• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.12-22
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• 2014

Over the last decade, Saudi Arabia has experienced significant economic increases as evidenced by the 30% growth in its gross domestic product; furthermore, the construction industry has increased 10% in the same time period. Due to this significant growth, the construction industry is encountering issues related to construction quality resulting in significant waste and associated environmental impacts. In this research, we applied our previously developed framework that integrates three different methods-Lean, Green, and Six-sigma - to a residential construction complex in Saudi Arabia. Our aim of this case study was to explore the application of the framework in practice to glean quantitative results and further validate the framework. In the case study, we used the developed framework to identify a significant issue related to quality and delays - final completion of 53 residential units was delayed because of failed exterior buildings surfaces. We then used the framework to define the causes behind the defects via a field investigation of the 53 units. Of the defect, construction execution was responsible for 43% of the defect, 31% untrained workers, 19% unfavorable construction weather condition, with 7% accounting for other issues. A procedure was developed in concert with the construction manager and overall developer reducing the amount of rework and waste causes revealed by the field examination and the framework. Although two steps were added to the original construction process to overcome waste causes, still save a lot of resources and reduces environmental impact. In summary, we found that the Lean, Green, Six-sigma framework increased productivity, quality, and reduced waste.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.100-106
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• 2004

$NO^3$-N removal was examined from July 2002 to December 2002 of a surface-flow constructed treatment wetland cell, which was a part of a treatment wetland system composed of four wetland cells and one distribution pond. The system was established on rice paddy near the Kohung Estuarine Lake located at the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The lake and the paddy were formed by a salt marsh reclamation project. Effluent from a secondary-level treatment plant was funneled into the system. The investigated cell was created in June 2002. Its dimensions were 87 m in length and 14 m in width. It had an open water zone at its center, which was equivalent to 10 percent of its total area. Reeds(Phragmites australis) were transplanted from natural wetlands into the cell and their stems were cut at about 40 cm height from their bottom ends. Average 25 $m^3$/day of effluent from the plant was funneled into the cell by gravity flow and average 24.2$m^3$/day of its treated effluent was discharged into the Sinyang Stream flowing into the lake. Its water depth was maintained about 0.2 m and its hydraulic detention time averaged 5.2 days. The average height of the reed stems was 45.2 cm in July 2002 and 80.5 cm in September 2002. The number of stems averaged 40.3 stems/$m^2$ in July 2002 and 74.5 stems/$m^2$ in September 2002. The reeds were established initially well. $NO_3$-N loading rate of influent and effluent averaged 173.7 and $93.5mg/m2{\cdot}day$, respectively. Removal of $NO_3$-N averaged $80.2mg/m2{\cdot}day$ and its removal rate by mass was about 50 %. Considering the initial operation of the cell and the inclusion of the cold months of November and December in the analysis period, the $NO_3$-N removal rate was good.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1191-1195
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• 2006

Now days, heavy storm occur to be continue. It is hard to use before frequency based on flood discharge for decision that design water pocket structure. We need to estimation of frequency based on flood discharge on the important basin likely city or basin that damage caused by flood recurrence. In this paper flood discharge calculated by Clark watershed method and SCS synthetic unit hydrograph method about upside during each minute of among time distribution method of rainfall, Huff method choosing Bocheong Stream basin that is representative basin of International Hydrologic Project (IHP) about time distribution of rainfall that exert big effect at flood discharge estimate to research target basin because of and the result is as following. Relation between probability flood discharge that is calculated through frequency analysis about flood discharge data and rainfall - runoff that is calculated through outward flow model was assumed about $48.1{\sim}95.9%$ in the case of $55.8{\sim}104.0%$, SCS synthetic unit hydrograph method in case of Clark watershed method, and Clark watershed method has big value overly in case of than SCS synthetic unit hydrograph method in case of basin that see, but branch of except appeared little more similarly with frequency flood discharge that calculate using survey data. In the case of Critical duration, could know that change is big area of basin is decrescent. When decide time distribution type of rainfall, apply upside during most Huff 1-ST because heavy rain phenomenon of upsides appears by the most things during result 1-ST about observation recording of target area about Huff method to be method to use most in business, but maximum value of peak flood discharge appeared on Huff 3-RD too in the case of upside, SCS synthetic unit hydrograph method during Huff 3-RD incidental of this research and case of Clark watershed method. That is, in the case of Huff method, latitude is decide that it is decision method of reasonable design floods that calculate applying during all $1-ST{\sim}4-TH$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.4 s.75
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• pp.117-134
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• 2004

Truck traffic accounts for a substantial fraction of the traffic stream in many regions and is often the source of localized traffic congestion, potential parking and safety problems. Truck trips tend to be ignored or treated superficially in travel demand models. It reduces the effectiveness and accuracy of travel demand forecasting and may result in misguided transportation policy and project decisions. This paper presents the development of speed-flow relationships with truck impacts based on CORSIM simulation results in order to enhance travel demand model by incorporating truck trips. The traditional BPR(Bureau of Public Road) function representing the speed-flow relationships for roadway facilities is modified to specifically include the impacts of truck traffics. A number of new speed-flow functions have been developed based on CORSIM simulation results for freeways and urban arterials.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2016

The main goal of this study is to develop a multi-metric fishway assessment model (M_m-FA) and evaluate the efficiency of fishway. The M_m-FA model has three major fishway components with nine metrics: structural characteristics, hydraulic/hydrologic features, and biological attributes. The model was developed for diagnosing and assessing fishway efficiency and tested to Juksan Weir at the Yeongsan River Watershed. Structural characteristics of fishway included slope of the fishway (M₁), ratios of fishway width to stream width (M₂), and the proportion of orifice clogging and orifice size (M₃). Hydraulic/hydrologic characteristics included depth of fishway entrance head (M₄), depth of exit tail (M₅), and current velocity of inner fishway (M₆). Biological characteristics included fish species ratio of inner fishway to upper-lower weir (M₇), fish length distribution (M₈), and the proportion of migratory fish species to the total number of species (M₉). Overall, the assessment of fishway efficiency showed the total score of the M_m-FA model was 25 in the Juksan Weir, indicating "good condition" by the criteria of the five-level classification system. The M_m-FA model may be used as a key tool for the assessment of fishway efficiency, especially on the 16 weirs constructed for the "Four Rivers Restoration Project" after a partial calibration of M_m-FA model.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.289-298
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• 2010

A number of characteristics of the Lake H$\ddot{o}$vsg$\ddot{o}$l watershed, such as the lake's location at the edge of the Central Asian continuous permafrost zone, provide a unique opportunity to evaluate possible anthropogenic impacts in this remote area in northern Mongolia. In this study, we compared stream solute concentrations in six sub-watersheds in the Lake H$\ddot{o}$vsg$\ddot{o}$l watershed. Water samples were collected during the summer months between 2003 and 2005. Concentrations of $Cl^-$ ranged from 9.8 to $51.3\;{\mu}mol/L$; average nitrate concentrations were very low and ranged from undetectable to $1.1\;{\mu}mol/L$ and average ${SO_4}^{2-}$ concentration at sampling stations with minimal animal grazing ranged from 66 to $294\;{\mu}mol/L$. Average dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations ranged from 642 to $1,180\;{\mu}mol$ C/L. We did not find statistically significant differences in DOC concentrations among the six streams, although DOC concentrations tended to be higher in the two northernmost streams, possibly related to differences in the active layer above the permafrost. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations were correlated with DOC concentration, and followed the same spatial pattern as those for DOC. In streams in this remote watershed, total dissolved nitrogen was made up of mostly organic N, as has been found for other regions distant from anthropogenic N sources. Overall, these results suggest that future research on the dynamics of DOC and DON in this watershed will be especially insightful in helping to understand how changes in climate and land use patterns will affect transformations, retention, and export of dissolved organic matter within these sub-watersheds in the Lake H$\ddot{o}$vsg$\ddot{o}$l region.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.289-292
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• 2008

Recently, several satellite data analyses projects and numerical weather prediction (NWP) reanalysis projects have produced the ocean surface Latent Heat Flux (LHF) data sets in the global coverage. Comparisons of these LHF data sets showed substantial discrepancies in the LHF values. Recently, the increase of LHF in during 1970s-1990s over the global ocean is shown by the LHF data that have been developed at the Objective Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux) project. It is interesting to investigate the existence of the increase of LHF over a global ocean in the other LHF products. It is interesting to investigate the existence of the increase of LHF over a global ocean in the other LHF products. In this study, we assessed the consistencies and discrepancies of the inter-annual variability and decadal trend for the period 1988-2005 among six LHF products ((J-OFURO2, HOAPS3, IFREMER, NCEP1,2 and OAFlux) over the global ocean. As results, all LHF products showed a positive trend. In particular, the positive trend in satellite-based data analyses (J-OFURO2, HOAPS3, IFREMER) is larger than that in reanalysis products (NCEP1/2). Also, the consistencies and discrepancies are shown on the spatial patterns of the LHF trends across the six data sets. The positive trend of LHF is remarkable in the regions of western boundary currents such as the Kuroshio and the Gulf Stream in all LHF data sets. But, the discrepancies are shown on the spatial patterns of the LHF trends in tropics and subtropics. These discrepancies are primarily caused by the differences of the input meteorological state variables, particularly for the air specific humidity, used to calculate LHF.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.6 s.113
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• pp.109-126
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• 2006

As the national interest in sports has been increased over time, sports facilities and sports complex are considered more than just physical environments for training athletes or watching games. Sports facilities now become symbolic spatial devices to represent the national and cultural pride of any countries. The existing national training camp located in Taenung, Seoul is gotting outdated and degraded. The polluted air in the city risks athletes' health condition. The government planned to construct the second training camp at Jincheon, Chungbuk at the area of $2,171,910m^2$. The Korea Sports Council called for proposals to envision the future training camp, and they held a design competition from August to November, 2005. The first phase was to present the masterplan for the entire site including training buildings, outdoor training facilities, dormitories, a visitor center, a research center, education and administration buildings. Considering the size of the site, the planning process required a strong relationship between landscape and architecture. This study tries to provide general explanations on the winning proposal focused on the landscape-related issues. It also attempts to have reference points for contemporary planning and design issues to situate the project in the stream of continuing design effort to avoid the dichotomy between nature and culture. The landscape proposal for the new national taming camp suggests four main strategies; 1) The camp has two intersecting and interweaving parks which represent the natural and urban order. 2) The entire site is organized and networked by the flow of landscape called landscape ribbon in terms of topography, vegetation, and water flow. 3) The landscape is choreographed through the time and process. 4) The ecological process and the digital contents are juxtaposed in the landscape. This winning proposal is the first step to portray the national vision for the sustainable environment coexisting with sports industry. Landscape in this proposal is an active agent to network various parts of the site which enables landscape to be infrastructure. Landscape design in this proposal should be considered open-ended strategies rather than determined concrete forms and its engaging further development will be tested in following Design-Build phase.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2 s.32
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• pp.17-33
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• 1996

Chinese medical science with long history has experience and theory of cure and prevention as well as the perfect different system with western medicine. Western medical science also was introduced in recent times and has been used in fast development in China extensively. Therefore only China that coexist oriental and western medicine is used the term, the integration of oriental and western medicine. Its object is to make better treatment and prevention value with utilizing their strong point and weak point. That is, its great principle is to develop through interchange together without interference in the other science. For mutual growth of both medical science, national concern and support, medical staffs, administrative system and a lot of fruits, etc should be arranged simultaneously. This paper was obtained the as follows. 1. The system of public health administration is composed a sanitary department for a western medicine and a managing agency for a chinese one in the center. There are each local organization under the control both agency in the locality 2. The importance of the integration of chinese and western medicine is to get the merit of special chinese system through the interchange of both medicine and union with modem science and chinese pharmacy. 3. It is the long term and great project. So its important study field is illness treatment and cure, oriental medical remedy and theory, acupuncture and moxibution etc. 4. It makes steady progress in all the healthy medical field. It has studied its foundation, the education of medical staffs, scientific study and strengthening of skill management considerably. 5. The products are the development of new chinese medicines and many researches about traditional chinese medical science. In brief, the integration of chinese and western medical science is the historical stream. Besides it will contribute toward the cure and prevention of human illness for future 21 century.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.55-60
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• 2001

The Seomoon Bridge, a new planning site, is located in Sangdang-Gu Seomoon-Dong, Chongju and is the oldest bridge built during the rule of Japanese imperialism. As the name implies, Seomoon Bridge is located on the site adjacent to west gate. The Seomoon Bridge is an important bridge as an historical trace of the vanished town of Chongu. However, as new roads and bridges are built, the Seomoon Bridge is losing its functional aspects and has become an area crowed by many street stalls. Closely located newer to Sajic Fountain, the Seomoon Bridge, which has symbolically significant meaning, now faces many problems such as non-practical use of bridge, indifferent management and non-locality, which creates a negative effect on the surrounding cityscape. given this situation, in 2001, 2, Chongju city published an appeal for public subscription of a practical use plan which may design a new, landmark and establish resting spaces for the public. The basic direction of this planning is designed to be place as the symbolic space representing Chongju, and integrated with the surrounding environmental elements such as Moosim-Cheon(stream) and Sajic Fountain, and as a recreational, resting and leisure space of the public. Especially nightscape of the bridge inspires a fresh impact on many people. Because of the widespread influence of developed cities, diverse spaces which already exist or have disappeared may be reclaimed. By establishing appropriate use plans rather than negligence, this project will propose the improved quality of cityscape and show the possibility of bublic´s outdoor living space, and our team will find out the meaning in these approach methods.