• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.504-507
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• 2002

A separation/purification process for enzymatic sugar ester production was investigated The crude reaction mixture contained sugar ester and unreacted fatty acid in acetone. The reaction mixture was mixed with KOH/phosphate buffer. Hexane was then added to enhance phase separation. Three phases formed: a lower aqueous phase containing nothing of interest, a polar organic solvent middle phase that contained mostly fatty acid soaps, and a hexane-rich upper phase that contained mostly sugar ester. Distribution coefficient of each component was measured.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.706-717
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• 1998

Enzymatic synthesis of fructose-based sugar fatty acid esters, such as methyl fructoside oleic acid mono and diester, was investigated using methyl fructoside as a sugar starting material. For the production of methyl fructoside fatty acid monoester by solvent process, 2-methyl 2-propanol was found to be a god reaction medium resulting a higher yield and productivity due to its high sugar solubility. The yield and productivity of methyl fructoside oleic acid monoester were 70% and 12.6g/L-hr, respectively, when molar ratio of methyl fructoside, initial concentration of methyl fructoside, enzyme(Novozym 435) content, and reaction temperature were 3:1, 200g/L, 1%(w/v), and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. Methyl fructoside oleic acid diester was prepared by lipase-catalyzed diacylation of methyl fructoside and oleic acid in the solvent-free process. Maximum yield of 98% and productivity of 140g/L-hr were achieved when molar ratio(methyl fructoside and oleic acid) of 1:2 enzyme content of 10%(w/v) and reaction temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ were applied for the operating conditions under a reduced pressure of 20∼200 mmHg.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1579-1585
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• 2016

Sugar esters are valuable compounds composed of various sugars and fatty acids that can be used as antibacterial agents and emulsifiers in toothpaste and canned foods. For example, fructose fatty acid esters suppress growth of Streptococcus mutans, a typical pathogenic bacterium causing dental caries. In this study, fructose laurate ester was chosen as a target material and was synthesized by a transesterification reaction using Candida antarctica lipase B. We performed a solvent screening experiment and found that a t-butanol/dimethyl sulfoxide mixture was the best solvent to dissolve fructose and methyl laurate. Fructose laurate was synthesized by transesterification of fructose (100 mM) with methyl laurate (30 mM) in t-butanol containing 20% dimethyl sulfoxide. The conversion yield was about 90%, which was calculated based on the quantity of methyl laurate using high-performance liquid chromatography. Fructose monolaurate (M_r 361) was detected in the reaction mixture by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The inhibitory effect of fructose laurate on growth of oral or food spoilage microorganisms, including S. mutans, Bacillus coagulans, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus, was evaluated.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.705-708
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• 2001

Enzymatic synthesis and purification of sugar esters using supercritical $CO_2$ were investigated. The observed yield of suagr ester produced by transesterification of methyl glucoside and oleic acid using a lipase(Novozym 435) was 67% at 24 hours of reaction in the supercritical $CO_2$. The solubility of the fatty acids in the supercritical $CO_2$ was measured to find the conditions of supercritical separation of the fatty acids from the reaction mixture. The solubility of capric and oleic acid was 5 ${\times}$ $10^{-4}$, 1.7 ${\times}$ $10^{-4}$ mol/mol $CO_2$, respectively, varying at $35{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ and 80${\sim}$120 atm.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.273-276
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• 2009

We investigated eight active natural antimicrobials for preservation of functional beverages that are usually degraded by yeasts rather than by bacteria due to a high sugar content and a low pH. Five strains of yeasts (S. cerevisiae, Z. bailii, P. membranaefaciens, C. albicans, and P Anomala) were tested with eight natural antimicrobial agents ($\varepsilon$-polylysine, yucca extract, vitamin $B_1$ derivative, scutellaria baicalensis extract, chitooligosaccharid, allyl isothiocyanate, sucrose-fatty acid ester, and oligosaccharide). The lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 10 ppm for oligosaccharide and sucrose-fatty acid ester against S. cerevisiae and Z. bailii, 10 ppm for allyl isothiocynate against P. membranaefaciens and C. albican, and 10 ppm for allyl isothiocynate and oligosaccharide against P. anomala. No growth were observed for five kinds of yeasts in functional beverages containing sodium benzonate at concentration of 0.015% or higher. The resistance of S. cerevisiae, Z. bailii, and P. Anomala against natural antimicrobial agents was lower than those of P. membranaefaciens and C. albican. Allyl isothiocyanate, oligosaccharide, and sucrose-fatty acid ester showed the highest antimicrobial activities among the eight tested antimicrobials. These results can be applied to develop new natural antimicrobial agents to improve microbial quality of functional beverages.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.15 no.4 s.29
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• pp.169-178
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• 1976

The concentration of amino acids, total nitrogen, trehalose, lipids and the activities of respiratory, acid$\cdot$alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxalozcetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase during larval stage in Pine leaf gall midge, Thecodiplosis janensis Uchi. et Inouye were measured using Paper chromatographic method, micro-Kjeldahl method, Thin layer chromatographic method, Warburg's manometric method, Bessey-Lowry method and Reitman-Frankel method, respectively. Healthy specimens )yore chosen as samples of each larval stages; alrva in gall and larva in soil. Amino acids present in the alcoholic extracts were alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, methionine, proline, threonine, tryptophan and valine. The total nitrogen concentration reached to 31.348mg/g during the larva in gall and the larval stage in soil of the value was decreased to 29.027mg/g. The hemolymph sugar, trehalose value for larva in soil was about two times of the value for larva in gall. Total lipid, phospholipid,monoacylglycerol, triacylglycerol, sterol, free fatty acid and ester cholesterol were identified at larval stages in gall and soil. Triacylglycerol concentration reached high level in contrast with other lipid contents during larvae in gall and larva in soil. Free fatty acid, sterol except decreased lipids during larval stage in soil. Endogenous respiration, succinate of respiratory activities decreased at larval stage in soil compare with larva in gall. The activities of acid phosphatase decreased larval stage in soil but the activities of alkaline phosphatase increased remarkably. The activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase reached high level of the larva in gall.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 1988

Lipid contents, fatty acid compositions and free sugar contents of dried ginsengs grown for different years were studied. The lipid and free sugar were separated and quantified by silicic acid column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Ginseng contained $1.07{\sim}67%$ crude lipid and the hightest lipid content was shown in 3 year old root. The lipid fractions obtained by silicic acid column chromatography were mainly composed of neutral lipid$(51.35{\sim}72.30%)$. The contents of phospholipid and glycolipid in total lipids were $15.03{\sim}34.59%$ and $11.83{\sim}20.72%$, respectively. As the ginseng grew, neutral lipid content increased gradually but glycolipid decreased to the half of the one year old root. Seven components of neutral lipid separated by thin layer chromatography were identified but the other two components were not able to be identified. Triglyceride content was $14.42{\sim}23.91%$, sterol ester and unidentified material(II) were $13.58{\sim}21.26%$ and $7.13{\sim}15.83%$ respectively. The major fatty acids were linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid. Linoleic acid content of total and neutral lipid was $61{\sim}65%$ palmitic acid content in phospholipid was $26{\sim}39%$ and one year old root showed the hightest contents. The fatty acid composition of neutral lipid was similar to the pattern of total lipid. Linolenic acid content of glycolipid decreased gradually. Free sugars were composed of rhamnose, fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose and an unidentified material. The content of sucrose was $92{\sim}94%$ of total free sugars. Two year old root showed the highest sugar content and it decreased since then.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.284-288
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• 2005

This study was conducted to clarify the effects of supplying methods of selenium on the growth and Se uptake of hydroponically grown tomato plants. Tomato seeds (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. cv. Momotaro T-93, Daki Seed Co.) were sown in plug tray with fifty holes, and raised for sixty days. Tomato seedlings transplanted to coco fiber slabs were supplied with the nutrient solutions adjusted to EC $2.3dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and pH $5.8\~6.2$ recommended by the Japanese Horticultural Experiment Station. Selenium forms used were inorganic $SeO_2$ (here in after referred to Se) and organic selenium chlenium with sugar fatty acid ester (here in after referred to chelated-Se). 10 ppm selenium solutions were treated to tomato plants with foliar applications, drenching, and foliar application plus drenching. Growth characteristics in terms of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and chlorophyll content were significantly increased in the plot of foliar application ot Se, and in the plot of foliar application plus drenching of chelated-Se than other plots, respectively. Transported contents of selenium into the tomato fruits were highest as 0.302 ppm in the plot of foliar application plus drenching of chelated-Se. Also, it had tended to be higher in the plot of foliar application plus drenching than in the plots of foliar application or drenching in both of Se and chelated-Se. Foliar application and drenching of organic chelated-Se were effective to produce the functional tomato fruits.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2006

This study was designed to investigate the influence of Eosungcho (Houttuynia cordata Thunb) mixture on the plasma lipids of pigs. Experimental groups were divided into 3 groups: control group(0%), 5% and 10% Eosungcho feeding groups. Plasma concentration of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester were significantly lower in the Eosungcho powder 5% and 10% feeding groups than control group. Plasma contents of HDL-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester ratio, triglyceride and phospholipid were significantly different between 10% Eosungcho feeding group and control group. Plasma concentration of LDL-cholesterol was significantly love in 10% Eosungcho feeding group($76.5{\pm}5.4mg/dL$) than in control group($86.5{\pm}5.6mg/dL$). Plasma concentration of VLDL and chylomicron were showed similar tendency to LDL-cholesterol. Also, blood sugar, GOT and GPT concentration were significantly lower in 10% Eosungcho feeding group than in control group. In control group, the ratio of saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid was 58.1 : 51.9, but in 5% and 10% Eosungcho feeding groups, those were 42.1 : 57.9 and 41.0 : 59.0, respectively. The component of main fatty acid was different between control group and Eosungcho feeding groups. In Eosungcho feeding groups, main unsaturated fatty acids were oleic acid(18:1) and linoleic acid(18:2). From the results, addition of Eosungcho powder might be effective in improving the plasma lipid components in pigs.