• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2014

Dental caries are one of the most common oral diseases and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) plays an important role in the initiation and progression of dental caries. Oral malodor is primarily the result of microbial metabolism such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) that produce volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), causing oral malodor. Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia) is known as typical periodontopathic bacteria, and periodontal disease is chronic inflammatory disease that leads to damage of gingival connective tissue and alveolar bone, eventually loss of teeth. In this study, we investigated antimicrobial effect of mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), sodium fluoride (NaF), green tea water extract and pine needles water extract against cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria sucn as S. mutans, P. gingivalis and P. intermedia. As a result, the reduction ratios of S. mutans and P. gingivalis were 4.00 Log and 4.68 Log reduction for 30 s, and P. intermedia were 2.40 Log reduction for 30 s and 2.70 Log reduction for 60 s. Dentocult SM Strip mutans (SM Strip) provides easy detection of visual data showing a significant inhibition on S. mutans. In conclusion, we expected that mouthwash containing CPC, NaF, green tea water extract and pine needles water extract could help preventing the dental disease like dental caries and oral malodor.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2010

To examine whether the effects of chewing gum containing xylitol are purely based on xylitol itself rather than the preventive effects on dental caries based on other constituents or factors, gargling was done using xylitol solution which was diluted in a distilled water. Then, attempts were made to perform an experiment for the bacterial activity of S. mutans depending on the amount of xylitol. Gargling was done using solutions containing xylitol at an amount of 30, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90% with the same methods after 48 hours. When gargling was done using a solution containing xylitol at a volume of 60% in those who experienced dental caries, the bacterial activity of S. mutans was decreased by 35% as compared with the control group. When gargling was done using a solution containing xylitol at a volume of 70%, the bacterial activity of S. mutans was decreased by 80% as compared with the control group. These results indicate that there was a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05). Besides, similar result appeared in those who did not experience dental caries(p<0.05). Based on the above results, under the hypothesis that the effects of xylitol contained in a chewing gum were not associated with other constituents, it is presumed that the amount of xylitol at a ratio of > 70% is effective in reducing the bacterial activity of S. mutans with no respect to experiences of dental caries. But we need an another experiment to confirm whether this result is due to xylitol's effect or not.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2003

Streptococcus mutans is known to be a major causative organism of human dental caries. The development of a vaccine against dental caries involves identification of appropriate antigens of mutans streptococci against which protective immune responses can be mounted, and the selection of a method of immunization that will generate sustained levels of protective antibodies. Antigens receiving most attention include streptococcal surface proteins that are involved in attachment to tooth surfaces and glucosyltransferases (GTF) that synthesize adhesive glucans from sucrose. The induction of antibody responses to orally administered antigens is often difficult due to digestive destruction of antigens and immune tolerance. Here we report the induction of antibody responses to an anti-caries vaccine containing retinoic acid (RA). Subcutaneous immunization with formalin-fixed bacteria or GTF supplemented with RA induced higher serum IgM and IgA responses to GTF compaired to oral adminstration. Antisera induced by Ingbritt strain showed partial cross-reaction with LM-7 strain, but not with OMZ175. These results suggest that subcutaneous immunization with GTF combined with an immunomodulator, RA, may be applied to anti-caries vaccine.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.247-254
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• 2007

Mutans streptococci have been reported to be implicated in dental caries. Of these streptococcal species, Streptcoccus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are most commonly found in human dental caries. Prevalence of these bacterial species in dental caries is found to be varied in different races and countries. Therefore, importance of these bacteria in dental caries remains to be determined The present study was performed to find out correlation S. mutans and S. sobrinus with dental caries in 125 Korean children with mixed dentition between 6 to 11 years of age. They were classified as group A(6-8 years) and group B(9-11 years) by age. For the study, stimulated saliva samples were collected from each subject. The vials containing saliva specimens were serially diluted (1:10) in saline and plated in duplicate on tryptone-yeast extract-cysteine with sucrose and bacitracin (TYCSB) for S. mutans and S. sobrinus. After genomic DNA was extracted from the samples, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed for identification using universal primers and specific primers to S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Data of microbial variables were compared to caries status of the subjects. According to this study, the result were as follows : 1. S. mutans versus S. sobrinus were moderate positive linear correlated in both group A(r=0.70) and group B(r=0.50). 2. Between S. mutans and dental caries there were weak positive linear correlation in both group A(r= 0.25) and group B(r=0.34). 3. S. sobrinus versus dental caries were not correlated in group A but slightly correlated in group B(r=0.21). 4. Between S. mutans and age, there were not correlation in both group. 5. S. sobrinus versus age were weak correlated in group A(r=0.32) but not correlated in group B.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1085-1088
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• 2003

Purpose : This study was performed to assess the difference of organisms causing bacterial meningitis according to time. Methods : We analyzed retrospectively 40 medical records of bacteriologically proven meningitis from 1992 to 2002. We divided them into two groups; neonate's group(14 cases), and children's group(26 cases). The results of the neonate's group were compared with those of previously reported articles in Korea, in 1970s-1980s. The causative agents of the children's group were analyzed according to the stage before and after the introduction of H. influenza type b(Hib) vaccine. Results : In neonates, Group B streptococci(GBS) was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis. There was a trend in Korea that major causative agents of neonatal bacterial meningitis have changed from gram negative bacteria including E. coli to gram positive bacteria including GBS. In children, H. influenzae was isolated in six out of 11 cases(55%) in 1992-95, before the introduction of Hib vaccine, while two out of seven(29%) were isolated in 1999-2002, after the introduction of the Hib vaccine. Conclusion : Our study showed that the most common agent of neonatal bacterial meningitis was GBS. There was a trend that after the introduction of Hib vaccine, the incidence of H. influenza meningitis decreased in children.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2008

Purpose : We evaluated clinical presentations of brain abscesses, including predisposing factors, causative organisms, and mortality rate in neonates and children. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of neonates and children with brain abscesses treated at Severance Hospital from January 1997 through December 2006. Results : Among 27 neonates and children with brain abscesses, overall mortality was 22 % and 38% of survivors developed neurologic sequelae. The mortality rate was 38% in 8 infants with brain abscesses. The most common location of brain abscesses were frontal and parietal lobes, followed by temporal lobe. There were 7 cases with multiple brain abscesses. Streptococci (33%), Staphylococci (27%), and Gram-negative enterics (20%) were commonly isolated. The common predisposing conditions were neurosurgical procedure (30 %), cyanotic congenital heart disease (15%), and sinusitis/otitis (7%). Fever (74%), headache (37%), nausea/vomiting (33%), and altered mental status (33%) occurred commonly. Compared with children older than 1 year of age, infants were associated with multiple brain abscesses (63%, P=0.011) and high rates of death or neurologic sequelae (88%, P= 0.033). Conclusion : We should have a high index of suspicion in order to recognize the condition as early as possible, especially in infancy with brain abscesses who presents vague or nonspecific symptoms and signs.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.126-130
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• 2004

Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of meningitis and septicemia in children and young adults. Meningococcemia, the most severe form of infection, represents a part of the various spectrum of the illness, and its clinical manifestations varied from mild fever and occult bacteriemia to fulminant catastrophic events(e.g., sepsis, shock, and death) within a few hours after onset of symptoms. Complement deficiencies, either congenital or acqired, increase the risk for invasive meningococcal disease. Since C3 plays a critical role in the complement cascade, congenital C3 deficiency or conditions that decrease C3(e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, cirrhosis, nephritis, C3 nephritic factor) increase the risk for invasive disease due to pyogenic bacteria including N. meningitidis. We had experienced a case of meningococcemia and meningococcal meningitis presenting with mild fever, petechiae, and purpura. The patient was a 7-year old male. He had mild fever, vomiting, headache, nuchal rigidity, petechiae and purpura on both lower extremities, which spreaded to the whole body. His blood culture grew Neisseria meningitidis. The diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis was confirmed by examination of cerebrospinal fluid. The clinical symptoms of the illness were improved after treatment of antibiotics(cefotaxime) for 12 days. However the patient had developed generalized edema, microscopic hematuria & proteinuria on the third day after admission. High ASO titer and low serum C3 level were also noted. The microscopic hematuria returned to normal about 2 months after discharge. The C3 level returned to normal range about 3~4 months after discharge. we report a case of combined acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis and acute invasive meningococcal disease with reference review.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.5062-5069
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• 2014

In this study, professional oral care was provided and 3 times a day twice a week by a dental hygienist for 3 months from July 24 to October 25, 2011, to 43 long-term patients in a single nursing facility located at the city of D, and the number of mutans strepococci colonies within the saliva and the level of salivation were then analyzed after 3 samplings with an interval of 1 month to compare the intraoral conditions among the subjects and examine the effects of professional oral care on the Streptococcus mutans population in the intraoral region of long-term patients in a nursing facility. The level of salivation was elevated from 5.8 ml to 6.4 ml after one month and to 7.5mL after two months. The population of bacteria decreased from $6{\times}10^8CFU/ml$ to $3{\times}105CFU/ml$. In terms of the change in the bacterial population in accordance with systemic diseases, the patients with hypertension and diabetes showed a meaningful decrease in the population. As more dental charge and prosthesis are present, the number of bacteria decreased significantly. On account of the close relationship between a professional oral care and the population of Streptococcus mutans at the intraoral region of long-term patients in nursing facilities, various dental health programs should be researched and developed to consider the characteristics of long-term patients in nursing facilities and manage them continuously but effectively.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.557-561
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to observe the demineralization effects of commercial drinks on bovine enamel. 12 bovine teeth without dental caries were divided into 3 experimental groups (n = 9) and control groups (n = 3). All the samples immersed in beverages maintained by $37^{\circ}C$ in incubator respectively. The differences of surface microhardness values(${\Delta}VHN$) between before and after 45 hours treatment were $166.97{\pm}51.69$(in Coca-cola), $116.26{\pm}20.81$(in Gatorade), $77.89{\pm}55.88$(in Hite), and $23.44{\pm}29.97$(in Jeju SamDaSoo). Morphological changes by scanning electron microscope were indicated that a sports drink cause significant enamel demineralization effects on the bovine enamel surface among four beverages.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 2003

There is evidence to suggest that cranberry juice supplements improve the health of the urinary tract by inhibiting the binding of fimbriated uropathogenic E. coli to the bladder mucosa. In patients with neurogenic bladders, urinary tract infections (UTI) are particularly common and often poorly managed by antibiotic treatment. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken on 29 geriatric and spinal cord injured patients with dysfunctional bladders. They received three times daily at mealtimes a 4 oz bottle of cranberry juice (Ocean Spray Cranberries, USA) or a specially prepared synthetic placebo drink. Two episodes of UTI arose in week one of cranberry intake and none thereafter, compared to four episodes of UTI in 4 placebo patients in weeks four, six and 10. Mean bacterial adhesion counts on bladder cells of the patients rose during the first month of treatment in 71 % of the placebo patients compared to only 31 % of cranberry patients (p < 0.001). The difference persisted to some extent for the second and third months. Bacterial adhesion levels correlated with culture findings (higher adhesion and higher viable counts in urine) (p < 0.001), positive leukocyte nitrite tests (136$\pm$131 bacteria per cell versus 52$\pm$86 in negative tests) (p < 0.001), and higher white blood cell counts (> 10) per high power field (126$\pm$125 versus 48$\pm$85 bacteria per cell) (p<0.001). E. coli was the most frequently isolated organism (40% samples) followed by K. pneumoniae (17%) and a number of other uropathogens. Group B Streptococci, and coagulase negative Staphylococcus were recovered from urine in 4 samples but were not associated with any red blood cell presence. The daily intake of cranberry juice, in amounts which are not detrimental to long term compliance, appeared to have a role in reducing the risk of bladder colonization and infection in a highly susceptible patient population.