• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.497-504
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• 2008

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to report prevalence and to identify risk factors of subclinical mastitis of dairy cattle in Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Among 325 dairy farms of the district 12 farms(3.7%) were selected conveniently for this study. All the dairy cows of the 12 farms were selected for sample collection. Fresh milk samples from each of the selected dairy cows were collected aseptically in separate sterilized test tube as RF, RH, LF and LH quarter of the udder. Rapid modified White Side Test(WST) was used to detect subclinical mastitis(SCM). Results of WST and data derived from filled in questionnaire were entered in Microsoft Excel 2003 and transferred to $STATA^{(R)}$, version 8.0/Intercooled(Stata Corporation, Texas, USA, 2003). The overall prevalence of SCM and its distribution in different categories of variables in cow and their exact binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated in $STATA^{(R)}$. Simple bivariable associations among independent variables were investigated by $x^2$ test in $STATA^{(R)}$. Multiple logistic regression analysis with backward elimination method was used to identify risk factors of SCM. To identify significant variation in quarter SCM, linear regression analysis was performed after arcsine transformation of the data. The overall prevalence of SCM found in this study is 54%. Dairy cows with teat lesions had significantly increased SCM(OR=12342, P value=0.000, 95% CI=762, 199798) than others without teat lesions. The Holstein Friesian X Jersey X Sahiwal breed has significantly decreased(OR=0.18, p=0.03, 95% CI 0.04, 0.85) SCM than other breeds. The prevalence of SCM found in this study is in agreement with others. The injury in the teat increases the probability of getting infected with microbes and thereby mastitis. If the prevalence of teat lesion can be decreased the probability of subclinical mastitis will also be decreased. The negatively associated Holstein Friesian X Jersey X Sahiwall breed may help in planning mastitis control program if this finding can be validated by a more powerful case-control or cohort study design.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.12
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• pp.46.1-46.19
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• 2015

Background: This study examined whether activation of innate immunity and alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism precede development of subclinical mastitis (SCM). Methods: Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein from 100 Holstein dairy cows at -8, -4, disease diagnosis week, and +4 weeks postpartum. Six healthy cows (controls - CON) and six cows that showed clinical signs of SCM were selected for serum analyses. All serum samples were analyzed for acute phase proteins (APP) haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA); proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and serum lactate, BHBA, and NEFA concentration. Data of DMI, milk production, and milk composition were recorded and analyzed. Results: The results showed that cows with SCM had greater concentrations of SAA, TNF (P < 0.01), and lactate before expected day of parturition (P < 0.05) compared to CON cows. Cows with SCM showed greater concentrations of lactate starting at -8 weeks (P < 0.05) and TNF starting at -4 weeks prior to the expected day of parturition (P < 0.01). Interestingly, at -4 weeks, concentrations of IL-1 and Hp were lower in cows with SCM compared to healthy cows (P < 0.01) followed by an increase during the week of disease diagnosis (P < 0.05). Subclinical mastitis was associated with lower DMI, at -4 weeks before calving, milk production (P < 0.05) and increased somatic cell counts (SCC) (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that SCM is preceded by activated innate immunity and altered carbohydrate metabolism in transition dairy cows. Moreover the results support the idea that Hp, lactate, and SAA, at -8 weeks, and TNF and IL-1 at -4 weeks can be used as early indicators to screen cows during dry off for disease state.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.253-257
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• 2015

Oregano (Origanum vulgare) is an aromatic herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family. This study evaluated the therapeutic effect of oregano essential oil (OEO) on clinical bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and/or Escherichia (E.) coli. Thirty-two quarters from 18 lactating cows with subclinical mastitis were selected from a dairy farm and were divided into 4 groups (8 quarters/group): negative control (CON), positive control (GEN) and two OEO-treated groups (OEO-1 and OEO-2). Each group was intramammarily treated with saline, 10 g/tube of gentamicin ointment, and single and double doses of 0.9 mL OEO ointment twice a day for three days, respectively. After the treatments, physical udder conditions were greatly improved in GEN and OEO groups. In CON group, somatic cell counts (SCCs), number of white blood cells (WBC) and bacteria were increased. However, in OEO groups, SCCs and number of WBC were significantly decreased and S. aureus and E. coli were not detected in milk as compared with those before the treatments as well as GEN group. These results suggest that OEO may be a useful alternative to antibiotics for the control of subclinical bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus and/or E. coli.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.78.1-78.10
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• 2021

Background: Recurrent subclinical mastitis (RScM) due to resistant bacteria has low clinical and bacteriological cure rates, often requiring the culling of cows. The sequential intramammary administration of enrofloxacin hydrochloride-dihydrate (enro-C) followed by ceftiofur HCl may be useful for treating these cases. Objectives: This study assessed the bacteriological and clinical cure-efficacies of the sequentially intramammary administration of enro-C, followed by ceftiofur HCl to treat RScM in Holstein/Friesian cows. Methods: This trial was conducted in a herd with a high prevalence of RScM, and 20 Holstein/Friesian cows were included: 45% suffering subclinical mastitis and 38.9% of the mammary quarters affected. Twenty-nine bacterial isolates in vitro resistant to enro-C were obtained (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp, 55.2%; Staphylococcus aureus, 27.6%; Escherichia coli, 6.9%; Streptococcus uberis, 6.9%; Corynebacterium bovis, 3.4%). Polymerase chain reaction-isolated the following genes linked to enro-C resistance: chromosomal (gyrA) and plasmid (aac(6')-lb-cr). The treatments were as follows: twice-daily intramammary infusions of enro-C (300 mg/10 mL) for 5 days. Cows clinically considered treatment failures were also treated with intramammary ceftiofur (125 mg/10 mL, twice daily for 5 days. The clinical and bacteriological cure rates were carried out when completing each treatment phase and at 14 and 21 days, aided by a California mastitis test, somatic cell count, and failure to identify the initially causative bacteria. Results: Enro-C achieved 65% clinical and bacteriological cure rates, and 100% cure rates were obtained after the rescue treatment with ceftiofur HCl. Conclusions: Outstanding clinical and bacteriological cure rates in cows affected by RScM were achieved with the consecutive intramammary infusions of enro-C, followed by ceftiofur HCl.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.709-717
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• 2024

Objective: Abnormally increased somatic cell counts (SCCs) in milk is usually a sign of bovine subclinical mastitis. Mutual interaction between the host and its associated microbiota plays an important role in developing such diseases. The main objective of this study was to explore the difference between cows with elevated SCCs and healthy cattle from the perspective of host-microbe interplay. Methods: A total of 31 milk samples and 23 bovine peripheral blood samples were collected from Holstein dairy cattle to conduct an integrated analysis of transcriptomic and metagenomics. Results: The results showed that Ralstonia and Sphingomonas were enriched in cows with subclinical mastitis. The relative abundance of the two bacteria was positively correlated with the expression level of bovine transcobalamin 1 and uridine phosphorylase 1 encoding gene. Moreover, functional analysis revealed a distinct alternation in some important microbial biological processes. Conclusion: These results reveal the relative abundance of Ralstonia and Sphingomonas other than common mastitis-causing pathogens varied from healthy cows to those with subclinical mastitis and might be associated with elevated SCCs. Potential association was observed between bovine milk microbiota composition and the transcriptional pattern of some genes, thus providing new insights to understand homeostasis of bovine udder.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.121-138
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• 1982

The present study was conducted in order to investigate the role of yeast-like fungi in bovine mastitis. Attempts were made to isolate and identify yeast-like fungi from the milk from normal udders and those with clinical or subclinical mastitis and from feces. Also incuded in the study were trials for the pathogenicity of the isolates for laboratory animals and efficacy of an anti-fungal drug for the treatment of mastitis. A total of 133 isolates of yeast-like fungi was made from milk and feces and they were identified as Candida (C.) albicans (5 isolates), C. krusei (63 isolates), C. tropicalis (27 isolates), Torulopsis (T.) glabrata (10 isolates), Rhodotourla sp. (6 isolates), Hansenula sp. (6 isolates) and Pichia sp. (1 isolate). Sixty seven strains of yeast-like fungi were isolated from the milk of 64 quarters (4.3% of quarters examined) of 55 cows (14.3% of cows examined). C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis, C. parapsilosis and T. glabrata were isolated as the causative agents from 20 quarters (1.3% of quarters examined) with clinical mastitis. C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. albicans, C. pseudotropicalis, T. glabrata, Rhodotorula sp. and Hansenula sp. were isolated as the causative agents from 22 quarters (1.5% quarters examined) with subclinical mastitis. C. tropicalis, C. krusei, T. glabrata and Rhodotorula sp. were isolated as the contaminants from 22 normal quarters (1.5% of quarters examined). C. krusei, C albicans, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis, C. parapsilosis, T. glabrata, Hansenula sp., Rhodotorula sp. and Pichia sp. were isolated as the contaminants from feces and all of the species except Pichia sp. were isolated from milk of the same cows at the some time. Intramammary infusion of nystatin was effective for the treatment of mastitis caused by C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotoropicalis, C. parapsilosis, T. glabrata and Rhodotorula sp. C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis, T. glabrata, Hamsenula sp. and Pichia sp. were pathogenic for rat but C. parapsilosis and Rhodotorula sp. were not.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.393-398
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• 2023

We identified mastitis-causing pathogens using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) in an organic dairy farm and evaluated the effects of antimicrobial restriction on antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 43 Holstein cows without any clinical sign of mastitis were used in this study, and 172 quarter milk samples were cultured on blood agar plates for 24 hours at 37℃. Subsequently, bacterial species were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed. The subclinical mastitis infection rates in the cows and quarters were 58.1% (25/43) and 25.6% (44/172), respectively. In the species identification, Staphylococcus aureus (40.9%) was the most prominent isolate, followed by S. chromogenes (22.7%), S. epidermis (18.2%), S. simulans (11.4%), S. haemolyticus (2.3%), S. muscae (2.3%), and S. xylosus (2.3%). In the antimicrobial susceptibility test, all isolates were 100% susceptible to 24 of 28 antibiotics, except for benzylpenicillin, cefalotin, cefpodoxime, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The resistance rates of S. aureus, S. chromogenes, and S. muscae isolates to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were 27.8%, 10%, and 100%, respectively, and the resistance rates of S. epidermis and S. xylosus to benzylpenicillin were 50% and 100%, respectively. S. chromogenes, S. epidermis, S. simulans, S. haemolyticus, and S. xylosus were resistant to cefalotin and cefpodoxime. In conclusion, restrictions on antimicrobial use for organic dairy farm certification have resulted in a high Staphylococcus spp. infection rate. Therefore, our study indicates the importance of mastitis management strategies implemented by farmers together with veterinary practitioners, even if mastitis does not appear clinically in organic dairy farms.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.846-853
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• 1999

To evaluate clinical effects of autogenous toxoid-bacterin treatment for Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis in lactating cows, 22 cows which had at least one S aureus infected quarter were selected from one S aureus prevalent dairy farm, of which 11 cows were injected their own autogenous toxoid-bacterin and the others were maintain as noninjected control. In the toxoid-bacterin injected group, 27% of infected quarters were cured during the 12 weeks trials as compared to 5% in the control group. New intramammary infections with S aureus were only detected in three-quarters of the control group. Mean IgG antibody titers against S aureus somatic antigens and $\alpha$-toxin in serum and milk were significantly increased in the toxoid-bacterin injected group (p < 0.05) and remained higher than those of the control group which showed no significant changes (p < 0.05). From 3 weeks after second injection (at 7 week), mean S aureus CFU/ml in milk samples from previously infected quarters with S aureus of the toxoid-bacterin injected group was lower than that from preinjection state (p < 0.05). In the toxoid-bacterin injected group, significant decrease of mean SCC was detected from milk samples from previously infected quarters with S aureus from week 7 to week 10 (p < 0.05). These data suggested that autogenous toxoid-bacterin treatment aganist S aureus subclinical mastitis in lactating cows might increase the cure rate of the infections, reduce the severity of the infections and also prevent occurrence of the new infections.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 1986

This paper deals with the incidence of bovine mastitis for 743 quarters and distribution of Staphylococci for the quarter and 70 bulk milk samples in the northern area of Gyeongbuk during the period from January to December 1984. Isolated Staphylococci were examined for species, subgroups, antibiotic resistance and penicillinase production. The results obtained were summarized as follows : A total of 25(73.5%) of 34 herds, 102(54.3%) of 188 cows and 208(30.3%) of 743 quarters were found to be infected with subclinical mastitis. A total of 83(83.1%) of 102 cows, 94(45.2%) of 208 mastitic quarters and 55(78.6%) of 70 bulk milk samples were isolated Staphylococci. Three hundred and eighteen strains of Staphylococci were classified into 11 species. Of these speoies, S. aureus from mastitis and S. sciuri from bulk milk were found most frequently, followed by S. epidermidis, S. simulans, S. cohnii, S. haemolyticus, S. xylosus, S. hyicus subsp. chromogenes, S. saprophyticus, S. warneri, S hyicus subsp. hyicus. Subgroups of catalase-positive and negative cocci were belonged most frequently to subgroup I, and subgroups III and III b, respectively. The method of Pelzer of al(97.8%) was more classified than that of Baird-Parker (68.5%). One hundred and sixty one strains(50.6%) of 318 Staphylococci isolates were resistance to one or more antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Isolates from subclinical mastitis were more resistant to antibiotics than its from bulk milk. Of the 318 Staphylococci Isolates, 128(40.3%) gave positive reaction for the penicillinase test, all of ampicillin resistance strains produced this emzyme.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.273-278
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• 1982

A total of 136 dairy cows were subjected to test for bovine mastitis by AHI mastitis detector, microbiological test (MT) and California mastitis test (CMT). The results obtained were summarlized as follows: MT indicated that the most important causative microorganisms isolated from mastitic milk were Staphylococcus aureus (59.3%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (16.4%), Streptococcus agalactiae (12.4%) and Streoticoccus uberis (4.4%). In Holstein breed, the critical threshold of electrical conductivity values of normal and mastitic milk were found to be less than $6,900{\mu}S$ and above, $7,700{\mu}S$, respectively. Although there was goad agreement (92.0%) between AHI mastitis detector test and CMT for the diagnosis of bovine mastitis, the diagnostic efficiency of AHI mastitis detector (80.0%) was higher than that of CMT (74.0%) when compared with microbiological findings. In addition, handiness and objectivity of AHI mastitis detector for the detection of mastitic milk suggested that this could effectively be used for the diagnosis of both clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis in field.