• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.187-191
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• 2003

In this study, biomonitoring methods were developed to measure BTEXs exposure level in the air, metabolites of benzene and toluene in human urine, individual susceptibility markers in human blood for evaluation of the health effects about environmental pollution. We have also performed a small-scaled molecular epidemiology study on residents in Chuncheon and workers in workplace for these method applications. The workers in workplace were surveyed as study areas, and the residents in Chuncheon which is in the suburban area were surveyed as comparative areas in this study. Actually, 31 workers in as target group and 33 residences in as control group this epidemiological study. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. Benzene is a well-known carcinogen, it's median concentrations were 0.00024∼0.02057ppm at suburban area and 0.002∼00.654ppm at work place, These benzene concentrations were not exceed the OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Administration) threshold benzene level of 1ppm in the states. 2. Metabolites product of benzene(t,t-Muconic Acid) and toluene(Hippuric Acid) were not significant both in suburban and workplace area. The median concentration of t,t-MA and HA were 0.0122, 1.44277g/g creatinine, respectively. 3. In the case of individual susceptibility markers as CYPlAl, 41.8% of them has homozygous wild type(W) and who has heterozygous variant type(H) was 35.4% and 22.8% of homozygous variant type(M) genetic type. In the case of CYP2E1, 62.82% of them has homozygous wild type(D) type, 34.62% of each has heterozygous variant type (DC) and 2.56% of them has homozygous variant type (CC). Who doesn't have GSTM1 gene was 46.25% and who has GSTM1 gene was 53.75％. Who doesn't have GSTT1 gene was 40.0％ in study groups and who has GSTT1 gene was 60.0%. Who has W genetic type, which is homozygous wild type of GSTP1, was 69.18% and H genetic type, which is heterozygous variant type was 28.4%. M genetic type which is homozygous variant type was 2.4%. 4. Concentration differences of metabolites such as t,t-MA and HA in urine, which is generated by individual susceptibility marker of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 gene of Phase I and CYP1A1, CYP2E1 gene of Phase II, was examined. As a result, GSTP1 and GSTM1 indicate slight differences depend on the amount of metabolites in urine, it was not statistically significant.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.174-183
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• 2000

Objectives : To evaluate the effect of low-level exposure of air pollutants on the respiratory tract of the children living near the petrochemical estate in Ulsan. Methods : The study design was cross-sectional, and the study subjects consisted of 150 children(76 boys, 74 girls) living near the petrochemical estate and 100 children(53 boys, 47 girls) living in a suburban area. We investigated respiratory health using self-administered questionnaires(ATS-DLD-78) , radiological examination, and pulmonary function test such as FVC and FEV1. Results : There were higher prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms in the children living near the petrochemical estate than the children living in a suburban area. And the results of FVC and FEV1 of 11-years old children living near the petrochemical estate were lower than those of the children living in a suburban area. Conclusions : Chronic exposure of low-level air pollutants would affect respiratory health of the children. Therefore, further a longitudinal study of respiratory health will be needed for children living near the petrochemical estate in Ulsan.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.696-701
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• 2002

This paper describes some results of change detection in Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan , using the Landsat TM data, and methods to quantify the ground cover classes. The changes are analyzed using the measures of not only conventional spectral classes but also a set of landscape indices to describe spatial properties of ground cove types using fractal dimension of objects, entropy in the specific windows defining the neighbors of focusing locations. In order eliminate the seasonal radiometric effects on TM data, an automated class labeling method is also attempted. Urban areas are also delineated automatically by defining the boundaries of the urban area. These procedures for urban change detection were implemented by the unified image computing methods proposed by the author, they can be automated in coherent and systematic ways, and it is anticipated to automate the whole procedures. The results of this analysis suggest that Tokyo metropolitan area was extended to the suburban areas along the new transportation networks and the high density area of Tokyo were also very much extended during the period between 1985 and 1995.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.53-60
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• 2004

This study is to set up some models and make plans of the seaside resorts at coastal area in Korea. In order to do this we analyse the characteristics of east, south and west coastal areas of Korean peninsula. And we divide coastal areas into three categories, such as suburban area, fishing village area, and island area, according to their development phases and the distances from nearby big cities. Three types of seaside resort model for three categories of coastal areas are set up. At last we make site plans and images of three types of seaside resort model.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to residential satisfaction, and to examine the rural housing and village environment which enable to derive what should be considered in the future rural housing improvement. Data were collected by questionnaire survey in 11 rural villages - suburban rural area, plain rural area, intermediate rural area, mountainous rural area. The major findings are as follows: 1) The rural residents rather dissatisfied with'management/maintenance','economic value','facade'in housing level, The overall housing satisfaction level was just medium(neither satisfied nordissatisfied). 2) They also dissatisfied with'playground for children','education condition','medical facilities', 'market'in village level. The overa'll village satisfaction level was just above average(slightly satisfied). 3) Vrom the result of ANOVA test, there are no significant differences in residents evaluation for tiousing and village attributes among 4 rural areas. 4) Factor analysis identified six rural housing environmental factors:'inside utilities','housing size' 'aesthetic aspects','safety','privacy','outside utilities'. 5) For the rural village environments six important factors were derived :'public services','commercial convenience facilities','social interaction','environmental pollution','amenity','agricultural service facilities'.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2013

Korea has been striving for the development of the nation in various aspects. It will also have to make an effort for its continued development in the future. The problems of low-income groups that occur in those processes cannot be simply ignored now. It is needed to provide an equal opportunity to low-income groups so that they can be part of the society. The cycle of economic problem should be disconnected through this process. Farm-Housing is one of the solutions to this problem. Its purposes are not only to provide residence in the complex, but to gain income through various activities, such as production, distribution and consumption, and solve part of the economic problems of the people living in the Farm-Housing. To sell the products of Farm-Housing, the neighboring cities need to be designated as a hinterland. For this reason, Farm-Housing needs to be located in the suburban area of large cities. However, the current laws and policies make it difficult to construct Farm-Housing in suburban areas. Presenting plans to solve such problem is the purpose of this paper.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.112-123
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• 1997

This study investigated the effect of high-rise buildings on the preference for rural landscapes. The study site was a Seoul suburban, Yong-in, which showed typical scenes of rural development. Slides used in the study were taken in Young-in along the national road 45(north-south) and national road 42(east-west). Forty slides reflecting typical characters of Young-in were selected. Among them, ten slides which were selected through factor analysis based on “ruralits”score were used as original slides. They represent ten landscape types. The simulation of original slides was based on the following aspects: a observation distance. number of buildings and landscape types. The preferences for the landscapes were tested by 200 respondents on 40 slides: Distance(2) ${\times}$ Landscape type(10) = 20 slides, Number of buildings(2) ${\times}$ Landscape type(10) = 20 slides. The following results are found: 1) When high-rise buildings are introduced into rural scenes, there are some vulnerable landscape types: the landscape with high “rurality”, the landscape with background skyline and the focal landscape. 2) The observation distance affects landscape preference. The hypothesis that the nearer the distance the lower the preferences, is accepted. However, there are some exceptions in 3 landscape types. 3) The hypothesis that the more the number of buildings, the lower the preferences, is rejected. The result is quite unexpected one. When a single building is introduced in natural scene, it draws more attention as a focal point than a group of buildings, and subsequently the visual impact is stronger.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.1D
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• pp.141-148
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• 2011

City of Incheon opened rapid transit(urban railroad line 1) in 1999 in order to relieve traffic congestion on major arterials. This research analyzed urban space changes of each station influenced area by examining the changes of residents, industrial employees, and floor area ratios before and after the open of Incheon urban railroad line 1. Analysis of variance was applied to change of station influence area. This research found out that the types of central business and agricultural station influence area had been changed significantly after the open of urban railroad. However, the residential, semi-residential, and suburban type of station influence area had not been changed after the open of urban railroad. Thus, it is necessary to provide diverse facilities for inducing residents and employees to the station influence area of residential and semi-residential. Furthermore, the suburban type of station influence area which is difficult to develop naturally by the law of Green Belt is needed to develop station influence area simultaneously with the construction of a station building.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1989

A survey on the prevalence and distribution of antibodies to BLV was performed by the agar-gel immunodiffusion test over a period from 1983 to 1985. More than 2,407 serum samples were collected from Holstein cattle raised in the eastern part of Saitama prefecture where suburban dairy farm is operated. The average positive rate of this period was 4.9%. The rates of reactive samples varied from 2.6 to 9.8% among the age groups of cattle from younger than one year to 14 years of age. The positive rate increased gradually with age. The positive rates also varied widely from 0 to 21% among areas surveyed. Furthermore, there were large differences in this rate among farms even in the same area. The results were interpreted and discussed in connection with the enzootic feature of BLV infection.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.492-504
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• 2013

Objectives: This analysis seeks to evaluate the impact of environmental health factors (EHF; e.g. hospital beds per capita, employees of medical institutions) on extreme-heat vulnerability assessment in Busan Metropolitan City during 2006-2010. Methods: According to the vulnerability concept suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), extreme-heat vulnerability is comprised of the categories of Exposure, Sensitivity, and Adaptive Capacity (including EHF). The indexes of the Exposure and Sensitivity categories indicate positive effects, while the Adaptive capacity index indicates a negative effect on extreme-heat vulnerability. Variables of each category were standardized by the re-scaling method, and then each regional relative vulnerability was computed with the vulnerability index calculation formula. Results: The extreme-heat vulnerability index (EVI) excepting EHF was much higher in urban areas than in suburban areas within the metropolitan area. When EHF was considered, the difference in the EVI between the two areas was reduced due to the increase of the Adaptive capacity index in urban areas. The low EVI in suburban areas was induced by a dominant effect of natural environmental factors (e.g. green area) within the Adaptive capacity category. Conclusions: To reduce the vulnerability to extreme heat in urban areas, which were more frequently exposed to extreme heat than others areas, public health and natural environments need to be improved in sensitive areas.