• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.565-568
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• 2009

Most of the historic hot springs are artesian wells in Korea. However, many boreholes have been drilled due to the shortage of hot water, and hot water is now being pumped by submersible pump installed at most of hot spring areas. The distribution of boreholes are expected to be related to the geological structure, and the study was carried out to interpret the relationship between two factors. The distributional maps of boreholes were made and the geological structures were interpreted at eight hot spring areas. Some distributions of boreholes have no special direction, and these are not related to the geological structure at Dogo, Suanbo, and Deoksan. The others are consistent with the direction of the geological structure at Goseong, Onyang, Sokcho, Yuseong, and Bugok.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.551-557
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the questions in the 'Matter' units of elementary science textbooks under the 7th curriculum. For the analysis, a total of 338 questions were extracted from 15 units. Six criteria (recalling, recognizing, predictive, applied, divergent, and evaluative question) were reconstructed for textbook question analysis based on Blosser(1973)'s question category system for science. The results were as follows. First, there were more closed (recalling, recognizing, predictive, or applied) questions (72.2%) than open (divergent or evaluative) questions (27.8%) in elementary science textbooks. Second, cognitive-memory (recalling or recognizing) question type was the most frequently asked in all grade levels. Open (divergent or evaluative) questions increased according to grade level whereas convergent (predictive or applied) questions decreased. Third, question types were applied based on the characteristics of each unit rather than on children's developmental characteristics. Educational implications were discussed based on the results.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.110-122
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• 2010

This article is to study the characteristics of Chungju geographical names using the concepts which are the place identity, the politics of scale, and the competition of place names' territory for the diverse study methods of geographical names. According to this results, the new name of 'Suanbo-Myun' revealed the place identity, because it has not only the property of 'Suanbo hot spring' but also the three conditions called 'the numerical solitary', 'the qualitative identity', and 'the self-identity' which are the conditions for the place identity. In relation to the politics of scale through place names, the example of scaling up is 'Yian-Myun' which is former name of 'Chungju city Yiru-Myun', and the cases of scaling down are 'the up and down of Chungju Up Ho', the reductional change from 'Chungju-Gun' to 'Chungju-Myun' and the change of Chinese name of the 'Wolak Mountain'. Lastly, the examples of place names' territory change are two types. One is 'Chungju Yongdu-Dong' and 'Yiru-Myune Geumgok-Ri' for the cases that the place name and its territory were changed. The other is 'Dalchon river' that the place name's territory was only changed. In conclusion, this study suggested that place names are useful in order to represent and construct the place identity.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.16
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• pp.123-128
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• 1995

For establishing the plan of scientific conservation on the Kyongch′onsa and site of Won-gaksa 10 floors pagodas, the investigation on the rocks consisting these pagodas has been made on the rock phase and weathering characteristics. The Kyongch′onsa pagoda consists of fine grained pale graylimestone containing abundant fossils of shell and fragments of organisms. The site of Won-gaksa pagoda is composed of marble of pale gray, white and/or light brown color, which is intercalated with thin mica schist. The marble, the recrystallized limestone, consists mainly of recrystallized calcite accompanied with minor amount of muscovite. Especially carbonate rocks are somewhat different in chemical weathering from such granitic rocks. The field survey and laboratory experiment using polarizing microscope had been done during 30 days from Feb, 13 to March, 31, 1995. The rocks equivalent to that of the site of Kyongch′onsa were identified from the Myobong limestone formation and taken samples around the road from P′yongch′ang to Mitan, P′yongch′ang-gun. The rocks similar to that of the site of Won-gaksa pagoda were distributed around Pan-un-ri, Chunch′on-myon, Yong-wol-gun. The rocks of the Silluksa pagoda consisting of white recrystallized limestone with banded structure are similar to the marble of the Hyangsan-riformation distributed around Suanbo, Ch′ungch′ongbuk-do.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1996

Stable isotopic ratios of the carbonate rocks and chemical compositions of the matrix of pebble bearing phyllitic rocks known as the Hwanggangri Formation, which are in hot debate on their origin such as tillite, debris flow and turbidite, were determined to interpret their depositional environment. Argillaceous matrix of the pebble bearing phyllitic rocks has a high content of CaO (av. 19.5%) and MgO (av. 8.3%), corresponding to calcareous sandy shale. No difference of chemical compositions including trace elements and REE is in the matrices between the Hwanggangri and the Kunjasan Formations. Carbonate rocks from the Okchon zone and outside of the zone range $-2.5{\sim}+6.1$‰ in ${\delta}^{13}C$ and $+5.8{\sim}+25.9$‰ in ${\delta}^{18}O$, indicating normal marine limestone. However, unusally $^{13}C$ enriched carbonate rocks might be deposited in the highly evaporated sedimentary basin. A wide variation of ${\delta}^{18}O$ values is responsible for metamorphism with a $^{18}O$ depleted meteoric water. Isotopic equilibrium temperatures by graphite-calcite geothermometer show a higher metamorphic temperature ($547{\sim}589^{\circ}C$) in the Okchon zone than those ($265{\sim}292^{\circ}C$) in the Samtaesan Formation of the Chosun group. Rhythmic alternation of relatively thin shale with thin limestone in the Kounri Formation is not cherty layer but thin limesilicate bed by metasomatic replacement. Judging from the isotopic and chemical compositions of the carbonate rocks and calcareous matrix of the pebble bearing phyllitic rocks, the Hwangganari Formation was deposited in the shallow marine environment favorable to debris flow.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.237-252
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• 1989

The Inseong gold-silver mine is located 3Km northwest of Suanbo, Choongcheongbugdo, Republic of Korea. The mine occurs in the shear zone formed by tension fractures within the Hwanggangri Formation of the Ogcheon metamorphic belt. Ore minerals found in the gold-silver bearing hydrothermal quartz vein composed mainly of pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena and minor amount of chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, stannite, bismuthininte, native bismuth, chalcocite, electrum and tellurian canfieldite(?). The gangue minerals are quartz, calcite, chlorite and rhodochrocite. Wallrock alterations such as chloritization, silicitication, pyritization, carbonitization and sericitization can be observed in or around the quartz vein. According to the paragenetic sequence, quartz vein structure and mineral assemnlages, three different stages of ore formation can be recognized. The physico-chemical environment of ore formation in this deposit shows slight variation from stage to stage, but the condition of main ore deposition can be summarized as follows. Fluid inclusion, S-istope geothermometry and geothermometry based on mineral chemistry by use of arsenopyrite and chlorite show the ore was formed at temperature between 399 and $210^{\circ}C$ from fluids with salinities of 3.3-5.8 wt.% equivalent NaCl. It indicates that pressure during the mineralization is less than 0.6 Kb corresponding to a depth not greater than 1Km. S-isotope data suggests that thermal fluid may have magmatic origin wit some degree of mixing with meteoric water. In coclusion, the Inseong gold-silver deposit was formed at shallow depth and relatively high-temperature possibly with steep geothermal gradient under xenothermal condition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.59-65
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• 1999

Both the groundwater changes due to different pumping rates and the geochemistry of thermal waters in the Suanbo area are considered in this study. The observation of groundwater level change since 1991 shows that the change is directly correlated with pumping rates of thermal waters and reveals the retardation of ca. 5 weeks after pumping. The hydrogeological aquifer in the area is under reducing condition. The thermal waters are of Na-HCO$_3$ type. and are alkaline (pH=8.5∼8.7) with low TDS values (274∼284 mg/l) and high concentrations of Na (68∼72 mg/l). F (6.4∼8.9 mg/l), and HCO$_3$(136∼146 mg/l). Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of thermal water indicate a meteoric water origin. The activities of Rn-222 and Ra-226 in both thermal water and local groundwater were determined to delineate possible geochemical controls on the Rn-222 and Ra-226. The Rn-222 concentrations are several orders of magnitude greater than the Ra-226 concentrations. The concentrations of Rn-222 range from 190 to 7.490 pCi/1 with an average of 2,522 pCil/l. and those of Ra-226 average 0.32 pCi/1 with the range from 0.25 to 0.42 pCi/1. The concentrations of Rn-222 and Ra-226 are inversely correlated with EC and alkalinity. The pH it positively correlated with Ra-226. The correlation between Rn-222 and Ra-226 is poor. Thermal waters in the study area are produced from highly fractured phyllite. The thermal water qualify. CSAMT (controled-source audiofrequency magnetotelluric) prospecting, and petrological evidences, however, indicate that the heat is possibly transmitted through deep normal faults reaching a deep granite batholith, and the phyllite acts only as a groundwater pathway.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.133-146
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• 2001

We report the results of structural field observation and measurement of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of the diamictitic Hwanggangri Formation distributed in Chungju-Suanbo area of the Okchon Belt, Korea. The outcrops of the Hwanggangri Formation show two types of cleavage in general: slaty cleavage (SI) and crenulation cleavage (5z). 5] cleavage is, however, well observable only in the notheastem (NE) part of study area, while overwhelmed by 52 cleavage in the southwestern (5W) part, indicating stronger later deformation in 5W part of the study area. This partitioning of the study area is corroborated by both IRM and AMS parameters: NE part of the study area is characterized by higher IRM intensity, higher bulk magnetic susceptibility, higher AM5 degree, and by oblate shape of magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid. Their values become drastically lowered toward southwest, and reach to a stable minimum in the whole 5W part of the study area. In addition, degree of both metamorphism and deformation tends to increase gradually from northeast toward southwest and also from northwest toward southeast in the study area. Based on the distribution pattern of the principal axes ( $k_1, k_2, k_3$ axes) of magnetic anisotropy ellipsoids revealed in the NE part of the study area, three episodes of deformation ( $D_1, D_2, D_3$ ) are recognized: D_1$ deformation produced $S_2$ cleavage with NE-5W trend, which is caused by a strong NW-SE tlattening of a coaxial pure shear. $D_2$ deformation produced 5z cleavage characterized by a non-coaxial deformation. It was caused by a ductile or semi-ductile thrusting toward NW and concurrent sinistral shearing along $S_2$ cleavage plane. Lastly, $D_3$ deformation produced tlexural folding of all previous structures with a nearly horizontal NE fold axis. Distribution pattern of the principal axes of magnetic anisotropy ellipsoid from the SW part of the study area, on the other hand, does not show any coherency among sites or samples. We interpret that this dispersed pattern of $k_1, k_2, k_3$ axes together with lower anisotropy strength indicates that magnetic fabrics in the SW part have been disturbed either by a superposition of strong deformation/metamorphism or by a kind of reciprocal strain due to an overlapping of $D_1$ and $D_2$ or by both processes.