• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.167-190
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• 2011

In order to upgrade the seismic resistibility of structures and enhance the functionality of an isolator, a new base isolator called the multiple trench friction pendulum system (MTFPS) is proposed in this study. The proposed MTFPS isolator is composed of a trench concave surface and several intermediate sliding plates in two orthogonal directions. Mathematical formulations have been derived to examine the characteristics of the proposed MTFPS isolator possessing numerous intermediate sliding plates. By means of mathematical formulations which have been validated by experimental results of bidirectional ground shaking, it can be inferred that the natural period and damping effect of the MTFPS isolator with several intermediate sliding plates can be altered continually and controllably during earthquakes. Furthermore, results obtained from the component and shaking table tests demonstrate that the proposed isolator provides good protection to structures for prevention of damage from strong earthquakes.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.385-403
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• 2007

The effectiveness of the newly developed smart passive control system employing a magnetorheological (MR) damper and an electromagnetic induction (EMI) part for seismic protection of base isolated structures is numerically investigated. An EMI part in the system consists of a permanent magnet and a coil, which changes the kinetic energy of the deformation of an MR damper into the electric energy (i.e. the induced current) according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. In the smart passive control system, the damping characteristics of an MR damper are varied with the current input generated from an EMI part. Hence, it does not need any control system consisting of sensors, a controller and an external power source. This makes the system much simpler as well as more economic. To verify the efficacy of the smart passive control system, a series of numerical simulations are carried out by considering the benchmark base isolated structure control problems. The numerical simulation results show that the smart passive control system has the comparable control performance to the conventional MR damper-based semiactive control system. Therefore, the smart passive control system could be considered as one of the promising control devices for seismic protection of seismically excited base isolated structures.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.154-160
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• 2021

최근에는 도심속에서 공사가 진행되는 경우가 크게 늘고 있는데, 이로 인해 기존 구조물 인근에서 공사에 의한 인위적인 진동이 자주 발생하기도 하고, 산업단지의 경우는 주변 기계류 작동 등에 의해서도 진동이 야기되어 문제가 발생하기도 한다. 한편, 구조물을 구성하고 있는 일반 콘크리트의 경우, 진동에 대한 감쇠성능이 작아, 구조물에 발생하는 진동뿐만 아니라 지반진동과 같이 외부로부터 구조물로 전달되는 다양한 진동을 차단하는데 어려움이 따른다. 이러한 지반을 통해 구조물로 전달되는 진동을 차단하기 위해서, 최근 폴리머 콘크리트를 활용하여 댐핑 성능을 크게 증가시킨 고 감쇠 시스템에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 또한, 폴리머 콘크리트는 압축, 휨, 인장강도 등의 물리적 특성과 동적 특성이 매우 우수한 것으로 알려져 있어, 지반과 접한 구조물과 같이 큰 압력에 저항하면서 진동저감이 요구되는 구조물에의 폭넓은 활용이 기대되는 구조재료라 할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 폴리머 콘크리트의 지반진동 저감성능을 검토하기 위하여, 일반 콘크리트, 폴리우레탄 패드, 발포고무 패드와의 성능을 비교하였으며, 동적 특성으로 주파수 응답함수와 진동가속도에 대한 검토를 진행하여, 폴리머 콘크리트와 각각의 재료가 지하구조물에 적용될 경우의 동적 특성을 비교 검증한 후, 실 구조물에의 적용 가능성에 대해 검토하고자 한다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2017

Near-fault ground motions are characterized by high values of the ratio between the peak of vertical and horizontal ground accelerations, which can significantly affect the nonlinear response of a base-isolated structure. To check the effectiveness of different base-isolation systems for retrofitting a r.c. framed structure located in a near-fault area, a numerical investigation is carried out analyzing the nonlinear dynamic response of the fixed-base and isolated structures. For this purpose, a six-storey r.c. framed building is supposed to be retrofitted by insertion of an isolation system at the base for attaining performance levels imposed by current Italian code in a high-risk seismic zone. In particular, elastomeric (e.g., high-damping-laminated-rubber bearings, HDLRBs) and friction (e.g., steel-PTFE sliding bearings, SBs, or friction pendulum bearings, FPBs) isolators are considered, with reference to three cases of base isolation: HDLRBs acting alone (i.e., EBI structures); in-parallel combination of HDLRBs and SBs (i.e., EFBI structures); FPBs acting alone (i.e., FPBI structures). Different values of the stiffness ratio, defined as the ratio between the vertical and horizontal stiffnesses of the HDLRBs, sliding ratio, defined as the global sliding force divided by the maximum sliding force of the SBs, and in-plan distribution of friction coefficient for the FPs are investigated. The EBI, EFBI and FPBI base-isolation systems are designed assuming the same values of the fundamental vibration period and equivalent viscous damping ratio. The nonlinear dynamic analysis is carried out with reference to near-fault earthquakes, selected and scaled on the design hypotheses adopted for the test structures.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.231-257
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• 2022

Transmission lines systems are important components of the electrical power infrastructure. However, these systems are vulnerable to damage from high wind events such as hurricanes. This study presents the results from a 1:50 scale aeroelastic model of a multi-span transmission lines system subjected to simulated hurricane winds. The transmission lines system considered in this study consists of three lattice towers, four spans of conductors and two end-frames. The aeroelastic tests were conducted at the NSF NHERI Wall of Wind Experimental Facility (WOW EF) at the Florida International University (FIU). A horizontal distortion scaling technique was used in order to fit the entire model on the WOW turntable. The system was tested at various wind speeds ranging from 35 m/s to 78 m/s (equivalent full-scale speeds) for varying wind directions. A system identification (SID) technique was used to evaluate experimental-based along-wind aerodynamic damping coefficients and compare with their theoretical counterparts. Comparisons were done for two aeroelastic models: (i) a self-supported lattice tower, and (ii) a multi-span transmission lines system. A buffeting analysis was conducted to estimate the response of the conductors and compare it to measured experimental values. The responses of the single lattice tower and the multi-span transmission lines system were compared. The coupling effects seem to drastically change the aerodynamic damping of the system, compared to the single lattice tower case. The estimation of the drag forces on the conductors are in good agreement with their experimental counterparts. The incorporation of the change in turbulence intensity along the height of the towers appears to better estimate the response of the transmission tower, in comparison with previous methods which assumed constant turbulence intensity. Dynamic amplification factors and gust effect factors were computed, and comparisons were made with code specific values. The resonance contribution is shown to reach a maximum of 18% and 30% of the peak response of the stand-alone tower and entire system, respectively.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.325-337
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• 2022

In this research, an earthquake-resistant structural system consisting of a pin-connected steel frame and a bracing with metallic fuses is proposed. Contrary to the conventional braced frames, the main structural elements are deemed to remain elastic under earthquakes and the seismic energy is efficiently dissipated by the damper-braces with an amplification mechanism. The superiority of the proposed damping system lies in easy manufacture, high yield capacity and energy dissipation, and an effortless replacement of damaged fuses after earthquake events. Furthermore, the stiffness and the yield capacity are almost decoupled in the proposed damper-brace which makes it highly versatile for performance-based seismic design compared to most other dampers. A special attention is paid to derive the theoretical formulation for nonlinear behavior of the proposed damper-brace, which is verified using analytical results. Next, a direct displacement-based design procedure is provided for the proposed system and an example structure is designed and analyzed thoroughly to check its seismic performance. The results show that the proposed system designed with the provided procedure satisfies the given performance objective and can be used for developing highly efficient low-damage structures.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.27-44
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• 2020

This work presents a comparison of three performance-based seismic design methods (PBSD) as applied to plane steel frames having eccentric braces (EBFs) and buckling restrained braces (BRBFs). The first method uses equivalent modal damping ratios (ξ_k), referring to an equivalent multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) linear system, which retains the mass, the elastic stiffness and responds in the same way as the original non-linear MDOF system. The second method employs modal strength reduction factors (${\bar{q}}_k$) resulting from the corresponding modal damping ratios. Contrary to the behavior factors of code based design methods, both ξ_k and ${\bar{q}}_k$ account for the first few modes of significance and incorporate target deformation metrics like inter-storey drift ratio (IDR) and local ductility as well as structural characteristics like structural natural period, and soil types. Explicit empirical expressions of ξ_k and ${\bar{q}}_k$, recently presented by the present authors elsewhere, are also provided here for reasons of completeness and easy reference. The third method, developed here by the authors, is based on a hybrid force/displacement (HFD) seismic design scheme, since it combines the force-base design (FBD) method with the displacement-based design (DBD) method. According to this method, seismic design is accomplished by using a behavior factor (q_h), empirically expressed in terms of the global ductility of the frame, which takes into account both non-structural and structural deformation metrics. These expressions for q_h are obtained through extensive parametric studies involving non-linear dynamic analysis (NLDA) of 98 frames, subjected to 100 far-fault ground motions that correspond to four soil types of Eurocode 8. Furthermore, these factors can be used in conjunction with an elastic acceleration design spectrum for seismic design purposes. Finally, a comparison among the above three seismic design methods and the Eurocode 8 method is conducted with the aid of non-linear dynamic analyses via representative numerical examples, involving plane steel EBFs and BRBFs.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2017

Passive dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs) are often used to suppress the excessive vibration of a large structure due to their simple construction and low maintenance cost compared to other vibration control techniques. A new type of passive DVA consists of two pendulums connected with spring and dashpot element is investigated. This research evaluated the performance of the DVA in reducing the vibration response of a two degree of freedom shear structure. A model for the two DOF vibration system with the absorber is developed. The nominal absorber parameters are calculated using a Genetic Algorithm(GA) procedure. A parametric study is performed to evaluate the effect of each absorber parameter on performance. The simulation results show that the optimum condition for the absorber frequencies and damping ratios is mainly affected by pendulum length, mass, and the damping coefficient of the pendulum's hinge joint. An experimental model validates the theoretical results. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed technique is able be used as an effective alternative solution for reducing the vibration response of a multi degree of freedom vibration system.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2007

이 연구에서는 인접한 두 빌딩의 진동제어를 위한 방법으로 선형 점성 감쇠기의 위치별 용량의 최적설계방법을 제시하고자 한다. 기존 연구들에서는 감쇠기의 균등분포 또는 층별 감쇠비의 민감도에 비례하는 분포의 가정 하에서의 준최적(suboptimal) 설계문제를 다룬 반면, 이 연구에서는 감쇠기의 위치별 용량을 독립적인 설계인자로 고려함으로써 전역 최적해를 결정하는 최적화기법을 다루었다. 이를 위하여 넓은 영역에서 다수의 설계변수를 효율적으로 검색할 수 있는 유전자 알고리즘(genetic algorithm)을 도입하였으며, 제어 성능 및 감쇠용량에 대한 목적함수의 정의를 달리함으로써 얻어지는 여러 최적설계 결과를 상호 비교하여 보다 최적의 해를 구할 수 있는 목적함수를 정립하였다. 기존 연구결과와의 제어성능 및 감쇠용량의 비교를 통하여 제시하는 방법의 효율성을 검증하였다. 아울러 서로 상이한 주파수 성분을 띄는 실제 역사지진에 대한 시간이력해석을 통하여 제시하는 방법이 인접 구조물의 효과적인 제진설계방법이 될 수 있음을 입증하였다.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.9-25
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• 2015

Field measurements of various structures have been conducted for many purposes. Measurement data obtained by field measurement is very useful to determine vibration characteristics including dynamic characteristics such as the damping ratio, natural frequency, and mode shape of a structure. In addition, results of field measurements and modal identification can be used for modal updating of FEM analysis, for checking the efficiency of damping devices and so on. This paper shows some examples of field measurements and modal identification for structural health monitoring. As the first example, changes of dynamic characteristics of a 15-story office building in four construction stages from the foundation stage to completion are described. The dynamic characteristics of each construction stage were modeled as accurately as possible by FEM, and the stiffness of the main structural frame was evaluated and the FEM results were compared with measurements performed on non-load-bearing elements. Simple FEM modal updating was also applied. As the next example, full-scale measurements were also carried out on a high-rise chimney, and the efficiency of the tuned mass damper was investigated by using two kinds of modal identification techniques. Good correspondence was shown with vibration characteristics obtained by the 2DOF-RD technique and the Frequency Domain Decomposition method. As the last example, the wind-induced response using RTK-GPS and the feasibility of hybrid use of FEM analysis and RTK-GPS for confirming the integrity of structures during strong typhoons were shown. The member stresses obtained by hybrid use of FEM analysis and RTK-GPS were close to the member stresses measured by strain gauges.