• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.125-138
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• 2020

Currently, subway crowding is estimated by observing a specific point at specific hours once or twice every 1 or 2 years. Given the extensive subway network in Seoul Metropolitan Area covering 588 stations, 11 lines and 80 transfer stations as of 2017, implementing crowding mitigation policy may have its limitations due to data uncertainty. A proposal has recently been made to effectively use smart card data, which generates big data on the overall subway traffic related to an estimated 8 million passengers per day. To mitigate subway crowding, this study proposes two viable options based on data related to smart card used in Seoul Metropolitan Area. One is to create a subway passenger pattern model to accurately estimate subway crowding, while the other is to prove effectiveness of early bird policy to distribute subway demand that is concentrated at certain stations and certain time. A subway passenger pattern model was created to estimate the passenger routes based on subway terminal ID at the entrance and exit and data by hours. To that end, we propose assigning passengers at the routes similar to the shortest routes based on an assumption that passengers choose the fastest routes. In the model, passenger flow is simulated every minute, and subway crowding level by station and line at every hour is analyzed while station usage pattern is identified by depending on passenger paths. For early bird policy, highly crowded stations will be categorized based on congestion level extracted from subway passenger pattern model and viability of a policy which transfers certain traveling demands to early commuting hours in those stations will be reviewed. In particular, review will be conducted on the impact of policy implemented at certain stations on other stations and lines from subway network as a whole. Lastly, we proposed that smart card based subway passenger pattern model established through this study used in decision making process to ensure effective implementation of public transport policy.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.17-31
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• 2004

The subway play an important part in serious traffic problems. However, because subway system is a closed environment, many serious air pollution problems occurred in subway stations and injured passenger's health. Therefor, it is a necessary to identify sources and to estimate pollutant sources in order to protect passenger's health and to keep clean subway environment. The purpose of this study was to analyze a air quality in the subway stations and to apply a new receptor methodology for quantitatively estimate of PM10 sources. In this study, the size distributions of particulate matters has been measured by using Aerosizer LD (U.S.A., API, Inc.). It's real time measurement capability of time-of-flight technique offers a significant advantage of user convenience and air pollution management. Also, the mass concentrations of PM 10 has been measured by using mini-vol portable sampler (U.S.A., Airmetrics Co.). The sampling performed in Seoul subway stations during the period of February 2000 and April 2000. The number distribution data used in this study consisted of 26 raw data sets in the Jongno-sam-ga station. Correlation Analysis can be used in subway stations for source separation and identification. Then, number contribution from each source is determined by the particle number balance (PNB). The mass concentration data used in this study consisted of 31 raw data in the 8 different stations. The mass contributions of PM10 sources in the concourse by using PMF/CMB model.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2007

The subway lines have been expanded to solve the traffic problems in Korean cities, so that a big number of people daily use the subway stations. Therefore, subway stations became a kind of public space as well as traffic space. However, the underground space of the stations are essentially different with the aboveground space in terms of environmental and psychological terms. The color planning can be used to reduce the environmental and psychological disadvantages of underground spaces of subway stations. The purpose of this study is to understand the current design methods of subway stations' color planning. To achieve this purpose, this study investigates all reports of 'Color Planning for the Subway' which were used for the construction of subway lines in 6(six) Korean cities. After analyzing the design theories and methods used for the color planning, field studies have been done upon 10 subway lines of 6 cities, to find out the limitations of color planning, the differences between color planning and actual results. The conclusions are as follows : First, the color planning for subway stations does not seem to consider the characteristics of underground space and its psychological effects, such as the depth of station, the lighting source and methods. Second, some critical differences have been found between the color planning and the actual application during construction, due to arbitrary interpretation and limitations of color expression of the construction materials. Third, and therefore, the colors applied in stations do not perform their planned role such as 'variety in the unity', 'symbolic expression of the city and station'.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.469-480
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• 2004

The radon concentrations were measured to survey distribution of radon concentrations in Seoul subway stations. The radon concentrations in air and water were measured at seventeen subway stations(Mapo, Chungjongno, Sodaemun, Kwanghwamun, Chongno3ga, Ulchiro4ga, Tangdaemun, Sangildong on Line 5;Nowon, Chunggye, Hagye, Kongnung, Taenung, Mokkol, Chunghwa, Sangbong, Myomok on Line 7) using the $RAdtrak^{TM}$ radon gas detector, Pylon AB-5 continuous passive radon detector and liquid scintillation counting method from January to May 1999. The major results obtained from this study were as follows: The long-term mean concentrations of radon were $61.8\;Bq/m^3$ in office, $78.9\;Bq/m^3$ in platform, $38.2\;Bq/m^3$ in concourse and $20.1\;Bq/m^3$ in outdoor, respectively. These levels were less than the action level ($148\;Bq/m^3$) of the U.S. EPA. The highest level of short-term mean concentrations was $116.55\;Bq/m^3$ at Chongno3ga station on the 5th line subway stations, while the lowest mean concentration was $19.55\;Bq/m^3$ at Mokkol station on the 7th line subway stations. The highest concentration of radon in the road water and storing underground water in the subway stations was $234.7\;KBq/m^3\;and\;155.5\;KBq/m^3$ in Sodaemun subway station, respectively. The results suggest that radon concentration in subway stations seems to be affected by ventilation and radon concentratin in underground water in the subway stations.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 1994

This paper reports an investigation of concentrations major carcinogenic indoor air pollutants for radon, formaldehyde, and asbestos in the 83 subway stations in the Seoul metropolitan area during November 1991~September 1992. Mean concentrations of indoor pollutants in Seoul subway stations surveyed were 0.23 ppb for formaldehyde, 1.12 pCi/l for radon, and 0.008 fiber/cc for asbestos. Mean formaldehyde concentrations in 83 subway stations were below the U.S. EPA formaldehyde standard (100 ppb), whereas mean concentrations of radon and asbestos in 2% and 22% of total sampled subway stations exceeded the U.S. radon (4 pCi/l) and asbestos (0.01 fiber/cc) standand, respectively. It is likely that possible sources for radon and asbestos are radon intrusion from the leaking underground water and construction materials, respectively.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.844-849
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• 2006

The electric facilities for subway stations require reliable and safe electricity in spite of their load increases rapidly. Nevertheless, Korea Electrical Safety Corporation reports that the accidents of independent electric facilities increased greatly from 4,632 cases in 1998 to 6,024 in 1999 and 6,776 cases in 2000, while the ratio of the accidents related with transformers grew gradually. As it is, it is deemed very important to minimize the spreading effects of the electric system accidents and thereby, enhance reliability of the electric supply as well as its safety. According to the fact that the electric facilities for subway stations are important for the public safety and conveniences, it should be careful to set their capacity instead of simply applying the general capacity standard to them, and thereby, improve their economy as well as prevent their accidents. With such a basic conception in mind, this study is aimed at analyzing the characteristics of the electric load in the subway stations and thereupon, suggesting some guidelines for setting of the electric facility capacity for subway stations in terms of optimal operation and safety.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.581-594
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• 2019

This research investigated the characteristics of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations at the main subway stations in Busan. Annual mean $PM_{10}$ concentrations at the Seomyeon 1- waiting room and platform were $51.3{\mu}g/m^3$ and $47.5{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and the annual $PM_{2.5}$ concentration at the Seomyeon 1- platform was $28.8{\mu}g/m^3$. $PM_{2.5}$/$PM_{10}$ ratio at Seomyeon 1-platform and Dongnae station were 0.58 and 0.53, respectively. Diurnal variation of $PM_{10}$ concentration at subway stations in Busan was categorized into four types, depending on the number of peaks and the times at which the peaks occurred. Unlike the areas outside of the subway stations which reported maximum $PM_{10}$ concentration mostly in spring across the entire locations, the interiors of the subway stations reported the maximum $PM_{10}$ concentration in spring, winter, and even summer, depending on their location. $PM_{10}$ concentration was highest on Saturday and lowest on Sunday. The numbers of days when $PM_{10}$ concentration exceeded $100{\mu}g/m^3$ and $80{\mu}g/m^3$ per day over the last three years at the subway stations in Busan were 36 and 239, respectively. The findings of this research are expected to enhace the understanding of the fine particle characteristics at subway stations in Busan and be useful for developing a strategy for controlling urban indoor air quality.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.116-128
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• 2011

서울 수도권 지하철 승객이 인터넷으로 구매한 채소 등의 신선 식품을 퇴근하는 도중에 이동 경로상의 지하철역 구내의 서비스 시설물에서 배달 받는다고 가정하면, 제기되는 문제는 어떤 지하철역에 서비스 시설물을 설치하면 얼마나 많은 승객들이 이용하는 가를 파악하는 것이다. 이러한 문제는 픽업 문제로 알려져 있고, 픽업 문제를 풀려면 교통 흐름을 설명하는 교통 네트워크가 있어야 되고 각 교통 흐름의 이동 경로도 알 수 있어야 된다. 서울 수도권 교통카드 시스템의 교통카드 트랜잭션 데이터베이스로부터 지하철 승객의 출발역에서 도착역까지 움직이는 이동 경로인 승객 흐름을 구할 수 있으므로, 서울 수도권 지하철 교통 시스템에서 픽업 문제는 승객 흐름을 최대한 많이 포착하는 서비스 시설물들을 설치할 지하철역들을 선정하는 것이다. 본 논문에서 서울 수도권 지하철 시스템과 지하철 승객들의 흐름을 픽업 문제의 모델에 맞추어 수식화하였고, 이를 기반으로 하여 지하철 승객들의 흐름을 기종점 통행 행렬을 만들어 단계별로 가장 많은 통과 승객수를 갖는 픽업 역을 계산해내는 빠른 휴리스틱 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 대용량 교통 네트워크와 교통 흐름에 해당되는 약 400여 개의 지하철역을 가진 서울 수도권 지하철 네트워크와 약 500만 명의 지하철 교통카드 트랜잭션들을 입력으로 하여 제안된 알고리즘으로 선정된 픽업 역들을 빠른 시간 내에 얻었고, 그 중에서 상위 10개 픽업 역들을 지하철 안내 지도에 표시하여 설명하였다. 그리고, 그 결과가 거의 최적해와 같음을 추가 실험을 통하여 검증하였다.

• International Journal of Safety
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.10-13
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• 2009

In this study, a framework for web-based information system in VDN environment for safety and health monitoring in subway stations is suggested. Since physical variables that describing safety and health need to be closely monitored in multiple locations in subway stations, concept of distributed monitoring network using wireless media needs to be implemented. Connecting remote wireless sensor network and device (LonWorks) networks to the IP network based on the concept of VDN can provide a powerful, integrated and distributed monitoring performance, making a web-based information system possible.

• 한국실내디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국실내디자인학회 2002년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.130-134
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• 2002

The main purpose of this study was to provide basic data for better design of subway station based on universal design principle. Conclusions based on the findings ate as follows: Checklists were developed to evaluate the subway stations facilities based on universal design principles Modified and/or complementary lists can be employed to develop the evaluation tools and can construct a database for defining the standard items in order to improve the facilites.