• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.574-579
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• 2009

The regulatory effects of honokiol on the cellular responses of macrophages and monocytes were evaluated. Specifically, we investigated the effects of honokiol with respect to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytotoxicity, LPS- or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-mediated morphological changes, and relevant events (FITC-dextran-induced phagocytic uptake). Honokiol blocked the LPS-induced cytotoxicity of RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, honokiol appeared to block the production of cytotoxic cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, honokiol strongly prevented the morphological changes in RAW 264.7 and U937 cells that were induced by LPS and PMA. The surface levels of marker proteins, which are up-regulated under the morphological changes of RAW264.7 and U937 cells, were also diminished. The data presented here strongly suggest that the honokiol modulates various cellular responses managed by macrophages and monocytes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Magnestics Society Conference
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• 1991.05a
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• pp.73-74
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• 1991

The films with ferromagnetic fine particles dispersed in nonmagnetic matrix, such as $Fe-Al_2O_3$ and Fe-Cu have been studied for use of magnetic recording medium, optically device and sensor. Their magnetic properties depend strongly on structural parameter such as size and volume fraction of ferromagnetic particles. Fe-Cr-Ni alloy sputtered films also have microstructure with ferromagnetic -- b.c.c phase and nonmagnetic f.c.c phase grains. Magnetic properties of these films depend strongly on such a unique structure. These are depend on the ratio in volume of ferromagnetic particles to nonmagnetic ones $V_F/V_N$, the saturation magnetization Ms increased with increase of $V_F/V_N$. The coercivity Hc of the as-deposited films took maximum value of about 200 Oe at adequate $V_F/V_N$ and then Ms and Squareness S were 500 emu/cc and 0.5, respectively.(omitted)

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.351-362
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• 2003

The goal of this study was to examine the effects of perceived risks toward GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) food on the decision-making to purchase it and demands to reveal its Identity. The major results were as follows. First, consumers strongly perceived the risk toward GMO food, and demanded labeling to identify it. But, many consumers had indecisive in the purchase of GMO food. Second, consumers with high level of perceived risks toward GMO food were more likely not to buy GMO food. In addition, the level of perceived risk was high among consumers who had many children. Finally, consumers with high level of perceived risks toward GMO food were more likely to demand the labelling for identifying GMO food. Consumers who had many children and high level of reliability for labelling food safety strongly demanded to label for revealing GMO food.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.103-127
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• 2015

This paper investigates the two academic revolutions of the Korean higher education system. Since economic catch-up began in the 1960s, Korea has strongly encouraged the activities of its higher education system to serve industrial development as it has progressed through various developmental stages. At the 'strong regulation' stage, universities focused on the provision of technicians. As the need for higher education grew, the 'massive expansion' stage emerged. Finally, most recently, university research and its direct contribution to the economy have been invigorated by strong governmental support. Possibly, this is due to the fact that the Korean government has strongly controlled not only industry but also academia. As long as other East Asian universities have similar conditions to those of the development of Korean universities, we can generalise this model not only to universities in other East Asian countries, but also to universities in other rapid catch-up countries.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.991-1008
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• 2013

In this paper, we mainly discuss Gorenstein Dedekind do-mains (G-Dedekind domains for short) and their overrings. Let R be a one-dimensional Noetherian domain with quotient field K and integral closure T. Then it is proved that R is a G-Dedekind domain if and only if for any prime ideal P of R which contains ($R\;:_K\;T$), P is Gorenstein projective. We also give not only an example to show that G-Dedekind domains are not necessarily Noetherian Warfield domains, but also a definition for a special kind of domain: a 2-DVR. As an application, we prove that a Noetherian domain R is a Warfield domain if and only if for any maximal ideal M of R, $R_M$ is a 2-DVR.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.85-89
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• 2014

A bounded linear Hilbert space operator T is said to be k-quasi-class A operator if it satisfy the operator inequality $T^{*k}{\mid}T^2{\mid}T^k{\geq}T^{*k}{\mid}T{\mid}^2T^k$ for a non-negative integer k. It is proved that if T is a k-quasi-class A contraction, then either T has a nontrivial invariant subspace or T is a proper contraction and the nonnegative operator $D=T^{*k}({\mid}T^2{\mid}-{\mid}T{\mid}^2)T^k$ is strongly stable.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.219-234
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• 2020

The fundamental relation on a fuzzy hyperring is defined as the smallest equivalence relation, such that the quotient would be the ring, that is not commutative necessarily. In this paper, we introduce a new fuzzy strongly regular equivalence on fuzzy hyperrings, where the ring is commutative with respect to both sum and product. With considering this relation on fuzzy hyperring, the set of the quotient is a commutative ring. Also, we introduce fundamental functor between the category of fuzzy hyperrings and category of commutative rings and some related properties. Eventually, we introduce α-part in fuzzy hyperring and determine some necessary and sufficient conditions so that the relation α is transitive.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1329-1332
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• 2014

The kinetic studies on the reactions of O,O-diethyl Z-S-aryl phosphorothioates with X-pyridines have been carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide. The free energy correlations with X in the nucleophiles are biphasic concave upwards with a break point at X = H, while those for substituent Z variations in the leaving groups are linear. The negative sign of ${\rho}_{XZ}$ implies that the reaction proceeds through a concerted mechanism for both the strongly and weakly basic pyridines. The biphasic concave upward free energy relationships with X are rationalized by a change in the nucleophilic attacking direction from frontside with the strongly basic pyridines to backside with the weakly basic pyridines.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1829-1834
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• 2013

The nucleophilic substitution reactions of Y-aryl ethyl isothiocyanophosphates with substituted X-anilines and deuterated X-anilines were investigated kinetically in acetonitrile at $75.0^{\circ}C$. The free energy relationships with X in the nucleophiles exhibited biphasic concave downwards with a break point at X = H. A stepwise mechanism with rate-limiting bond formation for strongly basic anilines and with rate-limiting bond breaking for weakly basic anilines is proposed based on the negative and positive ${\rho}_{XY}$ values, respectively. The deuterium kinetic isotope effects (DKIEs; $k_H/k_D$) changed gradually from primary normal with strongly basic anilines, via primary normal and secondary inverse with aniline, to secondary inverse with weakly basic anilines. The primary normal and secondary inverse DKIEs were rationalized by frontside attack involving hydrogen bonded, four-center-type TSf and backside attack involving in-line-type TSb, respectively.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.702-705
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• 2002

This paper describes effects of visual information influencing sound localization in the peripheral visual Held under dynamic conditions. Presentation experiments of an audio-visual stimulus were carried out using a movie of a moving patrol car and its siren sound. The tallowing results were obtained: first, the sound image on the timing at the beginning of the presentation was more strongly captured by the visual image than that at the end, i.e., the "beginning effect" was occurred; second, in the peripheral regions, the "beginning effect" was strongly appeared in near the fixation point of eyes.