residues of sulfonamides in raw milk. Raw milks which does not contain sulfonamides was collected from one of the farm and fortified with 5 sulfonamides (sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfaqinoxaline). The sulfonamides in the fortified sample were extracted and detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. UV /vis detector was used in this experiment. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. Chloroform was good as a extracting solution. 2. 15.5% methanol in PDP as a mobile phase solution was best detective condition for SMR, SMT, SMM. But for SDM and SQN the best condition was 23% methanol. 3. The detectable limits of SMR, SMT, SMM were 2ppb. but SDM and SQN were 20ppb because of delayed retention time and relatively low recovery rate. 4. The peaks of SMR, SMT, SMM and SDM were erected at baseline and the apexes were sharp but SQN was round shape.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 1997

The sulfonamide is one of potentiative antimicrobial agents which is being used widely in veterinary medicine for control of several animal diseases such as mastitis as well as for promotion of growth. However, the misusages of sulfonamides in food producing animals, especially cattle produce several considerable problems in human health caused from residues of this antibiotic in milk product. To determine the most effective analytical methods for residual sulfonamides in raw milk, this study was performed comparatively using by some applicable screening detecting method such as TTC, Charm II test (sulfonamides), and Lactek tests (sulfamethazine kit). The positive result from screening tests was confirmed by HPLC method. Milk samples (540 raw milks) were collected from dairy farms. Results of this study are summariezed as follorrs ; 1. All samples (540 raw milks) showed negative response from TTC test, however, 18 raw milks of those samples responded positively to Charm II test. 2. By Lactek test, residual sulfamethazine was detected from 4 raw milks. Fifteen raw milks of 18 samples which were classified as positive one by Charm II test, showed positive response 3. Retention time of sulfonamides added at the level of 100ppb into sklm milk was ranged from 1.55 minute to 23.3 minute. Recovery rates of sulfonamides were variable from 6.7% upto 94.2% depended on the types of sulfonamlde. 4. Single type of sulfonamides was detected from 10 raw milk samples, 2 types of sulfonamides from 3 samples and 3 types from 2 raw milks by HPLC. 5. Sulfonamides was detected in this study were 5 types : 11 samples for sulfisomidine, 5 samples for sulfamethazine, 3 samples for sulfadlmethoxine, 2 samples for sulfathiazole and 1 sample for sulfadiazine. 6. The highest levels of residual sulfonamides was 210.3 ppb of sulfamethazine but the lowest concentration of residue was 2.2 ppb of sulfamethazine and sulfisomidine, respectively. Number of samples detected positively in this experiment were belows : above 100 ppb for 1 sample (4.5%) (sulfamethazine), 50~100 ppb for 4 samples (18.1%) (each 2 samples for sulfamethazine and sulfisomidine, respectively), 25~50 ppb for 6 samples (27.1%) (2 sulfisomidine, each 1 sample for sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole, respectively), 10~25ppb for 3 samples (13.7%) (3 sulfisomidine), and below 10ppb for 8 samples (36.4%) (4 sulfisomidine, 2 sulfadimethoxine and each 1 for sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2008

Adsorption performance of sulfonamide antibiotic compounds such as sulfadimethoxine(SDM), sulfachloropyridazine(SCP), sulfamethazine(SMT), sulfathiazole(STZ) and sulfamethoxazole(SMX) on granular activated carbon(GAC) was evaluated in this study. The coal-based activated carbon was found to be more effective than other carbons in adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotic compounds. The wood-based activated carbon was less effective than coconut- and coal-based carbon in adsorption nevertheless having larger pore volume and specific surface area than others carbons. The maximum adsorption capacities(X/M) of coal-based activated carbon for the five sulfonamide species was 1.3$\sim$1.5 and 1.8$\sim$2.1 times larger than coconut- and wood-based activated carbon, respectively. Carbon usage rates (CUR) of coal-, coconut- and wood-based activated carbons for SCP were 3.55 g/day, 4.29 g/day and 6.47 g/day, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the adsorption of the rest four sulfonamide species. It is concluded that coal-based activated carbon could removed the sulfonamide antibiotic compounds better than other material-based activated carbons.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.266-273
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• 2009

This study was conducted to develop more convenient simultaneous determination method by matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) and HPLC for sulfonamides such as sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfamethazine (SMT), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfaquinoxaline (SQX), and tetracyclines including oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) chlortetracycline (CTC) in prok and flatfish. The limits of detection were 0.047 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ for OTC, TC, SMR, SMT and SMM, and 0.033 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ for CTC, SDM, and SQX, respectively. So it is sufficiently possible to detect the eight tetracyclines and sulfonamides under their MRLs ($0.1{\sim}0.2mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). The average percentage recoveries of sulfonamides and tetracyclines from pig muscle and flatfish spiked standard solution were approximately $80.25{\sim}101.25%$ and $85.77{\sim}121.42%$, respectively. Therefore this method was efficient for simultaneous analysis of eight tetracyclines and sulfonamides.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1990

These experiments were carried out to develop a novel, simple, and rapid method to determine urinary sulfonamides using fluorescamine by spectrofluorometry. To get optimal conditions for the sulfonamide-fluorescamine reaction, sulfonamides such as sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, sulfadimethoxine and sulfamonomethoxine, dissolved in buffers with various pH ranges were reacted with various concentrations of fluorescamine. and then, the fluorescence intensity and stability of the fluorophore were measured. To eliminate the interfering substances in urine, the fluorophore in buffers and urine with a definite pH range was extracted with some organic solvents. After then the fluorescence intensity was measured in organic and aquous phases. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The maximal fluorescence of sulfonamides was presented in acidic state, pH 4.5~5.0, at 30 minutes after reaction. 2. The optimal concentration ratio of sulfamethazine and ffuorescamine was more than 1 : 40 in mole. 3. In pH 4.0, the intensity was maximal but was time-dependent, whereas in pH 8.0, the intensity was time-independent. 4. Sulfamethazine-fluorescamine conjugate could be dissolved in some of organic solvents in acidic state such as chloroform, n-butanol, and ethylacetate. 5. Sulfamethazine-flnorescamine conjugate in swine urine coule be extracted with ethylacetate in acidic state, pH 4.0~5.0.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 1991

The present study was conducted to investigate biochemical, serologic, and pathogenic characteristic of E. rhusiopathiae isolated from the cases of acute septicemic swine erysipelas in Youngnam provinces during the period from June 1988 to September 1990. The majority of biochemical and cultural properties of E. rhusiopathiae isolated from pigs affected with acute erysipelas were identical to those of the standard strain employed. All of the 45 isolates were serotype la. All isolates were highly susceptible to penicillin G, lincomycin, cephalothin, ampicillin, erythromycin (MIC : 0.025-0.78IU or ${\mu}g$ / ml ), and moderately susceptible to oleandomycin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol (MIC : 0.78-25${\mu}g$ / ml ). Kanamycin and sulfadimethoxine showed no activity against the isolates(MIC : ＞400${\mu}g$ / ml ). The MICs of dihydrostreptomycin presented two distribution peaks ; of 45 strains, 5(11.1%) were resistant to dihydrostreptomycin(MIC : 400${\mu}g$ / ml ). All of 5 selected isolates were pathogenic for mite and $LD_{50}$ was $3.7{\times}10^3$viable cells. Mice immunized subcutaneously with live vaccine did not die after challenge to virulent isolates of E. rhusiopathiae.