• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.171-182
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• 2023

한국의 목조건축문화유산은 상당수가 산림에 인접하여 흰개미에 의한 피해에 취약하다. 국내 흰개미 방제법은 살충제 접촉을 통한 화학적 방제법이 주로 이용되며, 방제 기간을 단축하기 위해서는 흰개미를 빠르게 약제까지 유인시킬 방법이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 한국 서식 흰개미에 대한 유인물질로 이산화탄소를 선정하여 유인여부 및 적절한 유인농도를 탐색하였으며, 지중 환경에서의 유인효력 기초평가를 진행하였다. 평가를 통해 흰개미에 대한 이산화탄소의 유인 효과를 확인하였으며, 이산화탄소 농도 10% 이하의 유효한 범위를 선정하였다. 또한 지중에서의 유인 효과를 확인함으로써 지중 환경에서의 적용 가능성을 파악하였다. 향후 현장에서 이산화탄소의 적용방안을 연구함으로써, 목조건축문화유산의 흰개미 방제 시 개선된 방제 효과를 가질 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2023

This research aimed to evaluate the durability of Samama (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) wood treated with boron preservatives, citric acid (CA), and heating against termites. Wood samples were impregnated firstly with 5% boron solutions, such as boric acid, borax and boric acid + borax combination at 1:1 (w/w). The second impregnation used 5% CA. The impregnations were conducted in a pressure tank at 7 kg/cm² for 4 hours. After impregnation, the samples were heat treated at 80℃ or 160℃. All the treated and control samples were exposed to decay fungi, drywood termites and subterranean termites based on SNI 7207:2014 standard. The results showed that boron preservatives reduced fungal attacks on Samama wood. The combination treatment of boric acid, CA and heat treatment at 160℃ was also effective to increase the resistance of Samama wood against white- and brown rot fungi, and drywood termites. Heat treatment consistently improved the resistance of Samama wood from decay fungi.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.194-215
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• 2021

이 논문에서는 흰개미 방제의 발달 과정과 최근 연구 동향, 국내 목조건축문화재의 흰개미 피해 현황과 조사 및 방제 등을 살펴보고 목조건축문화재의 흰개미 피해 예방을 위한 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 목재는 건축 재료로 다양한 장점이 있어 우리나라에서도 다수의 목조건축문화재가 남아 있다. 목조건축문화재의 다양한 손상 요인 중 흰개미에 의한 피해가 다수 확인되고 있으며, 우리나라에서 확인된 3종의 흰개미 중 Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis가 전국적으로 서식하며 목조건축문화재를 가해한다. 흰개미 방제의 발달 과정을 1900년대 초반부터 살펴보면 이 시기에는 비소 등 무기살충제가 주로 사용되다가 1940년대 유기염소계 살충제가 개발되어 흰개미 방제에도 사용되었다. 이후 이 약제들의 인축과 환경에 대한 독성이 알려짐에 따라 1960년대 유기인계 살충제, 1970년대 카바메이트계 살충제, 1980년대 피레스로이드계 살충제와 곤충 생장 조절제, 1990년대 페닐피라졸계 살충제, 네오니코티네이드계 살충제 등이 개발되어 흰개미 방제에 사용되었다. 이와 별도로 흰개미의 생태적 특징을 이용한 흰개미 군체 제거제가 1990년대 개발되어 상용화되었으며, 특히 키틴 합성 저해제가 널리 사용되고 있다. 2000년대 이후에는 살충제를 이용한 토양 처리와 군체 제거제의 특성을 규명하고 효율성을 향상시키거나, 새로운 제형의 약제를 개발하거나, 종합적 유해 생물 관리(IPM) 개념을 차용한 통합적 흰개미 관리(ITM)을 적용하거나, 개별 건물이 아닌 목조건축물군을 보호하는 방향으로 흰개미 방제 연구가 수행되고 있다. 국내 목조건축문화재의 흰개미 피해는 1980년대부터 발견되기 시작하였으며 1990년대 후반 유네스코 세계유산인 종묘 정전, 해인사 장경판전 주변에서 흰개미 피해가 확인되어 관심을 받게 되었다. 이후 지정문화재를 중심으로 흰개미 피해 현황이 조사되었으며 2010년대에는 국립문화재연구소와 문화재돌봄사업단이 지정문화재를 중심으로 정기적인 흰개미 피해 조사를 수행하고 있다. 목조건축문화재의 흰개미 피해를 줄이기 위한 방안으로 피해 건물의 긴급 방제 실시, 다양한 토양 처리법의 선택적 적용, 건물 기단 상면의 토양 처리 실시, 고내구성 흰개미 군체 제거제의 개발과 적용, 다수의 목조건축물을 포괄하는 방제 계획의 수립과 시행, 통합적 흰개미 관리(ITM)의 문화재 적용, 문화재 소유자와 관리자에 대한 교육 등을 제안하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.641-650
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• 2020

In this study, the chemical components and termiticidal activities of bamboo vinegar against subterranean termite were evaluated. Bamboo vinegar used in this study were produced from Mayan (Gigantochloa robusta Kurz.), Balcoa (Bambusa balcooa Roxb.), and Taiwan (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro). It was analyzed by gravimetric methods. Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) was soaked for 24 h and tested against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7207-2014). The bamboo vinegar demonstrated antitermite activities against subterranean termite. Vinegar of 400℃ recorded higher total phenol and acid than that of 300℃. Results from this study suggest that the phenolic and acidic component of the bamboo vinegar contributed to 100% mortality rate of the termite, some wood weight loss, and a decrease in the termite feeding rate. These results strongly recommend that bamboo vinegar from D. latiflorus Munro is a potential environmentally friendly preservative.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.31-46
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• 2024

Subterranean termite attacks on cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi) seedling roots were widespread in several of Java's Perum Perhutani Forest Management Units. This attack was suspected to be related to the chemical components of the cajunput seedling roots. This study was conducted to determine the bioactivity of cajuput seedling root extract as an attractant for the subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). The extraction process was performed according to ASTM D1108-96, and the extract was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Bioactivity testing of the extracts was carried out using attractiveness and no-choice feeding bioassays. The results showed that the average root extraction yield from cajunput seedlings was 4.94%. The attractiveness of the extract solutions at concentrations of 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00% were 45.33%, 62.00%, and 74.67%, respectively. The mortality rate of C. curvignathus termites ranged from 9.63% to 24.44%. Cajuput seedling root extract's lethal concentration 50 was 2.45% (non-toxic). GC-MS analysis showed that the extract contained linoleic acid, which has the potential to attract insects.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.748-755
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• 2018

Timber from fast-growing tree species is susceptible to by biodeterioration attack, particularly subterranean termites. Impregnation with methyl methacrylate (MMA) potentially increases wood resistance to subterranean termite attack. Four wood species, namely sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), mangium (Acacia mangium), and pine (Pinus merkusii), were impregnated with MMA, and samples of untreated and imidacloprid-preserved wood were prepared for comparison purposes. Small stakes, sized 0.8 cm by 2 cm in cross section by 20 cm in the longitudinal direction, were inserted into the ground for 3 months, and the weight loss of each specimen was determined at the end of the test period. A factorial $4{\times}3$ completely randomized design was used for data analysis; the first factor was wood species, and the second factor was treatment. The results showed that MMA polymer loadings were 27.88%, 24.91%, 14.14%, and 17.81% for sengon, jabon, mangium, and pine, respectively, and amounts of imidacloprid retention were $7.56kg/m^3$, $5.98kg/m^3$, $5.34kg/m^3$, and $9.53kg/m^3$, respectively. According to an analysis of variance, wood species, treatment, and interaction of both factors significantly affected the weight loss of wood specimens. Mangium had the smallest weight loss, followed by pine, sengon, and jabon. MMA impregnation into the wood increased the resistance of wood samples to subterranean termite attack during in-ground testing, but the resistance level was lower than that of imidacloprid-preserved wood. Except for mangium wood, the MMA treatment did not significantly affect resistance.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2020

Indonesian log production is dominated by young trees harvested from plantation forests. The timber contains of sapwood and juvenile wood, which are not resistant to termite attack. Smoking treatment can enhance wood resistance to termite attack, but it also changes the color. Specimens of mangium (Acacia mangium) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana) wood were exposed for 1, 2, and 3 weeks to smoke produced from the pyrolysis of salam (Syzygium polyanthum) wood. The color change of the wood was measured using the CIELab method. In addition, wood specimens were exposed to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) under laboratory conditions. Untreated and imidacloprid-preserved wood samples were also prepared for comparison purposes. The results showed that the color of smoked wood differed from that of untreated wood, and the color change for sengon was greater than for mangium. In addition, the 1-week smoking period changed the wood color less than the 2- and 3-week periods, which did not differ. Imidacloprid-preserved wood had distinctive color changes compared to untreated wood. Untreated mangium wood had moderate resistance to subterranean termite attack (resistance class III), while sengon had very poor resistance (resistance class V). Salam wood smoke enhanced wood resistance to termite attack, and smoke treatment of 1 week for mangium and 2 weeks for sengon resulted in the wood becoming very resistant (resistance class I). Both types of smoked wood were more resistant to subterranean termite attack than imidacloprid-preserved wood (average class II resistance).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.70-86
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• 2024

Termites are a serious threat to wood-based products in Indonesia. This study investigated the termite resistant property of glulam made from polystyrene-modified wood. Three tropical fast-growing wood species, namely mangium (Acacia mangium), manii (Maesopsis eminii), and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), were prepared for flat-sawn laminae. After getting air-dried condition, the laminae were impregnated with polystyrene using potassium peroxydisulphate as a catalyst followed by polymerization at 80℃. Polystyrene-impregnated and control glued-laminated lumbers (glulams) were manufactured, and solid wood was provided. Three wood species and three wood products with six replicates were exposed in a field in Bogor, Indonesia, for four months, and before the tests, their density and moisture content were measured. At the end of the field tests, the weight loss and protection levels of each test sample were determined. A completely randomized factorial design was used for data analysis. The weight percentage gains for mangium, manii, and rubberwood were 22.30%, 18.22%, and 10.44%, respectively. The results showed that manii belonged to low-density wood, whereas the other two woods were medium-density wood, and the moisture content was the ambient moisture content, typical of the Bogor area. Regarding weight loss and protection level, mangium was the most durable against subterranean termite attacks, followed by rubberwood and manii. Among the wood products, the polystyrene-impregnated glulam presented the highest durability, followed by the control glulam and solid wood. Therefore, mangium and rubberwood polystyrene-impregnated glulams are recommended for future product development.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.134-144
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• 2024

This study aimed to analyze the anti-termite properties of tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) stem bark extracts against subterranean termites, specifically, Coptotermes curvignathus. The bark powder of C. inophyllum was extracted using different solvents, such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, using the maceration method. Anti-termite testing was performed using two paper disc methods: no- and two-choice tests. Whatman test paper was dripped with the extract solutions at concentrations of 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% (w/v). Subsequently, the treated paper disc was placed into an acrylic tube, and the subterranean termite was added. The parameters utilized in the test included termite mortality and the weight loss of the test paper. The results revealed that the total extract yield of C. inophyllum stem bark was 30.24%. Furthermore, the extractive substances from C. inophyllum bark exhibited anti-termite activity. The most favorable outcomes were obtained with the n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts at a concentration of 10%. The termite mortality and weight loss of the test paper were respectively 66% and 5.67% for the n-hexane extract and 66.67% and 6.19% for the ethyl acetate extract. In addition, the n-hexane extract contained friedelan-3-one, while the ethyl acetate extract contained 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, dinonyl ester, and friedelan-3-one. The results suggested that these compounds are responsible for the observed anti-termite activity.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2022

흰개미는 목조건축문화재의 주요 손상 원인 중 하나이며, 방제를 위해 살충제가 주로 사용되어 왔다. 흰개미 피해가 심한 국가들은 화학적 방제법의 대안으로 흰개미가 통과하지 못하는 망, 입자 등을 이용한 물리적 방어벽이 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 물리적 방어벽의 적용을 위해 국내 전역에 서식하는 R. speratus kyushuensis의 유입을 차단하는 모래의 적정 입도 범위를 규명하고자 하였다. 0.85~4.00 mm의 입도별 모래로 흰개미 유입 차단성을 평가한 결과 1.00~2.80 mm 입도 조건에서 흰개미의 유입을 효과적으로 차단하였다. 이보다 작은 입도 조건에서는 흰개미들이 모래 입자를 옮겨서 선형에 가까운 흰개미 길(mud tube)을 구축하여 모래층을 관통하였으며, 이보다 큰 입도 조건에서는 흰개미들이 모래 사이의 공극을 지나다니는 방법으로 모래층을 관통하는 양상이 확인되었다.