• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.164-172
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• 2019

This study examined the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)-related variables of firefighters through a systematic literature review. Electronic databases were searched, including RISS, National Assembly Library, NDSL, KmBase. The search terms were PTSD, Post-Traumatic Stress, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Firefighter. Eleven studies from 146 references screened were included. All studies were non-experimental and correlational analyses. The positive correlation factors were age, duration of work, traumatic events, frequency of mobilization, number and strength of traumatic events experienced, work burden, coping method, D-type personality, depression, and anger rumination. The negative correlation factors were resilience, social support, self-esteem. To improve the mental health of firefighters in the future, professional intervention programs should be constructed to improve resilience, social support, and self-esteem, which are protective factors of PTSD.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.301-309
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between academic stress and e-learning intentions of university students, and to determine the moderating effect on the attractiveness of alternatives. Data collection was conducted from 18 May to 22 May 2020 using 317 questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using SmartPLS. As a result of the study, among the academic stresses of university students, stress due to class, grades, and interpersonal relationships has a relationship with the intention to use e-learning. However, the test stress did not have a significant effect on the intention to use e-learning, and the modulating effect on the attractiveness of the alternative was also not significant. This study suggests that various and attractive e-learning can be provided within the university by highlighting the importance of healthy university life and e-learning for university students.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.166-174
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• 2013

Purpose: This study aims to identify factors that influence middle-aged men's attitude towards death. Methods: The study enrolled 204 middle-aged (range=40~59 years) male residents of Daegu in Korea. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected in October 4~30, 2010. For data analysis, we used descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheff$\grave{e}$'s test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS WIN 14.0. Results: Participants' attitude towards death significantly differed according to educational level, religion, volunteer activities, and perceived health status. Moreover, their attitude towards death was negatively correlated with life stress and depression and positively correlated with self-esteem, life satisfaction, and coping behavior. The factors influencing the attitude towards death were life satisfaction, daily stress, religion, and depression, which explained approximately 25.7% of the total variance. Conclusion: Middle-aged men perform a crucial role in our society, and their attitude toward death affects how they cope with a situational crisis such as a terminal cancer or withdrawal of life sustaining treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement a support program for middle-aged men, which offers them with various strategies to better manage their daily stress and improve their life satisfaction and coping skills.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.315-320
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• 2022

This study discussed its implications for the meaning in life, which began to emerge through existential psychotherapy in the era of coronavirus infection 19 (COVID-19). In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are making efforts to live a meaningful life, and individuals and communities are making efforts to find meaning in how to live a meaningful life. Humanity has a premise for a peaceful life, and since the past, interest in the meaning in life has continued. The deadly virus called COVID-19, which hit the world in December 2019, created stress such as anxiety, alienation, and depression in people, endangering the lives of individuals and communities. Research on the meaning in life was active even before COVID-19, but I think it is necessary to look at the changes in people's meaning in life and how COVID-19 is affecting each individual amid the global pandemic of the virus. In other words, clarifying the meaning of our lives in the era of COVID-19 is a coping to reduce stress and a catalyst to improve the quality of life. This study aims to provide basic research to prepare ways to improve the quality of life in the era of COVID-19 by examining various perspectives and results on the meaning in life.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.735-744
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the stressors and stress-adaptation patterns of students preparing for the national dental hygiene certification examination. Methods : The subjects in this study were dental hygiene juniors in four selected colleges located in the metropolitan area. After a survey was conducted, the collected data were analyzed. Results : 1. Concerning motivation of choosing the department of dental hygiene, the largest group that accounted for 72.2 percent chose it due to employment prospects. As to satisfaction level with the department, 40.4 percent were satisfied. In relation to employment prospects, 54.1 percent thought the prospects were bright. 2. They got a mean of 3.23 in stressors. To be specific, they felt the most stress due to test anxiety(3.70), followed by leisure insufficiency (3.21), the uncertainty of the future(3.18) and parental pressure(2.64). 3. They got a mean of 2.02 in stress-adaptation method. They got 2.31 and 1.72 in long-term and short-term adaptation respectively, which showed that long-term stress adaptation method were more prevailing than short-term ones. 4. As for the relationship of the stressors, there was positive correlation among all the test anxiety, future uncertainty, leisure insufficiency and parental pressure, and their correlation was statistically significant(p<0.000). 5. Regarding connections between general characteristics and the stressors, whether they spent two years or more for college admission, satisfaction level with the dental hygiene department, employment prospects and health status made significant differences to the stressors (p<0.05), and there were significant gaps in adaptation patterns according to academic standing, satisfaction level with the department and health state(p<0.05). Conclusions : The dental hygiene students were under great pressure since they had to prepare for the national dental hygiene certification examination to become a certified dental hygienist, one of professional health care workers. Therefore stress counseling programs and stress-coping programs should be developed to relieve the stress of dental hygiene students who are going to take the national dental hygiene certification examination. And they should be assisted to stay away from stress and to handle their stress in a more active manner.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.81-106
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to find out the causal relationship between perceptual level of stress and health state according to Korean constitutions and to analyze that effect on the Korean constitution's health state. Subjects of this study were 87 out patient department of constitution at Kyung-Hee Oriental Medicine Hospital. Data were collected by using interview with Questionaire during 6 months from Feb. 2 to June 31, 1991. The Measurement tools used by this researcher were Go's The Questionaire of Identify about constitution, Lee's stress scale and Go's modified Cornell Medical Index which were approved it's reliability and validity. All of the questionaires of were used after pre- test. For the purposes of the study, the collected data were analyzed by frequency, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation. And then this research's issue was tested by SAS program's ANCOVA. The findings of this study was summarized as follow. 1. There was significantly differences in stress perceptual level in Korean constitution. (F=9.68, P=.000). The So Em In (小陰人) were higher than the other constitution on stress perceptional level. 2. In health state, there was significantly difference among Korean constitution. (F=6.654, P=.002). Also the So Em In (小陰人) was lower than the other constitution at health state. Therefore, it was considerate that So Em In (小陰人) was higher perceptual level of stress than the other constitution and the resulting poor health state. 3. Stressful perception was effected on the health state, as a result inverted correlation was constructed between stress perception and health state. (r=-.6034, P=.0001) 4. After exclusion of stress perceptual level, each of the Korean Constitution's health state was not difference (F=1.01, P=.37). It was mean that differences of the Korean Constitution's perceptual level of stress effected on the health state. Bacause So Em In (小陰人) had higher perceptual level of stress than other constitution (F=9.687, P=.000), in proportion to that one's health state was poor. From the results of this study, it could be concluded that the higher stress perceptual level according to Korean constitution, the poorer health state. Further study in this area needs to be consideration that in order to coping with stress, researcher grope for quality nursing intervention with more accurative assessment about Korean constitution.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2010

Objective : This study compared the psychological stresses of depressed patients' families with those of schizophrenic patients' families. We investigated the influence of depressive patients' clinical features and their families' demographic characteristics on the families' depressive symptoms and stresses. Methods : Participants were 23 family members of depressed patients and 20 family members of schizophrenic patients. We measured the patients' clinical features (duration of illness, number of previous hospitalizations, and satisfaction with medication), and each family member's socioeconomic status and psychological characteristics (depressive mood, anxiety, family stress, and stress response), analyzing the data via independent t-test, chi-square test, and correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Results : The depressed patients' average clinical global impression (CGI) was significantly higher than that of the schizophrenic patients. The depressed patients' family members showed stress responses significantly higher than those of schizophrenic patients' family members. Furthermore, in depressed patients, frequency of hospitalization was positively correlated with family members' stat anxiety. For both patient types, family stress was positively correlated with the patient's severity of illness and the family's state anxiety, trait anxiety, and stress response ; socioeconomic status was positively correlated with the family's depressive symptoms ; the family's state anxiety positively correlated with the family's trait anxiety and stress response ; and the family's trait anxiety positively correlated with the family's stress response. Socioeconomic status predicted the family's depressive symptoms, and socioeconomic, illness severity and stress response predicted family stress. Conclusion : These findings suggest that both depressed patients' families and schizophrenic patients' families suffer from psychological stress. The study data also have important clinical implications, in that families of depressed patients need psychiatric intervention, as well as the patients themselves. In particular, family intervention should focus on psycho-education and stress coping strategies.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2019

Background: Police officers' stress perception, frequency of stressful events (stressors), and police work characteristics may contribute to poor sleep quality through different mechanisms. Methods: We investigated associations of stress severity (measured by stress rating score) and frequency of stressors with sleep quality and examined the influence of police work characteristics including workload, police rank, prior military experience, and shift work on the associations. Participants were 356 police officers (256 men and 100 women) enrolled in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress Study from 2004 to 2009. A mean stress rating score and mean frequency of stressors occurring in the past month were computed for each participant from the Spielberger Police Stress Survey data. Sleep quality was assessed using the global score derived from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index survey. Linear associations of the stress rating score and frequency of stressors with sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index global score) were tested. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and smoking status were selected as potential confounders. Results: The stress rating score was positively and independently associated with poor sleep quality (${\beta}=0.17$, p = 0.002). Only workload significantly modified this association (${\beta}=0.23$, p = 0.001 for high workload group; p-interaction = 0.109). The frequency of stressors was positively and independently associated with poor sleep quality (${\beta}=0.13$, p = 0.025). Only police rank significantly modified the association (${\beta}=0.007$, p = 0.004 for detectives/other executives; p-interaction = 0.076). Conclusion: Both police officers' perception of stress severity and the frequency of stressors are associated with poor sleep quality. Stress coping or sleep promotion regimens may be more beneficial among police officers reporting high workloads.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.112-121
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• 2013

Purpose: This purpose of study was to examine the degree of the depression and to identify the affecting factors on the depression of Korean female university students. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. Data were collected from 448 female university students. Participants completed a self-reported questionnaire including general characteristics, depression, well-being, stress, self-efficacy, social support, coping, self-esteem, and temperament. Results: The mean of Beck's Depression Inventory was 11.07. The affecting factors on the depression of female university students were stress, well-being, self-esteem, health status and major. The proportion of variance explained by these affecting factors was 50.0%. Conclusion: Depression among female university students were associated with various factors. Considering these factors, intervention programs should be developed to reduce depression of female university students.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.556-565
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• 2004

Purpose: According to Lazarus & Folkman (1984), appraising a stressor as a threat is associated with negative psychological and physical adjustment, whereas appraising a stressor as a challenge is positive psychological and physical adjustment. This study examined how cognitive appraisal of PTCA(heart disease threat and treatment appraisal) related to the cardiac risk reduction behaviors(smoking cessation, low salt and low cholesterol diet, regular exercise and stress management) 6 weeks following discharge. Method: Data were collected from 50 subjects with successful primary PTCA. Result: Heart disease threat was negative related to treatment appraisal (r=-0.240, p=0.046). Psychological well-being was negative related to heart disease threat (r=-0.317, p=0.012) and positive related to treatment appraisal(r=0.402, p=0.002). The cardiac risk reduction behaviors score was negative related to heart disease threat(r= -0.296, p=0.018) and positive related to treatment appraisal(r=-0.291, p=0.020). Conclusion: More negative appraisal was related to lower the cardiac risk reduction behaviors score. But more positive appraisal was related to higher the cardiac risk reduction behaviors score. So, there is a need to develop the cognitive-behavioral intevention that increase the coping strategy to replace with positive appraisal.