• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.119-125
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• 2008

Lymphatic filariasis, transmitted by mosquitoes is the commonest cause of lymphedema in endemic countries. Among 120 million infected people in 83 countries, up to 16 million have lymphedema. Microfilariae ingested by mosquitoes grow into infective larvae. These larvae entering humans after infected mosquito bites grow in the lymphatics to adult worms that cause damage to lymphatics resulting in dilatation of lymph vessels. This earliest pathology is demonstrated in adults as well as in children, by ultrasonography, lymphoscintigraphy and histopathology studies. Once established, this damage was thought to be irreversible. This lymphatic damage predisposes to bacterial infection that causes recurrent acute attacks of dermato-lymphangio-adenitis in the affected limbs. Bacteria, mainly streptococci gain entry into the lymphatics through 'entry lesions' in skin, like interdigital fungal infections, injuries, eczema or similar causes that disrupt integrity of skin. Attacks of dermato-lymphangio-adenitis aggravates lymphatic damage causing lymphedema, which gets worse with repeated acute attacks. Elephantiasis is a late manifestation of lymphatic filariasis, which apart from limbs may involve genitalia or breasts. Lymphedema management includes use of antifilarial drugs in early stages, treatment and prevention of acute attacks through 'limb-hygiene', antibiotics and antifungals where indicated, and physical measures to reduce the swelling. In selected cases surgery is helpful.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 1980

Hospital has a limited environment in which all different patients are accommodated and therefore it should always be maintained as clean as possible in all its aspects. However the habitation of cockroaches which may be frequently observed in hospital gives us a very unfavuoraqble impression. It may not b e difficult to presume that cocrkoaches carry various microganisms from ward to ward. This study was carried out from July to the end of August. 1979 with a total of 259 cockroaches captured from the three hospitals and general residences in Seoul. Investigation was made to see what kind o f organisms they were imbued with and the results obtained are summarized as follows. Totaly 1) The nine species of the microganisms were isolated from the captured cockroaches and the isolated rate was showed 96.6 ％. This organisms consisted of Aerobacter aerogenes（29.7% ). staphylocacci (22.4% ). gram negative bacilli（16.6％）. E. coli（10.4%), streptococci（9.7%). fugus（7.3), and yeast (0.4 ％). respectively. 2) The ratio of organism isolated from the cockroaches captured in each hospital appeared 98.6% in K hospital. 91.4% in P hospital and 100% in S hospital. respectively. 3) The total ratio of microganisms isolated from cockroaches captured in each ward of the hospitals was 96.9% and that by each ward was 96.0% in medical ward. 98.0% in surgical ward. 96.4% ill operating room. and 100% in infant care room. 4) The ratio of the microganisms isolated from the cockroaches captured in the kitchen of each hospital was 94.1% and that in the K and S hospitals was 100% and the P hospital. 83.3%. 5) The germ-carrying ratio of cockroaches captured from the jiving rooms and kitchens of general residences was 100%. 6) The staphylococci was isolated as 22.4% of 259 the corchrnahes and all of them belonged to negative coagulase. 7) Finaly. E. coli (10.4%) and Aevbarter aerogenes(29.7%) were isolted from the 259 cock-roaches. This was sugested that a great number of habitable cockroaches contacts directly with faces.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2003

Coliforms is currently being used as the standard of environmental water qualify to evaluate the level of source water quality especially condition of fecal contamination. However, not properly applied to water quality management. So in this study, in addition to Coliforms, fecal contamination indicator bacteria turk at Feral Coliforms(FC), E. coli, Fecal streptococci(FS), Clostridium and environmental parameters related with it's distribution were investigated on a monthly basis in 6 water intakes of Han River. The mean of BOD, DO, SS and pH, benchmarks of source water management were maintained the second grade of environmental water quality standard applied to Han River but Coliforms exceeded it. Distribution of Coliforms ranged from 1.0×10¹ to 2.7 10/sup 5/ CFU/ml, FC ranged from ND to 5.3×10¹ CFU/ml, E. coli ranged from ND to 9.2×10¹ CFU/ml, FS ranged from ND to 2.5×10¹CFU/ml, they were steepy rise on July and August in common when rainfalls was heavy and water temperature was high, but Clostridium perfringens ranged from 1.7×10¹to 1.7×10¹CFU/ml not fluctuate by month. Statistical analysis of sampling data showed that most significant correlations occurred among FC and Coliforms(r = 0.840), E. coli(r = 0.792), FS(r = 0.687) and environmental parameters(temperature, turbidity, SS, rotor were all r > 0.60) while no significant correlation was observed between ammonia generally recognized fecal contamination indicator and bacteria. Identification of the coliforms showed that Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter were comprised of 32%, 24%, 16% respectively, and E. coli were 7% of it. while E. coli was made up 85.9% of FC. The mean value of FC/Coliforms ratio, 5.2(0.1-42) were higher in Amsa, Guui than Jayang. Fecal coliforms, as those are able to reflect more particularly the extent of the fecal contamination, were considered useful in deciding the level of water treatment while monitoring the fecal contamination from the source of water supply. Therefore, it is expected that the water quality is going to be managed more efficiently by using fecal coliforms supplementarily to total coliforms which are current standard item of water-quality environment.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1978

The microbial and chemical changes, and characterization of the predominant acid-producing bacteria in the fermenting pig feces blended with corn meal at a ratio of 50：50 were studied. The fermentation was dominated by lactobacilli, which multiplied rapidly for the first 24 hours. The acid produced during the fermentation caused rapid pH drop to pH 4.5 and halted the growth of E. coli and yeast. The initial acid producing bacteria in the mixture was predominantly Streptococcus species, which were reduced in number rapidly. After 7 days of fermentation, three lactobacilli species were appeared L. acidophilus, L. fermenti, L. delbrueckii. Chemical changes during the fermentation were also studied. The lactic acid fermentation imparted a good tangy acid flavor to the corn-feces mixture by removing or covering the .fecal ordour and made the corn-feces mixture palatable for the animal as well as halted the unwanted microbial flora. We hope the lactic acid fermentation will replace the heat processing in the utilization of animal feces.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 2015

Group D streptococci are known to cause newborn septicemia and meningitis, but the Streptococcus bovis group strains rarely cause serious neonatal infections in Korea. Central nervous system (CNS) complications of neonatal S. bovis group infection have rarely been reported. In adults, S. bovis group strains cause bacteremia and endocarditis, and are associated with gastrointestinal malignancy. However, only a few studies have reported meningitis and septicemia in infants. Here, we describe a case of bacteremia and meningitis due to Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus with a delayed CNS complication in an infant. A 28-day-old male infant was admitted to the hospital with a 1-day history of fever. Cultures of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine showed the presence of S. bovis group strain-S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus. He was discharged after 21 days of intravenous ampicillin and cefotaxime administration. Two weeks later, he was readmitted with a fever and short episodes of tonic-clonic movements. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed marked bilateral frontal subdural effusion. He was discharged after 31 days of antibiotic therapy, and no neurological sequelae were observed at the 9-month follow-up. In conclusion, we present a rare case of neonatal S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus infection causing urinary tract infection, septicemia, meningitis, and delayed CNS complications. This case emphasizes the need for physicians to be aware of S. bovis infection in infants.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2010

Objective : Streptococcus pyogenes is a beta-hemolytic bacterium that belongs to Lancefield serogroup A, also known as group A streptococci (GAS). There have been five reported case in terms of PubMed-based search but no reported case of brain abscess caused by Streptococcus pyogenes as a result of penetrating skull injury. We present a patient who suffered from penetrating skull injury that resulted in a brain abscess caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Methods : The patient was a 12-year-old boy who fell down from his bicycle while cycling and ran into a tree. A wooden stick penetrated his skin below the right lower eyelid and advanced to the cranium. He lost consciousness on the fifth day of the incident and his body temperature was measured as $40^{\circ}C$. While being admitted to our hospital, a cranial computed tomography revealed a frontal cystic mass with a perilesional hypodense zone of edema. There was no capsule formation around the lesion after intravenous contrast injection. Paranasal CT showed a bone defect located between the ethmoidal sinus and lamina cribrosa. Results : Bifrontal craniotomy was performed. The abscess located at the left frontal lobe was drained and the bone defect was repaired. Conclusion : Any penetrating lesion showing a connection between the lamina cribrosa and ethmoidal sinus may result in brain abscess caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. These patients should be treated urgently to repair the defect and drain the abscess with appropriate antibiotic therapy started due to the fulminant course of the brain abscess caused by this microorganism.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2001

Necrotizing fasciitis is defined as infectious disease showing extensive necrosis of the superficial fascia with widespread involvement of the surrounding tissues and concurrent systemic toxicity. It is found commonly in the extremities, the trunk and the perineum, but shows extremely rare occurrence in the well vascularized area such as head and neck area. Occurred in the head and neck area, it is called "cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis" (CFNF). It is a fatal disease which carries a mortality rate up to 60%. Early diagnosis, aggressive surgical debridement of necrotic tissues and massive antibiotics therapy are essential for achieving a favorable outcome. We present a case of cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis in 35-year-old male patient with literature review.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.197-201
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• 2012

LIVE/DEAD$^{(R)}$ BacLight$^{TM}$ and alamarBlue$^{(R)}$ are fluorescent materials used for the enumeration of live and dead bacteria. LIVE/DEAD$^{(R)}$ BacLight$^{TM}$ is generally used for confocal microscopy applications to differentiate live from dead bacteria in a biofilm or planktonic state. AlamarBlue$^{(R)}$ has also been used widely to assay live and dead bacteria in a planktonic state. Whilst these materials are successfully utilized in experiments to discriminate live from dead bacteria for several species of bacteria, the application of these techniques to oral bacteria is limited to the use of LIVE/DEAD$^{(R)}$ BacLight$^{TM}$ in biofilm studies. In our present study, we assessed whether these two methods could enumerate live and dead oral bacterial species in a planktonic state. We tested the reagents on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Enterococcus faecalis and found that only LIVE/DEAD$^{(R)}$ BacLight$^{TM}$ could differentiate live from dead cells for all five of these oral strains. AlamarBlue$^{(R)}$ was not effective in this regard for P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans. In addition, the differentiation of live and dead bacterial cells by alamarBlue$^{(R)}$ could not be performed for concentrations lower than $2{\times}10^6$ cells/ml. Our data thus indicate that LIVE/DEAD$^{(R)}$ BacLight$^{TM}$ is a more effective reagent for this analysis.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.222-234
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• 1997

유질은 성분과 위생상태로 결정되어 진다. 질/위생은 사람건강 보호와 적정소비에 대한 관점에서 보면 장점인 영양적 중요성에서 오는 욕망을 이르키는 성질과 일정범위의 좋은점 사이에 원유변화와 만나게되는 것이 필요하다. 높은 질/위생적 원유에 대한 가치의 주요 평가는 : - 부패미 생물의 낮은 수 - 유방염 병원성균이 포함된 병원성군이 없거나 대단히 낮은 수 - 가능한 한 멀리 피할 것은 잔류와 오염 그리고 또는 최고잔류한계(Maximum Residue linits. )이하를 지킬 것. 우유내 부패세균은 다음 군에서 주요 우유성분에 대한 공격의 그들 주요점에 의하여 세분할 수 있다. - 당분해(Glycolytes) - Streptococci, lactobacill; - 단백질 분해(Proteolytes) - Pseudomonads, Enterobacteriaceae, Aerobic sporeformer - 지방분해(Lipolytes) - Pseudomonads, Micncocci, Aeromonads, Coryneb acteria 원유내 부패세균의 존재와 분열은 우유성분 변화와 생산품의 질에 영향을 줄 것이다. 더구나 원유의 맛은 역의 영향이 될 것이며 열 안정성 세균성 효소는 생산품에서 계속적으로 작용된다. 특히 오랜 저장시에 그러하다. 그리고 안정성, cream의 맛과 UHT 우유에 나쁜 영향을 준다. 이 병원성 세균을 고전적 미생물과 최근 발견된 미생물이 포함된다. 현재는 Salmonella, 병원성 E. Coli 균주, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter Jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcm aureu는 대단히 중요하다. 원유의 세균학적 질과 지불제도에 대한 법적요구는 우유위생지침 92/94 EEC와 IDF설문 2893/A(전문가모임 A8군)의 결과를 기준으로 설명되었다. IDF Nr. 305/1995는 농장 지불제도에 관한 정보가92/93년 동안 IDF국가들 사이 차이나는 실제적 위치가 실려있다. 지불제도의 차이나는 현상은 보고의 초점과 연관 유질, 위생적 질, 우유시료채취, 수집방법론 그리고 여러가지 지불공식과 관계된 조사는 논쟁이 있었다. 현재 있는 자료를 제시한 몇 나라는 1992년에 응용한 것이고, 기타는 그후 응답으로 1993년과 1994년에 있던 것이 제시되었다. 식품위생에서 법적인 요구는 HACCP제도가 더욱더 추가로 포함된다. 더우기 위험분석은 위생과 질에 관련시켜 모든 연결결정에 대하여는 과학적 근거가 있어야 한다.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.618-624
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• 2002

Effect of the roasted barley tea in commercial markets on the adherence to the saliva-coated hydroxyapatite(HA) beads and the cell surface hydrophobicity of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus as cariogenic microorganism was examined in vitro. Adherence activity and hydrophobicity in bacteria tested in all the barley tea samples decreased and the values were different according to the type of tea and the type of treatment. The inhibition of bacterial adsorption to HA beads suggest that barley tea active molecules as catechins and melanoidins may adsorb to a host surface, preventing the tooth receptor from interacting with any bacterial adhesions. The obtained results showed that the barley tea may inhibit bacterial adherence, the first step of the pathogenesis of dental caries in which these microorganism are involved.