• 수면정신생리
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.15-28
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• 1997

Longterm memory is encoded in the neuronal connectivities of the brain. The most successful models of human memory in their operations are models of distributed and self-organized associative memory, which are founded in the principle of simulaneous convergence in network formation. Memory is not perceived as the qualities inherent in physical objects or events, but as a set of relations previously established in a neural net by simultaneousy occuring experiences. When it is easy to find correlations with existing neural networks through analysis of network structures, memory is automatically encoded in cerebral cortex. However, in the emergence of informations which are complicated to classify and correlated with existing networks, and conflictual with other networks, those informations are sent to the subcortex including hippocampus. Memory is stored in the form of templates distributed across several different cortical regions. The hippocampus provides detailed maps for the conjoint binding and calling up of widely distributed informations. Knowledge about the distribution of correlated networks can transform the existing networks into new one. Then, hippocampus consolidats new formed network. Amygdala may enable the emotions to influence the information processing and memory as well as providing the visceral informations to them. Cortico-striatal-pallido-thalamo-cortical loop also play an important role in memory function with analysis of language and concept. In case of difficulty in processing in spite of parallel process of informations, frontal lobe organizes theses complicated informations of network analysis through temporal processing. With understanding of brain mechanism of memory and information processing, the brain mechanism of mental phenomena including psychopathology can be better explained in terms of neurobiology and meuropsychology.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.167-179
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• 2000

Objective : We studied to clarify the effective time zone of mild hypothermic neural protection during ischemia and/or reperfusion after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Methods : In a reversible cerebral infarct model which maintained reperfusion of blood flow after middle cerebral artery occlusion for two hours, the size of cerebral infarction, cerebral edema and the extent of neurological deficit were observed and analyzed for comparison between the control and the experimental groups under hypothermia($33.5^{\circ}C$). The temporalis muscle temperature was reduced to $33.5^{\circ}C$ by surface cooling for two hours during middle cerebral artery occlusion for study group I. The following groups applied hypothermia for two-hour periods after reperfusion : group II(0-2 hours), group III(2-4 hours), and group IV(4-6 hours). They were rewarmed to $36.5^{\circ}C$ until sacrified at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after reperfusion. Control group was maintained at normothermia without hypothermia. Results : In the experimental groups with hypothermia, the average value of the size of cerebral infarction($mean{\pm}SD$) was $1.97{\pm}1.65%$, which was a remarkable reduction over that of the control, $4.93{\pm}3.79%$. In the control, a progressive increase was shown in the size of infarction from point of reperfusion to 6 hours after reperfusion without further changes in size afterward. Intra-ischemic hypothermia(group I) prevented ischemic injury but did not prevent reperfusion injury. Group II examplified the most neural protective effect in comparison to the control group and group IV(p<0.05). The cortex was more vulnerable to reperfusion injury than the subcortex. Mild hypothermia showed more neural protective effects on the cortex than subcortex. Conclusion : The most appropriate time zone for application of mild hypothermia was defined to be within four hours following reperfusion.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.457-459
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• 2011

A rare case of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage from newly developed cerebral aneurysm in glioblastoma patient is presented. A 57-year-old man was presented with headache and memory impairment. On the magnetic resonance image and the magnetic resonance angiography, a large enhancing mass was found at right frontal subcortex and intracranial aneurysm was not found. The mass was removed subtotally and revealed as glioblastoma. He took concurrent PCV chemotherapy and radiation therapy, but the mass recurred one month later after radiotherapy. He was then treated with temozolomide for 7 cycles. Three months after the completion of temozolomide therapy, he suffered from a subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a rupture of a small de novo aneurysm at distal anterior cerebral artery. He underwent an aneurysm clipping and discharged without neurologic complication.

• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.81-92
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of auricular acupressure on anxiety and sleep among patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer. Methods: A nonequivalent control group nonsynchronized design was employed. The experimental group received auricular acupressure on specific acupoints (shenmen, heart, kidney, subcortex), and the control group received auricular acupressure on helix 1, helix 2, helix 3, and helix 4 three times a day for three weeks. A total of 60 women were divided into an experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) group. Patient recruitment occurred between May and August 2019. The collected data were analyzed by a chi-square test, paired t-test, and independent t-tests using the SPSS 21.0 program. Results: There was a significant decrease in anxiety(t=4.61, p=<.001) and increase in sleep(t=3.81, p=<.001) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusions: The findings confirm that auricular acupressure is an effective nursing intervention to decrease anxiety felt by patients undergoing chemotherapy and to increase the quality of their sleep.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2015

서론 : 실행증과 관련된 신경학적 손상에 대한 이해는 병변 부위에 따른 증상을 예측하고 적절한 치료와 목표를 구성하는데 기반이 될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 문헌고찰을 통하여 관념운동실행증의 원인과 행동 오류의 기전을 알아보고, 이와 더불어 치료에 이용될 수 있는 근거를 제시하고자 한다. 본론 : 실행의 모델에서 알 수 있듯이 관념운동실행증은 실행 시스템에서 생산적 측면만의 손상으로 발생할 수 있으며 신경학적 부위는 피질하 손상보다는 피질 수준의 손상이 더 흔하다. 제스쳐를 통한 연구에 따르면 팔의 동작과 관련하여서는 왼쪽 두정엽, 손가락 자세에 따른 동작은 전두엽의 기능과 관련이 있다. 실제 물체를 사용함으로써 얻어질 수 있는 시각, 촉각의 자극들은 익숙한 동작에 대한 기억과는 별도로 올바른 동작을 유도시킬 수 있다. 결론 : 실행은 다양한 신경학적 부위의 처리 과정을 통해 일어나며 다양한 외부의 자극들이 실행에 도움을 줄 수 있음으로 관념운동실행증의 치료에는 이러한 자극들을 이용하는 것이 필요할 것이다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.210-214
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• 2006

Objective : We investigate risk factors of cerebral microbleeds[MBs] and their relation to concomitant magnetic resonance[MR] findings in intracerebral hemorrhages[ICHs] patients. Methods : We studied 100 consecutive patients with primary ICH over a 1-year period. These patients underwent brain MR images using 3.0-T scanners within the first week of the hemorrhage. MBs and old hematomas were located and counted by using $T2^*-weighted$ gradient-echo MR imaging. We also counted lacunes and graded white matter and periventricular hyperintensity on T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo sequences. The association between MBs and vascular risk factors and MR abnormalities were analyzed. Results : MBs were seen in 77 of ICH patients, and their number ranged from 1 to 65 lesions [mean 11, median 6]. The locations of MBs were subcortex-cortex [40.6%], basal ganglia [26.7%], thalamus [14.1 %], brain stem [12.5%], and cerebellum [9.1 %]. Analysis of clinical data revealed that age, hypertension, history of stroke, and duration of hypertension were frequently associated with MBs. The incidence of lacunes, old hematomas, and advanced leukoaraiosis was significantly higher in the MBs group, compared with the patients without MBs. Conclusion : MBs are frequently observed in ICH patients with advancing age, chronic hypertension, and previous hemorrhagic stroke, and are also closely related with morphological signs of occlusive type microangiopathy, such as lacunar infarct and severe leukoaraiosis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제30권sup2호
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• pp.259-265
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• 2001

Objectives : Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage(S-ICH) is generally considered to be a mon-ophasic event. But some patients with ICH continued to bleed even after hospitalization. In order to evaluate the rebleeding and growth factor of hematoma in small volume S-ICH, 125 cases of S-ICH were reviewed retrospectively. Methods : We assesed age, sex, initial mental state, location of hemorrhage, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood pressure patterns, hematologic profile, trauma and stroke history, alcohol consumption and smoking history. Two subgroups-rebleeding groups versus no rebleeding groups-were compared, in terms of data analysis, with student T-test and chi-square test. Results : Substantial growth in the volume of S-ICH occurred in 21 cases(16.8%)-putamen(7 cases), thalamus(6 cases), subcortex(5 cases), cerebellum(2 cases), pons(1 case)-of the 125 patients. There was no significant difference in any of the parameters except initial systolic blood pressure(p=0.037) when patients with and without rebleeding were compared. Conclusion : The rebleeding and growth of the small volume S-ICH was related to the markedly elevated initial systolic blood pressure(${\geq}180mmHg$) and labile pattern of blood pressure.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제30권sup1호
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• pp.115-119
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• 2001

Objective : The cause and clinical outcome of cerebral hemorrhage in patients on maintenance hemodialysis have been poorly studied in korea. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the clincal features and the outcome of cerebral hemorrhage in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Method : We analyzed clincal features and the outcome of cerebral hemorrhage in 14 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Hematomas were reviewed and evaluated for location, size, and intraventricular extension by the one of the authors without any prior informations. The axial slice of CT film that the hematoma was appeared in maximal dimension was chosen for evaluations. Result : Hypertension was found in 71.4%(10 cases) and motality rate was 78.5%(11 cases). Basal ganglia hemorrhage was found in 50%(7 cases), subcortex in 28.5%(4 cases), pons in 14.2%(2 cases). Size of hematoma in patients on maintenance hemodialysis was significantly larger than that of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage patients(p=0.0061). The 4 cases of basal ganglia hemorrhage without intraventricular hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage were good mental state at the onset of stroke because of small mass effect relative to the size of hematoma. The duration of hemodialysis treatment prior to strokes ranged from 1 to 107 months. Strokes developed within 6 hours of the previous hemodialysis are 5 cases. Average serum albumin concentration was 3.4g/dl. The use of heparin is less responsible for the development of cerebral hemorrhage in patients on maintenance hemodialysis Conclusion : Cerebral hemorrhage in patients on maintenance hemodialysis is more severe in terms of hematoma size and clinical outcome. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of cerebral hemorrhage in patients on maintenance hemodialysis should be more aggressive.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2004

Objective : The purpose of this study is to present the epidemiological data on patients with a stroke admitted to Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Oriental Medical Hospital Kyung Hee University and to investigate the difference between preceding diseases of stroke. Methods : We reviewed medical records of 700 patients with a stroke admitted to Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Oriental Medical Hospital, Kyung Hee University. Results: The incidence of cerebral infarction was 6.7 times that of cerebral hemorrhage. The incidence in males was 1.28 times of that in females. The incidence of stroke increased with aging and more cerebral hemorrhage occured in lower age group than cerebral infarction. There was higher morbidity in October, during the changing of the seasons, than any other months. Hypertension was the most common preceding disease followed by diabetis mellitus, heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and according to Odds's ratio for Male/Female, the probability of having preceding diseases was higher in females than males. In cerebral infarction, MCA territory was the most frequent lesion sites. Of the cerebral hemorrhage, basal ganglia (60%) was the most commonly involved site which was followed by thalamus(33.3%), cortex (3.3%) and subcortex (2.2%). The most common symptom accompanied by stroke was motor dysfunction which was followed by verbal disturbance, urination disorder and dysphagia. Conclusion : This study showed the trends of stroke in Oriental medical center. We expects that Multicenter cooperative and prospective study including Oriental Medicine will be inspired by this study for establishing more accurate chacteristics of stroke in Korea in the future.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 1999

목 적: 지각 장애가 어떤 뇌의 부위와 기능에 장애가 있을 때 발생되는지를 알아보기 위해 정신과와 뇌손상 환자에서 신경심리 검사와 지각 장애와 관계성을 조사하였다. 방 법: 정신과 환자 69명, 뇌손상 환자 50명, 총 119명에서 Halstead Reitan 신경 심리 검사와 K-WAIS, MMPI를 시행하였다. MMPI 항목 중 지각 장애와 관계되는 9개 항목에서 산출된 점수와 신경심리 검사의 결과와의 상관 관계를 조사하였다. 또 정신과 환자에서 지각 장애 점수가 높은 지각 장애군 21명과 지각 장애가 없는 지각 장애 17명을 t-test로 비교하였다. 결 과: 뇌손상 환자군에서 지각 장애가 전두엽 기능을 보는 범주화 검사, 선로 잇기 검사, 촉각 수행 검사, 손끝 숫자 쓰기 검사와 우측 반구 기능을 보는 촉각 수행 검사의 위치, 동작성 점수, 빠진곳 찾기, 차례 맞추기, 토막 짜기 등과 유의한 상관 관계를 보였다. 또 피질하 기능을 보는 숫자 상징, 산수, 숫자 외우기와 유의한 상관 관계를 보였다. 정신과 환자의 높은 지각 장애군은 우측 반구 편측화 지수와 빠진 곳 찾기, 토막 짜기와 같은 우측 반구 기능에서 유의한 차이가 있었고, 또 이해, 어휘, 공통성과 같은 좌측 반구 기능에서도 유의한 차이가 있었다. 결 론: 지각 장애는 전두엽, 우측 반구, 피질하 구조의 기능과 깊은 연관성을 가지고 발생이 되며, 정신과 환자군에서는 좌측 반구의 기능도 영향을 주는 것으로 생각된다.