• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2024

오존은 무색의 독성 가스로, 질소 산화물과 탄화수소가 태양 광선에 의해 광화학 산화 반응이 일어나면서 생성된다. 낮은 농도여도 호흡기 기관에 영향을 주고, 기침 또는 인체에 해롭다. 화장품 원료 중 질소 플라즈마에서 오존이 생성되는 것을 확인하였고, 1 day 후부터 오존의 농도가 낮아짐을 알 수 있었다. 반면 아르곤 가스로 발생된 오존 free 플라즈마는 오존이 검출되지 않았다. 따라서 오존 free 플라즈마를 활용하여 오존 free 화장품의 제조를 목표로 하였다. 효율적인 플라즈마 처리를 위해 non-sinking 법을 활용하여 층분리 미스트, 토너와 앰플에 주입하고, 안정도를 관찰하였다. 층분리 미스트에서 플라즈마의 주입 성공량이 두 제형보다 많았으나, 토너와 앰플에 비해 급격히 감소함을 확인할 수 있었다. 사용된 오존 free 플라즈마는 저온(4 ℃), RT (25 ℃), 고온(37 ℃, 50 ℃) 조건에서 층분리 미스트, 토너와 앰플의 안정도에 영향이 미치지 않는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서, 본 연구는 오존 free 플라즈마의 제형별 화장품 가능성과 안정성의 중요성을 시사하고 있다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 2024

Purpose: Severe abdominal injuries often require immediate clinical assessment and surgical intervention to prevent life-threatening complications. In Jeju Regional Trauma Center, we have instituted a protocol for emergency department (ED) laparotomy at the trauma bay. We investigated the mortality and time taken from admission to ED laparotomy. Methods: We reviewed the data recorded in our center's trauma database between January 2020 and December 2022 and identified patients who underwent laparotomy because of abdominal trauma. Laparotomies that were performed at the trauma bay or the ED were classified as ED laparotomy, whereas those performed in the operating room (OR) were referred to as OR laparotomy. In cases that required expeditious hemostasis, ED laparotomy was performed appropriately. Results: From January 2020 to December 2022, 105 trauma patients admitted to our hospital underwent emergency laparotomy. Of these patients, six (5.7%) underwent ED laparotomy. ED laparotomy was associated with a mortality rate of 66.7% (four of six patients), which was significantly higher than that of OR laparotomy (17.1%, 18 of 99 patients, P=0.006). All the patients who received ED laparotomy also underwent damage control laparotomy. The time between admission to the first laparotomy was significantly shorter in the ED laparotomy group (28.5 minutes; interquartile range [IQR], 14-59 minutes) when compared with the OR laparotomy group (104 minutes; IQR, 88-151 minutes; P<0.001). The two patients who survived after ED laparotomy had massive mesenteric bleeding, which was successfully ligated. The other four patients, who had liver laceration, kidney rupture, spleen injury, and pancreas avulsion, succumbed to the injuries. Conclusions: Although ED laparotomy was associated with a higher mortality rate, the time between admission and ED laparotomy was markedly shorter than for OR laparotomy. Notably, major mesenteric hemorrhages were effectively controlled through ED laparotomy.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.457-466
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• 2023

Background: During hot environment work tasks with whole-body enclosed anti-bioaerosol suit, the combined effect of heavy sweating and exhaled hot humid air may cause the N95 medical respirator to saturate with water/sweat (i.e., water-blocking). Methods: 32 young male subjects with different body mass indexes (BMI) in whole-body protection (N95 medical respirator + one-piece protective suit + head covering + protective face screen + gloves + shoe covers) were asked to simulate waste collecting from each isolated room in a seven-story building at 27-28℃, and the weight, inhalation resistance (R_f), and aerosol penetration of the respirator before worn and after water-blocking were analyzed. Results: All subjects reported water-blocking asphyxia of the N95 respirators within 36-67 min of the task. When water-blocking occurred, the R_f and 10-200 nm total aerosol penetration (P_t) of the respirators reached up to 1270-1810 Pa and 17.3-23.3%, respectively, which were 10 and 8 times of that before wearing. The most penetration particle size of the respirators increased from 49-65 nm before worn to 115-154 nm under water-blocking condition, and the corresponding maximum size-dependent aerosol penetration increased from 2.5-3.5% to 20-27%. With the increase of BMI, the water-blocking occurrence time firstly increased then reduced, while the R_f, P_t, and absorbed water all increased significantly. Conclusions: This study reveals respirator water-blocking and its serious negative impacts on respiratory protection. When performing moderate-to-high-load tasks with whole-body protection in a hot environment, it is recommended that respirator be replaced with a new one at least every hour to avoid water-blocking asphyxia.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.3-8
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• 2024

최근에는 주조업계의 중요한 과제로써 산업폐기물 저감 과 대기환경 개선이 부각되고 있다. 종래의 주물사 사용 시 발생되는 문제점 해결과 주조공장의 환경개선을 위해 천연사를 대체 적용할 수 있는 다양한 인공사가 개발되어 사용되고 있다. 하지만 해외 공급사에서 제공하는 제한된 물성만 알려져 있고 기존 자연사와의 심층적인 비교분석이 부족하다. 또한 주조 공정 설계를 위해서는 상온뿐만 아니라 고온에서의 넓은 범위의 열물성이 확보 되어야 하며, 또한 열물성이 달라지면 주조방안 설계의 변화가 일어나야 하기 때문에 기존 자연사와 인공사의 열물성 차이를 비교 분석하는 건 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 자연사와 인공사를 바인더와 결합한 주형블럭에서의 열전도도, 비열, 열팽창 시험을 수행하였으며 실험 결과 열전도도는 자연사에 비해 인공사가 구성성분에 따라 5~40% 높았으며 열팽창계수는 인공사가 15%정도 낮았다. 하지만 비열은 구성성분에 상관없이 큰 차이가 없었다.

• 감성과학
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2018

본 연구는 교통사고 예방과 사후 처리를 위한 차량용 블랙박스 디자인 개발로 블랙박스 시장 성장에 따른 기업의 대내외 블랙박스 디자인 경쟁력을 높이기 위해 진행되었다. 과거 블랙박스 시장은 꾸준히 증가하는 소비자 수요를 맞추기 위해 무분별하게 상품을 양산했었다. 수많은 종류의 차량용 블랙박스는 현재 사후관리, 품질, 디자인 등 소비자 요구를 잘 반영한 제품만이 생존하고 있다. IT 및 사회관계망의 발전으로 정보와 공유, 소비의 사이클이 빨라지면서 소비자의 다양한 요구가 발생하고 있는 상황이다. 따라서 급변하는 소비자의 니즈를 효과적으로 조사할 수 있는 새로운 디자인 방법이 필요하다고 생각한다. 새로운 소비자 니즈 조사방법으로 사례연구 및 전문가의 집단지성 방법론을 활용하여 빠르고 효과적인 소비자 요구를 도출할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 사례 연구에서 베스트셀러 블랙박스를 조사하여 디자인의 흐름을 파악하고, 차량에 장착되는 제품이라는 특수성을 고려하여 블랙박스 최적의 거치 구간을 조사했다. 이후, 블랙박스 디자인 전문가 집단의 담론을 통해 디자인의 지향점을 찾고, 블랙박스를 사용하면서 발생한 문제점을 논의하는 과정과 소비자 요구 조사 과정을 거처 블랙박스 개발에 반영했다. 집단지성 분석을 통해 새로운 거치 방식을 제안한 선도형 블랙박스(A type) 타입과 사전조사 분석을 반영한 양산 개선형 블랙박스(B type) 타입으로 나누어 디자인을 제안했다. 선도형 블랙박스는 차량과 일체형으로 디자인을 구현하고자 접착식 거치 방식이 아닌 룸미러 경첩(hinge)를 감싼 후 나사로 체결하는 구조로 구현하였다. 그 결과 차량과 일체화된 형상을 구현할 수 있었고, 집단지성 분석으로 조사된 문제점인 거치대 접착식 블랙박스의 탈 거 문제를 해결할 수 있었다. 양산 개선형 블랙박스는 사전 트렌드 조사를 통해 도출된 스타일 및 재질을 차량과 같은 방식으로 구현했으며 SD카드 탈거시 본체 전원을 자동으로 끌 수 있도록 슬라이드 구조를 채택하여 소비자 요구를 반영 하였다. 이처럼 본 연구는 트렌드 분석과 집단지성 방법을 통해 진화되는 소비자의 니즈를 발견하고 두 가지 분석에 의해 도출된 블랙박스를 비교할 수 있다. Ideation, Modeling, Rendering, Mock-up을 통해 양산을 구현하는 디자인 전 과정을 다루고 있다. 디자인 방법과 구현을 통해 기업의 블랙박스 디자인 경쟁력 강화에 기여하고자 했다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.35-47
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• 2014

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the pollution level (gaseous and particle phase) in the public facilities for the PAHs, non-regulated materials, forecast the risk level by the health risk assessment (HRA) and propose the guideline level. PAH assessments through sampling of particulate matter of diameter < 2.5 ${\mu}m$ ($PM_{2.5}$). The user and worker exposure scenario for the PAHs consists of 24-hour exposure scenario (WIES) assuming the worst case and the normal exposure scenario (MIES) based on the survey. This study investigated 20 PAH substances selected out of 32 substances known to be carcinogenic or potentially carcinogenic. The risk assessment applies major toxic equivalency factor (TEF) proposed from existing studies and estaimates individual Excess Cancer Risk (ECR). The study assesses the fine dusts ($PM_{2.5}$) and the exposure levels of the gaseous and particle PAH materials for 6 spots in each 8 facility, e.g. underground subway stations, child-care facilities, elderly care facilities, super market, indoor parking lot, terminal waiting room, internet caf$\acute{e}$ (PC-rooms), movie theater. For internet caf$\acute{e}$ (PC-rooms) in particular, that marks the highest $PM_{2.5}$ concentration and the average concentration of 10 spots (2 spots for each cafe) is 73.3 ${\mu}g/m^3$ (range: 6.8-185.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$). The high level of $PM_{2.5}$ seen in internet cafes was likely due to indoor smoking in most cases. For the gaseous PAHs, the detection frequency for 4-5 rings shows high and the elements with 6 rings shows low frequency. For the particle PAHs, the detection frequency for 2-3 rings shows low and the elements with 6 rings show high frequency. As a result, it is investigated that the most important PAHs are the naphthalene, acenaphthene and phenanthrene from the study of Kim et al. (2013) and this annual study. The health risk assessment demonstrates that each facility shows the level of $10^{-6}-10^{-4}$. Considering standards and local source of pollution levels, it is judged that the management standard of the benzo (a)pyrene, one of the PAHs, shall be managed with the range of 0.5-1.2 $ng/m^3$. Smoking and ventilation were considered as the most important PAHs exposure associated with public facility $PM_{2.5}$. This study only estimated for inhalation health risk of PAHs and focused on the associated cancer risk, while multiple measurements would be necessary for public health and policy.

• 복식
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• 제36권
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• pp.219-238
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• 1998

For the purpose of this Study, the situation of Korean costume properties in the collection of overseas museums was investigated through correspondence, interviews with their curators and persons in charge and survey. As results were made about the situation of museum science (conservation) and practical utilization of costume properties. So, the study result were drawn as follows : Krean costume properties unexplaind of 'Korean cultural Properties' could be found in the Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York(135 pieces), the Brooklyn Museum of New York(20 pieces), the Newark Museum of New Jersey(15 pieces), and the Victoria Albert Museum of London(100 pieces). Korean costume properties in the collection of over-seas museums mostly fall under the rang of period between the 19th century and the early 20th century and are classified into everyday clothing, wedding costume and armors for the most part. In 1900s, museum in several countries began to collected Korean cultural properties through foreign missionaries or diplomats as well as merchants or travellers in who bought Korean objects. Recently, scholars, traditional Korean costume designerss and diplomatic and consular offices in overseas have donated our Korean costume to many foreign museums. Korean costume properties were largely on display in the dependent display of folklore museums or in a part of exhibition gallery for Asian culture and there were the separate exhibition rooms in museums in the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Japan and the United States America. But the size and level of display room for Korean cultural properties is one third as large as that for chinese or Japanese cultual properties. It was found in this study that the traditional Korean costume in the collection of overseas museums was largely recorded only as general items rather than given their proper names. The typical example of misnaming included bridal's Kimono for Wonsam(원삼) in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yeonroksaek-bumunsajeokori for Dangeui(당의) and Jissan-gryongwonmunsadurumagi for Kongdali(동달이) in the Okura collection of the Tokyo National Museum, and so on. And the Victoria Albert Museum modified the way of wearing Daenim(대님) and the National Museum of Ethnology in Osaka seemed to misplace the ornament of Keanggi(댕기) on Mubok(무복) and Josunjuk(조선족: Chinese-Korean) Museum also misplace hansam(한삼). On the one hand, the Newark museum of New Jersey mixed Chinese armor with the Korean one and the Photohraph of King Kojong(고종) with Chinese one. It is corrected to publish and disseminate the book concering Korean costume in order to inform foreign museums of thed proper names and wearing method of our traditional costumed. The repair of costume before cleaning in the process of conservation treatment can prevent damage likely to occur as the properties of fiber itself are weakened in liquid. It is recommended that western 8-figure stitch and tacking stitch is added to Korean traditional stitching method. Museums in the U.S.A and the U.K are concerned about the aftermath of cleaning it-self, specially conservation treatment may exert on remains and predominantly use the vacuuming method to remove dust or bits of straw before the exhibition beings. But in case of Korea, the dry cleaning and wet cleaning method are used according to the nature and state of a sample costume. This comprehensive cleaning method is gradually developing scientifically but it is expected that those concerned will make a chemical analysis of the solvent to be used and also the more precise test of costume properties will be conducted before cleaning them. A partial study was made here because the scope of study was too broad and vast. It is expected that more studies will be conducted concerning our costume culture under the long-term plan and active support at the government level.

• 대한간호
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.45-62
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• 1998

The study was conducted from November 1995 to May 1996 at the one general hospital in Seoul. The total subjects of this study were 412 patients who have the experience of fall accident, among them 31 was who have fallen during hospitalization and 381 was who visited emergency room and out patient clinic. The purposes of this study were to determine the characteristics, risk factors and results of fall accident and to suggest the nursing strategies for prevention of fall. Data were collected by reviewing the medical records and interviewing with the fallers and their family members. For data analysis, spss/pc+ program was utilized for descriptive statistics, adjusted standardized $X^2$-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1) Total subjects were 412 fallers, of which 245(59.5%) were men and 167(40.5%) were women. Age were 0-14 years 79(19.2%), 15-44 years 125(30.4%), 45-64 years 104(25.2%), over 65 years 104(25.2%). 2) There was significant association between age and the sexes ($X^2$=39.17, P=0.00). 3) There was significant association between age and history of falls ($X^2$=44.41. P= .00). And history of falls in the elderly was significantly associated with falls. 4) There was significant association with age and medical diagnosis ($X^2$=140.66, P= .00), chief medical diagnosis were hypertension(34), diabetis mellitus(22), arthritis(11), stroke(8), fracture(7), pulmonary tuberculosis(6), dementia(5) and cataract(5), 5) There was significant association between age and intrinsic factors: cognitive impairment, mobility impairment, insomnia, emotional problems, urinary difficulty, visual impairments, hearing impairments, use of drugs (sedatives , antihypertensive drugs, diuretics, antidepressants) (P < 0.05). But there was no significant association between age and dizziness ($X^2$=2.87, P=.41). 6) 15.3% of total fallers were drunken state when they were fallen. 7) Environmental factors of fall accident were unusual posture (50.9%), slips(35.2%), trips (9.5%) and collision(4.4%). 8) Most of falls occurred during the day time, peak frequencies of falls occurred from 1pm to 6pm and 7am to 12am. 9) The places of fall accident were roads(22.6%), house-stairs 06.7%), rooms, floors, kitchen (11.2%), the roof-top, veranda, windows(10.9%), hospital(7.5%), ice or snowy ways(5.8%), bathroom(4.9%), playground, park(4.9%), subway-stairs(4.4%) and public-bathrooms (2.2%). 10) Activities at the time of fall accident were walking(37.6%), turning around or reaching for something(20.9%), going up or down stairs09.2%), exereise, working07.4%), up or down from a bed(2.7%), using wheelchair or walking aids, standing up or down from a chair(2.2%) and standing still(2.2%). 11) Anatomical locations of injuries by falls were head, face, neck(31.3%), lower extremities (29.9%). upper extremities(20.6%), spine, thorax, abdomen or pelvic contents(l1.4%) and unspecified(2.9%). 12) Types of injures were fracture(47.6%), bruises03.8%), laceration (13.3%), sprains(9.0%), headache(6.6%), abrasions(2.9%), intracranial hemorrage(2.4%) and burns(0.5%). 13) 41.5% of the fallers were hospitalized and average of hospitalization was 22.3 days. 14) The six fallers(1.46%) died from fall injuries. The two fallers died from intracranial hemorrage and the four fallers died of secondary infection; pneumonia(2), sepsis(1) and cell lulitis(1). It is suggested that 1) Further study is needed with larger sample size to identify the fall risk factors. 2) After the fall accident, comprehensive nursing care and regular physical exercise should be emphasized for the elderly person. 3) Safety education and safety facilities of the public place and home is necessary for fall prevention.

• 서비스연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.106-116
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• 2022

본 연구는 모바일 애플리케이션을 활용한 화재 피난 서비스 시나리오의 일부로써 해당 애플리케이션의 인터페이스에 사용될 적절한 색상을 찾는 것이 최종 목적이며, 화재 발생 시 재실자들의 피난 과정에서 인간의 불안정한 심리에 긍정적이고 안정적인 영향을 줄 수 있는 컬러를 정의하고 애플리케이션에 적용하는 것이 목표이다. 화재의 상황에서 재실자의 심리를 고려한 색채의 피난유도 인터페이스의 적절한 디자인과 배치는 중요하다. 하지만 기존의 피난유도에 활용되던 색채는 관습적으로 사용되던 부분이 많아 화재 발생 시, 효율적인 피난에 부적절하다는 것을 문헌과 기존 연구를 통해 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 재실자의 심리적 사항을 고려하여 화재 피난 시 심리적으로 안정을 주는 색채를 제시하여 재난 발생 시 효율적인 피난유도를 돕는데 활용하고자 하였다. 연구 방법으로는 이미지 평가 법을 활용하여 불특정 다수에게 빈도 분석을 통해 이미지가 가진 형태와 색상이 사람들에게 어떤 감정을 주는지 도출한 뒤, 한국표준색채분석(KSCA)을 통해 이미지의 주요 색상과 보조 색상을 분석하였다. 최종적으로 이미지 평가 분석 결과와 한국표준색채분석(KSCA) 분석 결과를 통하여 얻어진 색상들과 선행연구를 비교 분석하여 결과 간의 상호 검증을 통해 최종 어플리케이션 컬러를 구성하였다. 연구 결과로는 선행연구와의 비교 분석을 통해 초록색 계열이 인간의 심리 안정에 도움을 줄 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 화재 피난 시에 침착하고 차분한 어플리케이션의 안내를 위한 메인 컬러를 녹색 계열로 제안한다. 본 연구를 통해서 화재 발생 시 재실자들의 피난 과정에서 심리적 안정적인인 영향을 줄 수 있는 컬러에 대해 정의하였다. 화재 피난 모바일 애플리케이션의 UX/UI 구성 시 재실자들의 침착하고 차분한 안내 유도를 위해 이를 활용하는 방법을 적용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.74-91
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• 1975

A purpose of this study was to compare the breast massage and manual expression of the breast before engagement after delivery with the time of engagement, the throbbing pain in breast, the first amount of breast milk and involution of the uterus. The subjects selected for this study were 138 women (experimental group;69, control group :69) who were admitted to the Dept. of Obtest. and Gyneco. of Kyung Hee University Hospital from Jan. 5 to June 5, 1975. The results of study were as follows; 1 The average age of the women 26.9 years old in the experimental group and 27.6 years old in the control group. As to religion, the number of those who had no religion was 58.0 percent and 62.4 percent respectively. Classified according to occupation, there were 87.0 percent in house wives of the booths group. Educational background; 87.0 percent of high school graduates or above, 78.3 percent respectively. The occupation of husband 53.7 percent of company employees stood highest and 42.0 percent respectively. In according to the grade of wards, 55.1 percent and 52.2 percent of four-men room stood highest. 2. Physical condition: Body weight before this Pregnancy(T=0.4962, N.S.), the size of breast(X²df2 = 0.1728, N.S.), the shape of nipple(X²df3 =1.3804, N.S.), hemoglobin's level of the first day after delivery(T=1.2572, N.S.), the above were showed non significant between the experimental group and control group The investigator found any difference between the two groups of the health condition during the pregnancy, 3. The rate of no experience of breast massage during pregnancy was 85 percent and 75.4 percent (X²df1=2.2562, N.S.). 4. As to the meal during hospitalization after delivery: The booth of the groups in ordinary food took usually of meyer soup and milk(X²df8=2.5957, N.S.). 5. The relation between the first step of breast massage, second step of the manual expression of breast before engagement after delivery and time of engagement : average time of engagement in the experimental group (2.1 days±0.8) was shortened than the control group (3.3 days±1.2). (T=-6.9045, P< 0.005). It toot less time in the experimental group of primipara(2.2days±0.7) than in the control group (3.1day±1.2) and it also took less time in the experimental group of multipara (2.0 days±0.9) than in the control group (3.5days±1.4). (Primipara T=-3.9266, 0< 0.005. Multipara T= 5.2356, P<0.005). 6. The relationship between the first step of the massage and second step of manual expression and the throbbing pain at the time of engagement: The experimental group showed less effect than control group (X²df4= 27.3342 P<0.005). The separate study of primipara and multipara showed remarkable difference in the group of primipara)X²df4=20.7285, p<0.005) and little difference in the multipara group (X²df4=8.8351, p< 0. 10). 7. The relationship between the first step of the breast massage, second stop of the manual expression and first amount of breast milk: The average amount of breast milk increased more conspicuously in the experimental group (33.8㎖±23.4) than in the control(29.8㎖±25.3) (T=0.8262, N.S.). No remarkable difference was found in the respective groups that investigated in the groups of primipara and of multipara. (Primipara T=1.1467, N.S., Multipara T=-0.0354, N.S.). 8. The relationship between the first step of breast massage and second step of manual expression of breast and involution of uterus : Average time needed for uttering involution was sooner in the experimental group of primipasa(-3.3 F.B.±1.1), than the control group of primipara (-2.5F. B.±1.2), and it was sooner in the experimental group of muitipara (-3.0 F. B.±l..3), than the control group of multipara(-2.3 F.B±0.9). Primipara T=-2.9272, p< 0.005, Multipara T=2.5557, p< 0.01).