• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.61-63
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• 1988

A total of 38 energy balance trials were done for calves fed a liquid milk replacer, calf starter and second cut mixed hay. Milk replacer supplied 81% of the total dietary energy. Live weight of calves averaged 54.1 (S.D 6.2) kg and daily gain 0.37 (${\pm}0.23$)kg. The metabolizability of gross energy averaged 0.822. A regression was calculated relating energy retention (ER, $kJ/kg^{0.75}$) to the intake of metabolizable energy (IME, $kJ/kg^{0.75}$): ER = 0.72 (${\pm}0.12$) IME - 330, r = 0.702, P < 0.01, $S.E.{\pm}18.0$. Metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) was calculated to be $458kJ/kg^{0.75}$ when ER = 0. The amount of IME over MEm for an individual animal (Meg, $kJ/kg^{0.75}$) was regressed on averaged daily gain (ADG, kg): Meg = 413 (${\pm}91$) ADG + 0.2, r = 0.650, P < 0.01, $S.E.{\pm}21$. The amount of ME requirement for suckling calves was estimated using values obtained above.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.191-194
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• 2002

The nursing vocalization of domestic pigs(Landrace$\times$Yorkshire) was investigated with respect to common features. All vocalizations uttered during nursings in 5 sows at 5 days after farrowing were recorded and 305 grunts were processed in a spectrograph. The sow's repeated grunting during nursing can be regarded as a contact call and a signal of the mother to start and synchronize the suckling behavior of the piglets. Analysis in the time domain revealed the gross structure of the call, whereas in the frequency domain the fine structure of single grunts was investigated. Nursing interval, duration of nursing behavior, duration of grunt, grunt rate per 10 seconds, fundamental frequency, 1 formant, 2 formant, 3 formant, 4 formant and spectrum were investigated. The results showed that mean interval between the nursing following one another was 25, 4.6 min and duration of nursing behavior was 3.2 $\pm$ 0.7 min. Average duration of grunt was 203.9 $\pm$ 63.6 ms. The formant contours could be identified. The nursing behavior might be disturbed by the grunts of alien sow.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.155-159
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• 1982

A polyvalent live Escherochia coli oral vaccine were prepared by the use of 5 field isolates of enteropathogenic E. coli, serotypes 08 : K87, K88a, b ; 0138 : K81, K88a, c ; 0141 : K85a, b, K88a, b ; 0149 : K91, K88a, c and 0157 : K'V17', K88a, c. Some field experiments were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the polyvalent live E. coli oral vaccine in the prevention of neonatal colibacillosis in piglets suckling orally vaccinated sows. Seventy-nine pregnant sows in an intensive pig farm were vaccinated with oral vaccine 4 weeks prior to farrowing and 19 sows were chosen for control. The piglets suckling vaccinated sows showed a significant protection against neonatal enteric colibacillosis during the 2 weeks observation period from the farrowing but no significant differences in protection between vaccinated and control group were observed with piglets older than 15 days.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2020

The goal of this study was to determine an effective interval of playing a nursing sound stimulus. One hundred forty four lactating multiparous sows (Landrace; parity range: 2 to 7) and their litters (Landrace × Yorkshire) were divided into 3 block (48 each), each of which was randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups including control which had no call stimulus (n = 12 each). The call of nursing and suckling, plus a click sound, were used as a nursing sound stimulus that was played in the intervals of 35 min (T35), 40 min (T40) and 45 min (T45) right after the first parturition in each experimental group until the day of weaning. Nursing sound stimuli did not affect the sow feed intake and back fat thickness loss. No differences were detected among treatments in the percentages of sows returning to estrus within 5 days after weaning and sows without crushed piglets. However, the piglets' weaning weight and daily weight gain in T35 and T40 groups was greater (p < 0.01) than the controlled piglets. These results suggest that a nursing sound stimulus can improve the performance of suckling piglets, and that 35 or 40 min interval of playing a nursing sound could be the effective sound stimulus for nursing sows.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2017

Three swine farms which were suffering from slight economic loss due to suckling piglets' diarrhea, were selected to apply commercialized multivalent vaccine for sow use; $SUISENG^{(R)}$ (Hipra, Spain). Farms were pre-diagnosed with clinical symptoms and molecular detection of C. perfringens Type A and C and E. coli pili by PCR. Sows were vaccinated twice 2 ml of the vaccine at 6 and 3 weeks ante partum intramuscularly according to the manufacturer's instruction. All vaccinated sows did not show any adverse reaction or clinical signs; hypersensitivity, fever, granuloma or abscess on the injection site, appetite loss, and so on. Also, no reproductive disorder was appeared in vaccinated sows compared with non-vaccinated control sows. The results suggested that piglets born from vaccinated sows show significantly better performance in regard of the diarrhea index and mean daily weight gain compared with piglets from non-vaccinated sows. Therefore, the commercial vaccine for the prevention of neonatal diarrhea is found to be effective in reducing diarrhea in the first suckling period of piglets after birth.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.84-92
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• 2010

Purpose: One of the main reasons why mothers quit breast feeding is that the volume of breast milk is inadequate due to insufficiency in suckling. We believe suckling experience may be a factor affecting nipple confusion. So an alternative feeding method, namely cup, spoon, finger, or nasogastric tube feeding may be needed to prevent nipple confusion. The purpose of this study was to construct a predictive model for demand for alternative feeding education by nurses. Methods: A descriptive design with structured self-report questionnaires was used for this study. Data from 175 nurses working in hospitals in Busan were collected between April 1 and 15, 2009. Data were analyzed by decision tree method, one of the data mining techniques using SAS 9.1 and Enterprise Miner 4.3 program. Results: Of the nurses, 81.1% demanded alternative feeding education and 5 factors showed that most of them expressed intention to pay, desire to know about alternative feeding, age, and learning experience. From these results, the derived model is considered appropriative for explaining and predicting demand for alternative feeding education. Conclusion: This confirms that knowledge and compliance in alternative breast feeding for newborn babies should be correct and any inaccuracies or insufficient information should be supplemented.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

A total of twenty-four multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) and their litters were used in this 21-day experimental trial. Based on their body weight, sows were randomly allocated into one of three treatments with eight replicates. The dietary betaine supplementation contained three levels: (i) CON (Basal diet + 0% Bet), (ii) Bet 0.05% (CON + 0.05% Betaine), and (iii) Bet 0.15% (CON + 0.15% Betaine). The supplementation of betaine had no effect (p > 0.05) on body weight and feed intake of lactating sow. Moreover, no significant response was observed on backfat thickness, body condition score, and weaning of the estrus interval with the dietary supplementation of betaine. In addition, the litter weaning weight, litter weight gain, average litter daily gain, and survivability rate at birth showed no significant difference with the dietary betaine supplementation of the sow diet. Fecal scores of the lactating sows and suckling piglets were not affected (p > 0.05) with the dietary betaine supplementation compared with the control diet during the experimental periods. The findings of this study showed that betaine supplementation does not boost growth performance, feed intake, body conditions, and fecal score in lactating sows and suckling piglets fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.297-306
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• 2022

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) when added to sows' diet on their reproductive performance and growth performance and on the hematology parameters of the sows and their piglets. Sixteen multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) were allotted into two treatment groups and fed basal diets (CON, piglets were injected with iron dextran) or the basal diet containing 0.1% ALA (ALA, piglets were not injected with iron dextran) from day 100 of gestation to day 28 of lactation. Supplementation of ALA had no effect on the body weight (BW), backfat thickness (BFT), or litter sizes of sows in the present experiment. However, the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the sows was significantly improved (p < 0.05) in the ALA group. Supplementation of ALA had no effect on the growth performance or survival of suckling piglets but had a significant effect on the birth weight (p < 0.05). With regard to the blood profiles, serum concentrations of iron were unaffected in sows and piglets as compared to the control group. Red blood cell (RBC) counts were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in sows during late gestation to the time before farrowing period and in piglets at weaning. In summary, these results suggest that dietary supplementation of ALA can have positive effects by improving growth performance and blood RBC in sows and suckling piglets.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.362-366
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• 2008

목 적 : 저자들은 유두 혼란에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 어떤 것들이 있는가에 대하여 설문 조사를 통해 조사하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2005년 10월부터 2006년 10월까지 동국대학교 포항 병원 신생아실에 입원했던 신생아 100명과 그들의 수유모를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 온전히 직접 젖을 물려서 모유 수유를 시행하는 경우만 유두 혼란이 없는 것으로, 아기가 직접 젖을 물지 않으려 하여 우유병으로만 수유하는 경우나 직접 젖을 물리더라도 그 양이 충분치 못하여 우유병 사용을 병행하는 경우를 유두 혼란이 있는 것으로 정의하여 이에 영향을 주는 인자를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 유두 혼란이 있는 군에서 입원 전 직접 젖을 물어 본 경우가 12명으로 41.4%였고, 물려 보지 못한 경우가 17명으로 58.6%이었던 것에 비해, 유두 혼란이 없었던 군에서는 직접 젖을 물려 본 경우가 54명으로 76.1%였고, 물려보지 않았던 경우가 17명으로 23.9%를 차지해 통계적으로 유의하였다(P=0.001). 입원 전 모유 수유 경험 여부와 유두 혼란간의 관계에서는 유두 혼란이 있는 경우는 경험이 있는 경우가 11명으로 37.9%, 경험이 없는 경우가 18명으로 62.1%였던 것에 비해, 유두 혼란이 없는 경우 모유 수유 경험이 있었던 경우가 49명으로 69.0%였고 경험이 없었던 경우가 22명으로 31.0%로 나타나 통계적 유의성을 보였다(P=0.004). 반면 입원 전까지 모유 수유를 했던 기간과 유두 혼란 간에는 통계학적 유의성이 없었다(P=0.09). 입원 기간과 유두 혼란과의 관계에서는 유두 혼란이 있는 신생아의 평균 재원일이 $11.8{\pm}7.4$일, 유두 혼란이 없는 신생아는 $9.2{\pm}6.1$일로 통계적으로 유의하지 않았고(P=0.073), 질병의 경중도가 유두 혼란에 미치는 영향 역시 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(P= 0.151). 결 론 : 본 연구에서는 유두 혼란과 관계있는 인자로 직접 젖을 물어봤던 경험과 입원 전까지의 모유 수유 여부가 의미 있게 나타났다. 특히 모유 수유 여부와 관계없이 출생 이후부터 입원 전까지 직접 젖을 물어 본 경험만으로도 유두 혼란이 적어지는 것으로 나타났으며, 향후 연구에서는 직접 젖을 물기까지의 시간을 도출한다면 모유 수유 실천에 더욱 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.836-847
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• 2020

Objective: We investigated the temporal expression profiles of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA in the peripheral blood of pigs during development and identified the lncRNAs that are related to the blood-based immune system. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were obtained from the pigs at 0, 7, 28, and 180 days and 2 years of age. RNA sequencing was performed to survey the lncRNA and mRNA transcriptomes in the samples. Short time-series expression miner (STEM) was used to show temporal expression patterns in the mRNAs and lncRNAs. Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analyses were performed to assess the genes' biological relevance. To predict the functions of the identified lncRNAs, we extracted mRNAs that were nearby loci and highly correlated with the lncRNAs. Results: In total of 5,946 lncRNA and 12,354 mRNA transcripts were identified among the samples. STEM showed that most lncRNAs and mRNAs had similar temporal expression patterns during development, indicating the expressional correlation and functional relatedness between them. The five stages were divided into two classes: the suckling period and the late developmental stage. Most genes were expressed at low level during the suckling period, but at higher level during the late stages. Expression of several T-cell-related genes increased continuously during the suckling period, indicating that these genes are crucial for establishing the adaptive immune system in piglets at this stage. Notably, lncRNA TCONS-00086451 may promote blood-based immune system development by upregulating nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 2 expression. Conclusion: This study provides a catalog of porcine peripheral blood-related lncRNAs and mRNAs and reveals the characteristics and temporal expression profiles of these lncRNAs and mRNAs during peripheral blood development from the newborn to adult stages in pigs.