• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to find how economic structures differ among four different household groups('enough', 'so so', 'a little difficult', 'very difficult') classified by subjective evaluation on their economic conditions. The data were drawn from 2004 Korean Labor and Income Panel Study conducted by Korea Labor Institute, and $X^2$-test and F-test were utilized by SPSS for Windows 10.0. The major findings were as following. First, the economic levels of household groups of 'enough' and 'so so' showed to be higher than the average. This result implies that households tend to evaluate by themselves their economic conditions comparing to the others. Second, the deviations of average economic levels among four different household groups were relatively bigger in household economic elements of liquid asset, monthly savings and insurance than the others, and relatively smaller in household economic elements of total expenditure, especially expenditures in food at home, education, medical, communication than the others. Third, the households of 'a little difficult' and 'very difficult' showed undesirable economic structures resulting from lack of savings and insurance for their future.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.37-51
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• 1993

The Objects of this study are: 1. To compare the housework time of housewives by region and employment status. 2. To compare the economic value of housework by region and employment status. 3. To evaluate the economic value of housework by each method. The subjects of this study were 815 housewives living in Taegu and Kyungsangpookdo. The statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentile, T-test, ANOVA and Seheffe test by SPSS PC programs: 1) The average housework time was 7.8hours per day. Full-time housewives spent 8.2hours and employed housewives spent 6.7hours to housework. 2) Partially there were significant difference in economic value of housework by employment status. 3) Estimates of economic value of housework by each method of evaluation are : (unit : won) sample mean method monthly (1) Specialized substitute method 587,080 (2) Overall substitute method 760,640 (3) Opportunity cost method 556,060 (4) Reservation wage method 534,070 (5) Subjective evalution method 644,540

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.2 s.74
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• pp.137-148
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• 2005

This study compared one-child households' economic structures between those who determined not to have more children and those who have a birth plan. This study examined the demographic characteristics and economic variables such as income, consumption expenditures, assets. debt, and a subjective evaluation of future economic status. Especially, it compared the effects of socioeconomic variables on expenditures on a child between low-fertility and birth-planned households. From a questionnaire completed by a husband or wife of one-child households, 154 low-fertility households and 201 birth-planned households were obtained. A t-test, chi-square test, multiple regression analysis and a dummy variable interaction technique were used. The findings of this study are as follows: First, low-fertility households were older, had higher income, and had more educated, employed wives. Their marital duration was longer, and their child was older than those of birth-planned households. Second, low-fertility households had higher consumption expenditures than did birth-planned households. Especially, expenditures of apparel and shoes, health care, education, and entertainment were significantly higher for low-fertility households. Also, low-fertility households spent more than did birth-planned households on a child. However, low-fertility households had significantly more debt than did their counterparts, and their expectation level of future economic status were lower than that of birth-planned households. Third, the effects of socioeconomic variables on expenditures on a child were different between low-fertility and birth-planned households. Age, education level, husband's occupation, wife's employment status, income, net asset, and subjective evaluation of future economic status showed significant differences. Income elasticity of expenditure on a child was significantly higher for low-fertility households than their counterparts.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2003

This study analyzed the objective indicators of household economic structures, such as income, expenditure, and debts, as well as a subjective evaluation of economic standards, and compared the households of commuting couples (so called Weekend couples) with those of non-commuting couples. Findings of this study are as follows. First, both husbands and wives in commuter marriages had a higher level of education, were younger, had poorer health, and had shorter working hours than the couples in non-commuter marriages. Second, commuting couples had a significantly higher income than non-commuting couples. In addition, commuting couples had a greater amount of savings, had a higher cost of living, and lower debts than non-commuting couples. Third, commuting couples evaluated their status of household economy more negatively than non-commuting couples. Despite the fact that the commuting couples were more affluent in terms of the objective indicators, including income, savings, and assets, their level of health and psychological well-being were compromised. Lastly, factors determining commuter marriages were the number of years the husband has spent in his job, and the husband's level of education. The shorter the tenure of the husband's job, and the higher the level of husband's education, the more likely the couple was in a commuter marriage.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.125-134
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• 2002

Purpose: The objectives for this study were to identify the factors that correlate with appraisal of illness and to explore what variables are predictive of cancer patients primary caregivers' cognitive appraisal for stress. Method: The subjects were selected by convenient sampling and 130 caregivers who completed a questionnaire. Measures used in this study included the Family Inventory of Resources for Management, Social Support Index, Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales and Family Coping Coherence Index. Pearson correlation was used to identify the relationship among factors and multiple regression was used to determine the individual and cumulative effect of potential predictors on the caregivers' appraisal. Results: Patient's level of activity, severity of the disease, quality of relation between patient and caregiver, caregiver's subjective health status, economic status, family resources and coping were significantly correlated. Among the variables, coping, family resources, economic status and quality of relation between caregiver and patient predicted 49.2 percent of the variance in appraisal of caregivers' stress condition. Conclusion: These findings suggest that coping mechanisms and family resources are important for positive appraisal. Nurses should provide adequate nursing care for the primary caregiver about professional care information and supportive counseling.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.89-109
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• 2006

The 'Joongsancheung(JSC)', a unique term for the middle class in Korea, is defined as a stratum sharing common lifestyles and a certain level of life chances. It involves non-economic factors such as life chance, educational attainment, occupational groups as well as economic factor. Such objective measures as the occupational status of the main breadwinner, family income, and the educational level of respondent, and subjective measures of class identification are used for the operational definition of the JSC. Data from a national survey of 1,515 respondents is analyzed to investigate the change of the JSC in size and the major determinants of class identification. The results show that while there is no strong evidence of any significant change of the JSC by the objective measures during the recent decade, there seems to be a slight decrease in the subjective class identification. In addition, binary logistical regression analysis reveals that self-identification of JSC is heavily influenced by house ownership, along with subjective evaluation of one's own income and property ownership. This study demonstrates that the apparent class polarization in Korean society reflects not so much objective conditions but subjective perception of respondent of his or her circumstance. It is suggested that problems of housing and relative derivation people have as regards income and property should be resolved to alleviate such class polarization in Korean society.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore socio-economic factors as determinants of food behavior and self-evaluation on meeting dietary guidelines. The data were derived from the KNHANES collected in 2007. A multidimensional framework of the determinants of food behavior was used, including age, gender, region, occupation, education, income and nutritional knowledge. The determinants of food behavior and self-evaluation were estimated by ordered logistic regression models. Food behavior was measured by dietary diversity scores including six food groups, which were cereals, vegetables, meats, fruits, milk, and oils. Self-evaluation on meeting dietary guidelines was based on responses from questionnaires for implementing Korean dietary guidelines. In general, the respondents who fulfilled all criteria were few. There were some differences between dietary diversity scores and self-evaluation on meeting dietary guidelines. Age, gender, and educational level showed effect on food behavior and self-evaluation. For dietary diversity scores, the individuals who were younger male, graduated from college were more likely to consume more various foods. The individuals who were older female, graduated from high school were more likely to meet dietary guidelines. Occupation was associated only with self-evaluation. Age and gender were associated with food behavior as well as self-evaluation. Income and marital status were associated only with dietary diversity scores. Reading food label and occupation were associated only with self-evaluation. The food behavior of married individuals was less in line with the dietary diversity scores than singles. In conclusion the differences between objective measure and subjective measure on individuals' diet showed more efforts like segmented nutritional education would be needed to increase the quality of dietary life.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 2006

This study was conducted as a survey to find out middle-aged persons's housing preferences for a future elderly housing and to grasp background characteristics of persons influencing the preferences and the effect of elderly's aging situations on the changes of their preferences. A sample of 300 middle-aged people was selected purposely from parents of university students living in Gwang-ju city. Questionnaires were administered to parents by students and analysed with SPSS Windows 10 program. Middle-aged persons's housing preferences were differed according to elderly's aging situations, in the case of healthy situation, they tended to prefer to stay present house without their children in irrespective to couple or single, whereas in the case of unhealthy situation, they tended to prefer to live with their children. and couples showed preferences for planned housing for the elderly and singles showed preferences for elderly housing facilities with care services. The most important characteristics of elderly housing among middle-aged people was a places where they can enjoy leisure and provide home-help services, located in the suburbs. Also middle-aged persons were likely to prefer to a green spaces such as garden, path for walking, and madang for the elderly housing. Needs for community care services (NCCS) were required above the average. Among the items of NCCS, a visiting medical examination was the most demanding, and a visiting nursing services, a emergency calling bell, and home repairs were sequently followed in the level of needs. The characteristics of the elderly housing which preferred to and needs for community care services were influenced by middle-aged persons's age, gender, subjective evaluation of economic abilities, tenure status, the cost of living, and the size of housing. This findings suggests that it must to be considered to develop various types of the elderly housing depending on socioeconomic status.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.665-676
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• 2021

As the number of deteriorated buildings increases, the importance of safety diagnosis and maintenance of buildings has been rising. Existing visual investigations and building safety diagnosis objectivity and reliability are poor due to their reliance on the subjective judgment of the examiner. Therefore, this study presented the limitations of the previously conducted appearance investigation and proposed 3D Point Cloud data to increase the accuracy of existing detailed inspection data. In addition, this study conducted a calculation of an objective building safety grade using a Deep-Neural Network(DNN) structure. The DNN structure is generated using the existing detailed inspection data and precise safety diagnosis data, and the safety grade is calculated after applying the state evaluation data obtained using a 3D Point Cloud model. This proposed process was applied to 10 deteriorated buildings through the case study, and achieved a time reduction of about 50% compared to a conventional manual safety diagnosis based on the same building area. Subsequently, in this study, the accuracy of the safety grade calculation process was verified by comparing the safety grade result value with the existing value, and a DNN with a high accuracy of about 90% was constructed. This is expected to improve economic feasibility in the future by increasing the reliability of calculated safety ratings of old buildings, saving money and time compared to existing technologies.