• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.358-368
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• 1999

Subacute toxicity study was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats after daily dermal administration of Sangmosu (0.2, 1.0 and 5.0 g/kg) for one month. There were no clinical signs and pathological changes compared with control group. Bodyweights were not significantly changed between control and Sangmosu treatment groups. In histopathological examinations, there were some pneumonia in lung tissues at all groups of Sangmosu treatment including control, but it was not considered to be caused by Sangmosu. These results suggest that Sangmosu does not induce any significant subacute dermal toxicities in Sprague-Dawley rats.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.85-92
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• 2001

Objective : This study was purposed to investigate the acute. subacute toxicity of Herbal acupuncture with Juglandis Semen(JsD) in mice and rats. Methods & Results: Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with JsD for $LD_{50}$ and acute toxicity test Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with JsD for subacute toxicity test. Results: The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. LD50 was uncountable as could not find the expired of treat group. 2. The clinical signs and body weight changes of mice treated with 0.2cc, 0.4cc JsD were not affected during the acute toxicity test. 3. In acute toxicity test of serum biochemical values of mice, total protein was increased in treat-l group, compared with normal group, and total cholesterol was increased in treat-2 group, compared with normal group.(P<0.05) 4. In subacute toxicity test, main toxic syndrome was not found. 5. The body weight was decreased in treat-2 group, compared with normal group and relative liver weight was decreased in treat-1, 2 group, compared with normal group in subacute toxicity test.(P<0.05) 6. In subacute toxicity test, WBC, MCH, MCHC were decreased in treat-2 group and RBC was increased in treat-2 group, compared with normal group in complete blood count test.(P<0.05) 7. In subacute toxicity test, treat groups were not changed serum biochemical values of rats, compared with normal group.(P<0.05) Conclusions: According to the results, Herbal-acupuncture with Juglandis Semen caused no toxicity.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.551-554
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• 2012

Alternative to carotid endarterectomy, carotid artery stenting (CAS) can be performed for symptomatic severe stenosis of internal carotid artery, especially for high-risk patients. Among several complications after CAS, subacute in-stent thrombosis is rare but important, because patient's condition can deteriorate rapidly. Subacute in-stent thrombosis with carotid artery occlusion can be managed by superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis. We report two cases of STA-MCA anastomosis for internal carotid artery occlusion by subacute in-stent thrombosis after CAS.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.5 no.1 s.8
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• pp.61-79
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• 2002

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate acute and subacute toxicity and sarcoma-180 anti-cancer effects of Herbal acupuncture with Anneniacae amarum semen (Haeng-in) in mice and rats. Method: Balble mice were injected intraperitoneany with Haeng-In extract for $LD_{50}$ and acute toxicity test. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with Haeng-In extract for subacute toxicity test. TheAnneniacae amarum semen Herbal-Acupuncture was injected on Chung-wan (CV12) of mice with Sarcoma-180 cancer cell line. Results: 1. $LD_{50}$ was uncountable as none of the subjects expired from the treatment groups during the test. 2. The clinical signs and the body weight of mice treated with 0.1cc and 0.2cc Haeng-In extract were not affected during the acute toxicity test. 3. In acute toxicity test of serum biochemical values of mice, total protein and albumin were decreased in treatment group Ⅰ. Glucose was increased, and total cholesterol was decreased in treatment groups. GPT was increased in treatment group Ⅰ. 4. In subacute toxicity test, toxic symptoms were not detected in the treatment groups. 5. In subacute toxicity test, the body weight was increased in treatment groups on 14th and 21st day. 6. In subacute toxicity test. liver weight was increased in treatment group Ⅱ, and spleen weight was increased in treatment group Ⅱ. Lung weight was increased in an the treatment groups.(p<0.05) 7. In subacute toxicity test, severe tissue injury was found in lung and liver, especially treatment group Ⅰshowed more significant lung damage compared to treatment group l. 8. In subacute toxicity test, WBC. MCH and MCHC were increased in an the treatment groups, RBC, HGB and HCT were decreased in treatment group H(p<0.05). 9. In subacute toxicity test of serum biochemical values of rats, triglyceride was decreased in all the treatment groups. ALP was decreased in treatment group Ⅰ. and creatinine was decreased in treatment group Ⅱ. BUN/CR was increased in treatment group Ⅱ(p<0.05). 10. Median survival time of Sarcoma-180 cancer cell treated with Haeng-In was increased in all the treatment groups by twenty percent, compared to the control group(p<0.05). 11. Natural killer cell activity about the Sarcoma-180 cell was decreased at the ratio of 100:1 but was increased at the ratio of 10:1. In treatment group Ⅱ, increase was found at the ratio of 100:1 and 50:1 (p<0.05). 12. Interleukin-2 productivity of the Sarcoma-180 cell was decreased in treatment group I, but was increased in treatment group Ⅱ(p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, we can conclude Herbal-acupuncture with Anneniacae amarum semen caused toxicity, and had effects in Sarcoma-180 cancer cell.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.213-213
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• 1996

The effects of the anti-tumor agent, SDZ-y2434, on rat kidney were investigated to predict the toxicities of its derivatives and to develope less toxic derivatives. After adjusted in metabolic cages for 5 days, rats were treated SDZ-62434(acute : 25mg/kg, i.p, once and 50mg/kg, i.p., once; subacute ; 10mg/kg, i.p., daily for 7 days). Kidney weights and urine volume during the treatment were observed. Creatinine concentration, protein concentration and the activities of N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) in 24 hr urine were also determined. The kidney weights after the acute and subacute administration didn't show any difference. Urine volume increased 5 days after the acute administration (50mg/kg) and 3 days after the subacute administration. The excretion of creatinine was increased 5 days after the acute (50mg/kg) and subacute administration. However, the protein excretion didn't show any change. NAG acivity declined 7 days after the subacute administration. AAP and GGT activites increased 3 days after the acute administration (50mg/kg) but, returned to the control value. LDH activity showed continuousely high value after the subacute administration. These results indicates that the acute administration of SDZ-62434 might damage on glomerulus and that the subacute administration might be cytotoxic to kidney cells.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.23-28
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate functional gait and pulmonary function of patients with subacute or chronic stroke for aperiod after the onset of stroke. Healthy people of similar ages served as a control group. The study focused on the clinical importance of intervention with cardiopulmonary rehabilitation treatment in patients with stroke. Methods: The standard time period used to differentiate the subacute and the chronic stroke groups was six months. Each group, including the control, was allocated 11 subjects. Vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume at one second ($FEV_1$) were measured with a spirometer for each subject. Walk tests (10 m and 6 min) and functional gait tests were then conducted. Results: Significant differences were noted for VC, FVC, and $FEV_1$ between the subacute stroke group and the normal group and between the chronic stroke group and the normal group (p<0.05), but no significant difference was evident between the subacute stroke group and the chronic stroke group (p>0.05). No significant difference was seen between the subacute stroke group and the chronic stroke group in the 6min walk test (p>0.05), whereas a significant difference was observed between the subacute stroke group and the chronic stroke group in the 10 m walk test (p<0.05). Conclusion: The general rehabilitation treatment is effective with respect to functional aspects, but it has limited effect in improving pulmonary function and muscular endurance. Therefore, additional intervention of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation is necessary in the rehabilitation treatment process of patients with stroke.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.498-504
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• 2016

Objective : Although subdural hematoma (SDH) is commonly treatable by burr hole surgery in the late subacute or chronic stage, there is no clear consensus regarding appropriate management and exact predictive factors for postoperative recurrence also remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors associated with recurrence of SDH that requires burr hole surgery in the late subacute or chronic stage. We also identified the appropriate timing of surgery for reducing the recurrence. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 274 patients with SDH in the late subacute or chronic stage treated with burr hole surgery in our hospital between January 2007 and December 2014. Excluding patients with acute intracranial complications or unknown time of trauma onset left 216 patients included in the study. Results : Of 216 patients with SDH in the late subacute or chronic stage, recurrence was observed in 36 patients (16.7%). The timing of the operation in patients with late subacute stage (15-28 days) resulted in a significant decrease in recurrence (RR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.17-0.65; p=0.001) compared to chronic stage (>28 days). Otherwise, no significant risk factors were associated with recurrences including comorbidities and surgical details. Conclusion : The results indicated that time from trauma onset to burr hole surgery may be important for decreasing the risk of recurrence. Therefore, unless patients can be treated conservatively without surgery, prompt surgical management is recommended in patients diagnosed as having late subacute or chronic subdural hematoma treatable by burr hole surgery, even when neurological deficits are unclear.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.183-191
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• 2001

Objective: To document the signal characteristics of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) at evolving stages on diffusion-weighted images (DWI) by comparison with conventional MR images. Materials and Methods: In our retrospective study, 38 patients with ICH underwent a set of imaging sequences that included DWI, T1-and T2-weighted imaging, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). In 33 and 10 patients, respectively, conventional and echo-planar T2^* gradient-echo images were also obtained. According to the time interval between symptom onset and initial MRI, five stages were categorized: hyperacute (n=6); acute (n=7); early subacute (n=7); late subacute (n=10); and chronic (n=8). We investigated the signal intensity and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of ICH and compared the signal intensities of hematomas at DWI and on conventional MR images. Results: DWI showed that hematomas were hyperintense at the hyperacute and late subacute stages, and hypointense at the acute, early subacute and chronic stages. Invariably, focal hypointensity was observed within a hyperacute hematoma. At the hyperacute, acute and early subacute stages, hyperintense rims that corresponded with edema surrounding the hematoma were present. The mean ADC ratio was 0.73 at the hyperacute stage, 0.72 at the acute stage, 0.70 at the early subacute stage, 0.72 at the late subacute stage, and 2.56 at the chronic stage. Conclusion: DWI showed that the signal intensity of an ICH may be related to both its ADC value and the magnetic susceptibility effect. In patients with acute stroke, an understanding of the characteristic features of ICH seen at DWI can be helpful in both the characterization of intracranial hemorrhagic lesions and the differentiation of hemorrhage from ischemia.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.143-151
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• 2000

Acute and subacute toxicity of Artemisia asistica Nakai Aqua-acupuncture Solution (ANAS) were studied in ICR mice. In acute toxicity test, mice were injected intraperitoneally with single dose of $1{\times}$, $5{\times}$, $10{\times}$ ANAS, and toxicological responeses were observed for consecutive 14 days. Mortality, body weight changes, organ weight, and serum chemistry were performed. The mortality and body weight changes of mice treated with $1{\times}$ and $5{\times}$ ANAS were not affected during the experimental periods. With the $10{\times}$ ANAS treatment, there were dead animals and changes of body weight, organ weight and serum biochemical values were observed during the experimental period. In subacute toxicity test, mice were injected intraperitoneally with doses of $1{\times}$, $10{\times}$ ANAS for 14 days. No difference was found between control and $1{\times}$ ANAS treated group in mortality, changes of body weight and organ weight, and serum biochemical values. However, Dead animals, changes of body weight and organ weight, and increased serum biochemical values were observed with $10{\times}$ ANAS treated groups. These results suggest that $1{\times}$ ANAS causes no toxicity in acute and subacute toxicity tests. However $10{\times}$ ANAS causes toxicity in both tests.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.166-176
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• 1993

This study was attempted to investigate the acute toxicity in mice, the subacute toxicity in rats of Cynanchi wilfordii Radix extract, the effect on transaminase activities, hematological parameters, leukocyte parameters in serum of subacute-toxicated rats. In acute toxicity test, the death rate was not observed in 50, 100, 200, 300 mg/kg(i.p.), one tenths to two tenths in 300, 500, 1000, 1500 mg/kg(p.o.) for two weeks. In subacute test, rats were all died in 300 mg/kg(p.o.) during 4 weeks, in 500, 1000 mg/kg(p.o.) during three weeks. The cause of death believed to be stomach ulcer. The activities of S-GOT and S-GPT were significantly increased in all sample-treated groups, when compared with the normal groups. A number of WBC and neutrophil belong to hematological parameter were significantly increased, lymphocyte was decreased in all sample-treated group, when compared with normal group. The hemolytic action on water extract, saponin and alcohol extract showed very low activities.