• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2012

Objective: To investigate the effect of long-term water exercise on gait parameters in the elderly post stroke patients. Design: One group pretest-posttest design. Methods: Twenty elderly post stroke patients (age: $56.5{\pm}10.1$ years, height: $168.6{\pm}5.8cm$, body mass: $69.3{\pm}6.9kg$, handicapped level: $2.5{\pm}0.8$) participated in this study. Participants took part in gait training of 1 hour per day, three days per week, for three months. Participants' gaits were analyzed to find the effect of 3 months water exercise by a 3-D motion analysis with 8 infrared camera and 1 force plate (sampling frequency: 100 and 1,000 Hz, respectively). A paired t-test was used to find the significance with significant level as 0.05. Results: Gait velocity, step length & step width significantly increased, and asymmetric index for gait parameters significantly decreased after the water exercise (p<0.05). Conclusions: The water exercise effectively affect on patients' gait ability and electromyography analysis will be needed further study.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.137-145
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of various bridge exercises on walking ability. Method: The subjects were 30 stroke patients. They were divided into a bridge exercise group on a stable support surface (Group I), a bridge exercise group on an unstable support surface (Group II), and a bridge exercise group combined with whole body vibrations (Group III). 10 subjects were randomly assigned into each group. The subjects of this study had 30 minutes of nervous system physical therapy including gait training and strength training. In addition, each group underwent a 30 minutes session five times a week for eight weeks. Before intervention, LUKOtronic was used to measure step width and step length, time was measured with a 10 m walking test, and time and number of steps were measured with the figure 8 walking test. After the intervention, remeasured and analysis was performed for each group. Results: As a result of comparing and analyzing the change of walking ability between groups, there was a statistically significant difference. As a result of the post hoc analysis according to the change of walking ability among groups, the change of walking ability was larger in Group III than in Group I and Group II. Conclusion: Based on these results, it is confirmed that the bridge exercise combined with whole body vibration was more effective for walking ability. Based on these findings, this study proposes an effective program for elite athletes as well as stroke patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2018

PURPOSE: The present study aims to determine the effect of lower extremity muscle strength exercise at the non-paralyzed side of patients of stroke using a mirror on gait and balance. METHODS: Subjects were assigned randomly to a group of lower extremity exercise without using a mirror (n=10), a group of lower extremity motion exercise using a mirror (n=10), and a group of lower extremity muscle strength exercise using a mirror (n=10). The exercise is added to a physiotherapy program conducted at the hospital and subjects conducted their designed lower extremity exercises 30 times a day (5 sets), five days per week for four weeks. RESULTS: The study result showed that BBS(Berg balance scale)(p<.05) and TUG(timed up and go test)(p<.05) had a significant difference. In the comparison on gait ability, stride length, step length, step width and single support was a significant difference within two groups using a mirror before and after the intervention(p<.05). CONCLUSION: Conclusively, low extremity motion exercise using a mirror and low extremity muscle strength exercise using a mirror conducted along with general physiotherapy exercises had a positive effect on functions of lower extremity in patients with stroke and the recovery of paralyzed side thereby incurring a significant difference in balance and gait abilities.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2003

In this paper statistics on the radiation field waveforms produced by stepped leaders just prior to lightning return strokes were described. As a parameter of stepped leader pulse characteristics, the time interval between the final leader pulse and return stroke peak, the pause time between stepped leaders, the ratio of the final leader peak to the return stroke peak and the stepped leader pulse width at half maximum were examined. The average time intervals between the final leader pulse and return stroke peak were about 16.2 and 14.8$mutextrm{s}$ for the positive and negative polarities, respectively. When the stepped leader approaches closely to ground, the time interval between leader steps was decreased and the mean value was about 17$mutextrm{s}$, and the present results were in reasonable agreement with the data observed in Florida and Japan. The large fraction of the ratios of the final stepped leader pulse to the lightning return stroke peak were distributed over the range from 5 to 35% and in average the ratio of the final leader pulse to the return stroke peak was 17.4$\pm$11.9% for the positive and 18.5$\pm$9.4% for the negative electric field waveforms. In addition, the mean pulse widths at half maximum of the stepped leaders are 1.4Us with a standard deviation of 0.9 for the positive Polarity and 2.2us with a standard deviation of 1.2 for the negative polarity, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.756-759
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• 2004

We present a piezoelectric actuator using stiffness control and stroke amplification mechanism in order to make large lateral displacement. In this work, we suggest stiffness control approach that generates lateral displacement by increasing the vertical stiffness and reducing the lateral stiffness using additional structure. In addition, an additional structure of a serpentine spring amplifies the lateral displacement like leverage structure. The suggested lateral PZT actuator (bellows actuator) consists of serpentine spring and PZT/electrode layer which is located at the edge of the serpentine spring. The edge of the serpentine spring prevents the vertical motion of PZT layer, while the other edge of the serpentine spring makes stroke amplification like leverage structure. We have determined dimensions of the bellows actuator using ANSYS simulation. Length, width and thickness of PZT layer are 135$\mu$m, 20$\mu$m and 0.4$\mu$m, respectively. Dimensions of the silicon serpentine spring are thickness of 25$\mu$m, length of 300$\mu$m, and width of 5$\mu$m. The bellows actuator has been fabricated by SOI wafer with 25$\mu$m-top silicon and 1$\mu$m-buried oxide layer. The bellows actuator shows the maximum 3.93$\pm$0.2$\mu$m lateral displacement at 16V with 1Hz sinusoidal voltage input. In the frequency response test, the fabricated bellows actuator showed consistent displacement from 1Hz to 1kHz at 10V. From experimental study, we found the bellows actuator using thin film PZT and silicon serpentine spring generated mainly laterally displacement not vertical displacement at 16V, and serpentine spring played role of stroke amplification.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that make the bathroom experience an inconvenient one for stroke patients, including the use of basic materials to provide an effective and individualized bathroom environment. Method: The survey was conducted from May 20 to June 20, 2014 on 81 stroke patients. The questionnaire is composed of the following: general factors of respondents, degree of inconvenience of general bathroom usage, and inconvenient factors. The questions on inconvenient factors of bathroom usage are comprised of 20 questions in a 5-point Likert scale. Result: The degree of inconvenience of bathroom usage results showed that the group of patients using wheelchairs experience more inconvenience than the group of patients without wheelchairs. The inconvenient factors between two groups are shown to have significant differences in the door sill, the location of the mirror, the chair for showering, transferring to the bathtub, slippery floor, the location of cabinets, door width, shower space, the location of shower booth, and the safety handle on the wall and toilet (p<.05). Conclusion: The result of this research shows that the inconvenient factors in the bathroom experience stroke patients vary depending on the use of wheelchair. The result may be utilized as therapeutic basic materials provide an effective bathroom environment to stoke patients in future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2014

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to compare the spatio-temporal gait parameters between paretic and non-paretic limb while stepping over the different obstacle's heights in subjects with stroke. METHODS: Nine subjects with stroke were participated in this study. Subjects were asked to step over obstacles with a different height. 8 camera motion analysis system(Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, USA) was used to measure spatio-temporal parameters. The two way repeated measurement ANOVA was used to compare spati-temporal gait parameters between paretic and non-paretic limbs while stepping over a different obstacle's height(0cm, 10cm, 20cm). RESULTS: Step width, velocity, single supoort time, and double support time were not different among obstacle's height(p>0.05) but stride length, step length, and cadence were significantly different(p>0.05). In stride length, cadence, and double support time, the interactions between obstacle's heights and limbs were not different(p>0.05) but it was significantly different in velocity, step length, and single support time(p<0.05). Velocity, stride length, cadence, and double support times were not different between paretic limb and non-paretic limb(p>0.05) but step length and single support times were significantly different between paretic limb and non-paretic limb(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results show that there are differences with spatio-temporal gait parameters among obstacle's heights and between paretic and non-paretic limb during obstacle crossing in subjects with stroke.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.5583-5604
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• 2016

In this paper, we present a novel image operator to extract textual information in natural scene images. First, a powerful refiner called the Stroke Color Extension, which extends the widely used Stroke Width Transform by incorporating color information of strokes, is proposed to achieve significantly enhanced performance on intra-character connection and non-character removal. Second, a character classifier is trained by using gradient features. The classifier not only eliminates non-character components but also remains a large number of characters. Third, an effective extractor called the Character Color Transform combines color information of characters and geometry features. It is used to extract potential characters which are not correctly extracted in previous steps. Fourth, a Convolutional Neural Network model is used to verify text candidates, improving the performance of text detection. The proposed technique is tested on two public datasets, i.e., ICDAR2011 dataset and ICDAR2013 dataset. The experimental results show that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1994.11a
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• pp.86-88
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• 1994

In this paper, we present the design procedure and analysis the fundamental characteristics for Linear DC motor using permeance method and finite element method. Designed LDM is made of two permanent magnets, three iron core and amateur windings. For the design the LDM, first of all it is nessary to calculate the air gap flux density and thrust force, after that to determine core size, the numbers of winding turns, winding width, motor cross section area and losses in the coil. Also, we analysis the fundamental characteristics for implemented LDM according to proposed design procedure, and we find that the implemented LDM generated constant thrust force for costant current as long as iron of core is not saturated. Finally, we find that the proposed design procedure in this paper is effective to design and implementation of LDM.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.1088-1091
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• 1997

This paper describes the characteristic of hinges on which a lever pivots within a limited angle due to the torque. The hinges are exerted by the thermally expanded actuators connected with a level through hinges. To enhance the stroke of inchworm actuator, FEM(Finite Element Method) was utilized for the characterization in view of stress displacement according to the variation of notch radius and notch width. As a result, notch width of the hinges plays an important part in improvement of micro inchworm actuator.