• 국제강구조저널
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1191-1199
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• 2018

Concepts of submerged floating tunnels (SFTs) for land connection have been continuously suggested and developed by several researchers and institutes. To maintain their predefined positions under various dynamic environmental loading conditions, the submerged floating tunnels should be effectively moored by reasonable mooring systems. With rational mooring systems, the design of SFTs should be confirmed to satisfy the structural safety, fatigue, and operability design criteria related to tunnel motion, internal forces, structural stresses, and the fatigue life of the main structural members. This paper presents a feasibility study of a submerged floating tunnel moored by an inclined tendon system. The basic structural concept was developed based on the concept of conventional cable-stayed bridges to minimize the seabed excavation, penetration, and anchoring work by applying tower-inclined tendon systems instead of conventional tendons with individual seabed anchors. To evaluate the structural performance of the new type of SFT, a hydrodynamic analysis was performed in the time domain using the commercial nonlinear finite element code ABAQUS-AQUA. For the main dynamic environmental loading condition, an irregular wave load was examined. A JONSWAP wave spectrum was used to generate a time-series wave-induced hydrodynamic load considering the specific significant wave height and peak period for predetermined wave conditions. By performing a time-domain hydrodynamic analysis on the submerged floating structure under irregular waves, the motional characteristics, structural stresses, and fatigue damage of the floating tunnel and mooring members were analyzed to evaluate the structural safety and fatigue performance. According to the analytical study, the suggested conceptual model for SFTs shows very good hydrodynamic structural performance. It can be concluded that the concept can be considered as a reasonable structural type of SFT.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2020

Submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is a type of tunnel which causes the tunnel segments to float in the water. When the SFTs are connected to the ground, the connection between the SFT and the subsea bored tunnel is fragile due to the difference in behavioral characteristics between the two types of tunnels. Therefore, special design and construction methods are needed to ensure the stability of the area around the connection. However, since previous research on the stability of the connection site has not been undertaken enough, the basic step necessitates the evaluation of ground behavior at the shore connection. In this study, the numerical analysis targeting the shore connection between the subsea bored tunnel and the SFT was simulated. The strain concentration at the shore connection was analyzed by numerical simulation and the effects of several factors were examined. The results showed the instability in the ground close to the shore connection due to the imbalance in the behavior of the two types of tunnels; the location of the strain concentration varies with different environmental and structural conditions. It is expected that the results from this study can be utilized in future studies to determine weak points in the shore connection between the submerged floating tunnel and the subsea bored tunnel, and devise methods to mitigate the risks.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.955-967
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• 2016

대륙 및 섬을 연결하는 교통 시설로써 지금까지 해상에 놓이는 교량과 해저 지반에 건설되는 해저 터널 그리고 내륙에서 건설하여 해저지반 위에 안착시킨 침매 터널이 사용되어 왔다. 해중 터널 구조물은 계류선을 이용하여 터널 본체를 특정 깊이 내로 잠수시킨 시설로써 아직 실제 건설 사례는 없지만, 해저 터널에 비해 건설 기간이 짧고 비용이 적게 든다는 장점이 있다. 해중 터널 본체 및 계류선의 합리적인 설계를 위해서는 무엇보다도 해중 터널 구조물의 합리적인 구조 해석이 선행되어야 한다. 일반적인 육상 교통 시설물과 달리 해중 터널은 변동성이 큰 환경 하중에 큰 영향을 받을 뿐 만 아니라 물 안에 잠수식으로 떠있다는 구조적인 특징이 있어서 그 해석이 까다로울 수 있다. 본 연구는 해중 터널 시스템의 합리적인 전체계 동적 구조 해석 기법의 제안을 목표로 한다. 이를 위하여 일반적인 구조물 해석에 널리 쓰이는 ABAQUS를 이용하여 KIOST (2013)에서 연구한 터널 모델을 각 환경 조건에 대한 동적 거동을 분석하였고, 이를 실험 결과와 비교하여 해석 기법의 타당성을 분석하였다. 또한 이 연구에서는 계류선의 배치형식, 터널의 흘수가 해중 터널 동적 거동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였고, 불규칙 파랑에 대한 특성 역시 분석하였다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.77-89
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• 2020

수중 부유식 터널은 터널 세그먼트가 부력에 의해 수중에 부유하도록 하는 터널의 한 유형으로, 최근 활발히 연구되고 있다. 수중터널이 지면에 연결되면 수중터널과 지반 내부의 지중터널이 연결되어야 하는데, 두 터널의 서로 다른 구속조건과 거동 특성에 의해 두 터널의 연결부위에 응력이 집중될 가능성이 매우 높다. 따라서 연결부 주변의 안정성을 보장하기 위해 특별한 설계 및 시공 방법을 적용해야 한다. 그러나 연결부 안정성에 대한 기존 연구가 충분히 수행되지 않아서 기본적인 단계의 연결부 안정성 검토에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 수중터널과 지중터널의 연결부를 수치해석을 통해 모사하여 연결부 주변 지반에서 전단 변형 집중이 발생하는 것을 확인하였고, 시공 시 처리할 수 있는 구조적 인자가 연결부 주변 지반의 안정성 확보에 어떠한 영향을 가지는지에 대해 분석하였다. 수치해석 결과는 두 종류의 터널이 가지는 변위의 불균형으로 인한 위험이 그라우팅 재료 및 조인트 자유도 구성을 통해 완화될 수 있음을 보였다. 이 연구에서 도출된 결과는 비록 수치해석을 통한 정성적인 결과이지만, 향후 연구에서 수중터널과 지중터널의 연결의 설계 시 주요하게 고려해야 하는 구조적 인자 및 위험 지역을 판단하는 것에 기여할 것이라 판단된다.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2017

This paper presents the numerical simulation results for the dynamic responses of two types of submerged floating tunnels (SFT) under wave and/or seismic excitations. Time domain simulations are conducted by the commercial program OrcaFlex (OF) and in-house CHARM3D program (CP). The dynamic performances of a short/rigid/free-end SFT section with vertical and inclined mooring lines are evaluated. The SFT numerical models were validated against Oh et al.'s (2013) model test results under regular wave conditions. Then the numerical models were further applied to the cases of irregular waves or seismic motions. The main results presented are SFT surge/heave motions and mooring tensions. The general trends and magnitudes obtained by the two different software packages reasonably agree to each other along with experimental results. When seabed seismic motions are applied to the SFT system, the dynamic responses of SFTs are small but dynamic mooring tension can significantly be amplified. In particular, horizontal earthquakes greatly increase the dynamic tension of the inclined mooring system, while vertical earthquakes cause similar effect on vertical mooring system.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2023

When a submerged floating tunnel is connected to the ground, there is a risk of stress concentration at the shore connection owing to the displacement imbalance caused by low confinement pressures in water and high confinement pressures in the ground. Here, the effects of the boundary condition and stiffness of the joints installed at the shore connection on the behaviors of a submerged floating tunnel and its shore connection were analyzed using a numerical method. The analysis results obtained with fixed and ground boundaries were similar due to the high stiffness of the ground boundary. However, the stability of the shore connection was found to be improved with the ground boundary as a small displacement was allowed at the boundary. The effect of the joint stiffness was evaluated by investigating the dynamic behavior of the submerged floating tunnel, the magnitude of the load acting on the bored tunnel, and the stress distribution at the shore connection. A lower joint stiffness was found to correspond to more effective relief of the stress concentration at the shore connection. However, it was confirmed that joints with low stiffness also increase the submerged floating tunnel displacement and decrease the frequency of the dynamic behavior, causing a risk of increased resonance when wave loads with low frequency are applied. Therefore, it is necessary to derive the optimal joint stiffness that can achieve both stress concentration relief and resonance prevention during the design of shore connections to secure their dynamic stability.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2014년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.719-721
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• 2014

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.207-218
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• 2022

In submerged floating tunnels (SFTs), a next-generation maritime transportation infrastructure, the tunnel module floats in water due to buoyancy. For the effective and economical use of SFTs, connection with the ground is inevitable, but the stability of the shore connection is weak due to stress concentration caused by the displacement difference between the subsea bored tunnel and the SFT. The use of an elastic joint has been proposed as a solution to solve the stability problem, but it changes the dynamic characteristics of the SFT, such as natural frequency and mode shape. In this study, the finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate the elastic joints in shore connections, assuming that the ground is a hard rock without displacement. In addition, a small-scale model test was performed for FEM model validation. A parametric study was conducted on the resonance behavior such as the natural frequency change and velocity, stress, and reaction force distribution change of the SFT system by varying the joint stiffness under loading conditions of various frequencies and directions. The results indicated that the natural frequency of the SFT system increased as the stiffness of the elastic joint increased, and the risk of resonance was the highest in the low-frequency environment. Moreover, stress concentration was observed in both the SFT and the shore connection when resonance occurred in the vertical mode. The results of this study are expected to be utilized in the process of quantitative research such as designing elastic joints to prevent resonance in the future.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2017

부유식 구조물의 계류선의 설계는 강도뿐만 아니라 피로수명 측면에서도 검토가 반드시 요구된다. 일반적으로 계류선의 피로 설계에는 동적 응력을 야기하는 하중이 지배적인 영향을 미치게 된다. 즉, 파랑이 주요 설계 하중으로 고려가 된다. 본 연구에서는 불규칙 파랑에 대한 해중 터널 계류선의 피로 손상 특성에 대해 분석한다. 시간 이력 유체-구조 동역학 해석을 통해 특정 환경 하중에 대한 해중터널의 동적 운동 및 계류선에 발생하는 장력과 응력을 계산하고, Rainflow 집계법 및 Palmgren-Miner의 법칙 그리고 DNV 기준에서 제시하는 해양구조물 설계를 위한 S-N 곡선을 고려하여 단기 피로 손상을 추정한다. 해중 터널의 계류 형식과 유사한 계류 형식을 갖는 인장각 플랫폼의 텐던 설계를 참고하여 100년 재현 주기 파랑이 48시간 지속되는 조건을 가정하여 이 환경 하중에 의한 피로 손상도를 추정한다. 본 해석 절차를 따르며, 함체의 흘수와 계류선의 간격 및 초기 기울임 각도가 피로 손상도에 미치는 영향을 분석한다.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.109-123
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• 2015

In the present study, the coupled dynamic response of a Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT) and mooring lines under regular waves is solved by using two independent numerical simulation methods, OrcaFlex and CHARM3D, in time domain. Variations of Buoyancy to Weight Ratio (BWR), wave steepness/period, and water/submergence depth are considered as design and environmental parameters in the study. Two different mooring-line configurations, vertical and inclined, are studied to find an optimum design in terms of limiting tunnel motions and minimizing mooring-line tension. The numerical results are successfully validated by direct comparison against published experimental data. The results show that tunnel motions and tether tensions grow with wave height and period and decrease with submergence depth. The inclined mooring system is more effective in restricting tunnel motions compared to the vertical mooring system. Overall, the present study demonstrates the feasibility of this type of structure as an alternative to traditional bridges or under-seabed tunnels.