• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
• /
• v.51 no.7
• /
• pp.349-361
• /
• 2002

Occasionally, equipment in a distribution system fails due to damage from weather, vandalism, or other causes. Failures and unexpected events do not always occur as and where expected. Therefore, a good contingency plan, multi-zone or otherwise, provides flexibility by locating switches at various strategic locations so that parts of a feeder can be picked up in the event of line outages at various places. It is possible to create feeder system layout that achieve remarkable contingency support economics, even as their normal peak loading levels approach thermal capacity, by utilizing six, seven, or even nine switchable zones per feeder. But many switchable zones per feeder are of questionable practicality and effectiveness, because of the complexity and time required for the switching operation. In practice, a zonal scheme with between three and four zones will usually provide complete contingency backup for all feeders. Line switches have both capital and maintenance costs, the planning for multi-zonal schemes is considerably more difficult than or loop or single-zone systems, and the required switching operations required during contingencies take more time. But multi-zonal schemes are used because these costs come to far less than the cost of additional capacity required for loop or single-zone. In this paper, we present the optimal number of switchable zones per feeder in Kora distribution system.

• The Journal of Information Systems
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.19-46
• /
• 2012

This paper classifies the success factors of collaboration system in the shipbuilding industry. We propose the structural model that identifies the relationship between the success factors and organizational performance. To test empirically the relationship between the factors, we developed the measurement of each factors. This paper has examined the relationship between the independent variables and the mediating variables, also has examined the relationship between the parameters and a final dependent variable. The independent variables are as follows, (1) quality of system including reliability, flexibility, and accessibility, (2) the quality of information including contents, expressiveness, and (3) the partner relationship including the information sharing and the compatibility of strategies. The mediating variables are user involvement, parter trust, and user satisfaction. The final dependent variable is business performance. The hypotheses test proved that the system quality significantly affect user satisfaction, the information quality positively influence on the user participation, and the information sharing and strategic fit of partner relationship positively affect partner trust. Also, the user participation and partner trust significantly affect user satisfaction. Finally, the user participation, user satisfaction, and partner trust have a decisive effect on the organizational performance. The results of hypothesis test verified that the quality of information and system, also partner relationship are important to operate successfully the collaboration system in the shipbuilding industry. Also, the mediating variables are important to explain the structural relationship between the independent variables and organizational performance.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.51-66
• /
• 2016

This paper considers how various types of patent disputes can be more efficiently resolved through arbitration, rather than litigation. For this analysis, it takes three types of patent disputes as a control sample - contractual disputes, infringement disputes and FRAND disputes - and assess how these disputes can be better resolved through arbitration in terms of several criteria, namely, the suitability of the decision-makers, the number of forums in which disputes have to separately decided and enforced, procedural flexibility and confidentiality. The paper takes into consideration that certain types of patent disputes, such as infringement disputes and FRAND disputes are unlikely to be subject to pre-existing arbitration agreements. In these types of disputes, parties may make the decision between arbitration and litigation based on strategic and tactical concerns, rather than legal ones. The paper concludes that, given this limitation, it is not possible to categorically state whether arbitration is more suitable than litigation for resolving patent disputes. The most sensible course to follow in adopting arbitration for patent disputes is for legal advisors to be familiar with the intricate benefits and pitfalls of arbitration in patent disputes, and to actively consider referring a dispute to arbitration over litigation after a dispute has arisen.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.179-196
• /
• 1985

By using temperatures as a key variable, a simulation model was constructed to predict the size and developmental speed for the German cockroach population. The following three research steps were conducted to implement the individual simulation technique to represent the basic life system of the cockroach. First, informations on developmental periods and survival rates in each life stage were obtained through rearing experiments at five different temperatures. Secondly, biological parameters needed for modeling were obtained based on these rearing results. The logistic equation was applied to calculating the developmental speed, while the averages of survival rates were utilized as parameters determining population size. And thirdly, a basic life model was constratued in a stimulative framework in FORTRAN for predicting the populating development on the individual basis. For this purpose the biological characteristics, such as life stage, age in days, developmental speed, fecundity, etc., were assigned as an inherent attribute of the transactiion so that they could accompany each individual automatically all through the simulation. This gave the model flexibility and applicability in representing the isnect life system. The save memory space in computer programing, two files were utilized in translocating the individual informations each other as time proceeded. The developed model could be effectively used as a strategic tool in interpreting and managing the cockroach population. It was also suggested in this study that the individual simulation could efficiently serve as a basis to formulate a fundamental framework on which the advanced and complex life process could be built.

• Journal of Distribution Research
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.65-81
• /
• 1996

Despite the impressive economic growth over the past several decades, Korea's distribution sector has remained quite underdeveloped. Until recently, management of the marketing channels also has been staying at an unsophisticated level. The Korean marketing channel system is largely characterized by 1) undifferentiated channel types among the competing manufacturers, 2) dominance by the manufacturers over the other channel members, 3) high level of conflicts among the channel members, 4) inefficient marketing information system, and 5) lack of managers properly trained in channel operation and management. Currently, major change factors emerged and has begun to directly affect the Korean marketing channel system. The most salient changes surrounding the Korean marketing channel system are 1) complete opening of the marketing channels for the foreigners, 2) emergence and spread of new types of channels 3) adoption of advanced information technology by the various channel members, 4) increase in flexibility in production and supply systems, 5) shift of power toward the retailers away from the manufacturers, 6) growing trend for cooperation and alliance among the traditional marketing institutions. To these changes the manufacturers have been reacting, rather than proacting, mostly using defensive measures. The proactive measures that are recommended on behalf of the manufacturers include 1) installation of the strategic channel management system, 2) development of the skills for efficient interorganization management, 3) investing in efficient system for marketing information and logistics management, 4) more efficient management of brands, and 5) maintenance of price-competitiveness.

• World Technopolis Review
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.59-70
• /
• 2019

Where is a better place to live? In the coming era, this should be more than simply a livable place. It should be an adaptable place that has a flexible system adaptable to any new situation in terms of diversity. Customization and real-time operation are needed in order to realize this technologically. We expect a smart city to have a flexible system that applies technologies of self-monitoring and self-response, thereby being a promising city model towards being a better place to live. Energy demand and supply is a crucial issue concerning our expectations for the flexible system of a smart city because it is indispensable to comfortable living, especially city living. Although it may seem that energy diversification, such as the energy mix of a country, is a matter of overriding concern, the central point is the scale of place to build grids for realizing sustainable urban energy systems. A traditional hard energy path supported by huge centralized energy systems based on fossil and nuclear fuels on a national scale has already faced difficult problems, particularly in terms of energy flexibility/resilience. On the other hand, an alternative soft energy path consisting of small diversified energy systems based on renewable energy sources on a local scale has limitations regarding stability, variability, and supply potential despite the relatively light economic/technological burden that must be assumed to realize it. As another alternative, we can adopt a holonic path incorporating an alternative soft energy path with a traditional hard energy path complimentarily based on load management. This has a high affinity with the flexible system of a smart city. At a system level, the purpose of all of the paths mentioned above is not energy itself but the service it provides. If the expected energy service is fixed, the conclusive factor in choosing a more appropriate system is accessibility to the energy service. Accessibility refers to reliability and affordability; the former encompasses the level of energy self-sufficiency, and the latter encompasses the extent of energy saving. From this point of view, it seems that the small diversified energy systems of a soft energy path have a clear advantage over the huge centralized energy systems of a hard energy path. However, some insuperable limitations still remain, so it is reasonable to consider both energy systems continuing to coexist in a multiplexing energy system employing a holonic path to create and maintain reliable and affordable access to energy services that cover households'/enterprises' basic energy needs. If this is embodied in a smart city concept, this is nothing else but smart energy inclusion. In Japan, following the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, a trend towards small diversified energy systems of a soft energy path intensified in order to realize a nuclear-free society. As a result, the Government of Japan proclaimed in its Fifth Strategic Energy Plan that renewable energy must be the main source of power in Japan by 2050. Accordingly, Sony vowed that all the energy it uses would come from renewable sources by 2040. In this situation, it is expected that smart energy inclusion will be achieved by the Japanese version of a smart grid based on the concept of a minimum cost scheme and demand response.

• Maritime Security
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.83-107
• /
• 2023

To Republic of Korea in the Indo-Pacific region, the stability and prosperity of the area are directly coupled with national survival, interest. Currently, on account of strategic competition between U.S.A, and China in this area as well as supranational·non-conventional threats, the security environment is unstable, required joint/allied responses. So, lots of states inside(U.S.A., Japan, ASEAN, etc.), also, out of this Indo-Pacific area like EU-NATO, open their own strategy related in Indo-Pacific issues to be involved. R.O.K. government took its own line with publishing self strategy following this international trend, it can be shown korean government's strong intend to join in the pending security issues in this region with 'strategic clarity'. Now, R.O.K. Navy has to back up governments, policy. First, R.O.K. Navy should strengthen the relationship inside and take part in the multilateral cooperation of security. Second, to convey this deterrence message to potential threats, Navy is required to show of forces and have combined exercises. Also, as naval forces of advanced countries, Korea, Navy should be taken action in non-traditional threats, and help developing states improve their sea power. To fulfill this tasks in the wide ocean area, Navy need five inherent characteristics(mobility, flexibility, sustainability, capability of presence and projection). In the end, this paper propose the development plan following operational environment (SWOT) analysis as well.

• Strategy21
• /
• s.40
• /
• pp.82-114
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this article is to analyze the progress of North Korea's SLBM threat, and to assess the technological capacity and threat level of its SLBMs. Currently, North Korea has approximately 1000 ballistic missiles, such as the SCUD, Musudan, and Nodong, in stock. This article pays close attention to the background and strategical implication behind North Korea's obsession with developing SLBMs despite possessing sufficient means to launch provocations with its current arsenal of ground based ballistic missiles and conventional weapons. Based on the abovementioned analysis, this article will recommend possible response directions for the ROK Armed Forces to North Korea's SLBM threat. It is highly difficult to detect SLBMs due to its stealthy nature, as it is launched underwater after covert infiltration. North Korea's SLBM is considered a game changer in that even one SLBM can significantly change the strategic balance of North East Asia. North Korea's SLBM test launch in August has made a 500km flight, landing 80km inside the JADIZ (Japan Air Defense Identification Zone), and as such, it is assessed that North Korea already possesses underwater ejection and cold launch capabilities. The most realistic response to North Korea's imminent SLBM threat is bolstering anti-submarine capabilities. ROK Armed Forces need to upgrade its underwater kill-chain by modernizing and introducing new airborne anti-submarine assets and nuclear-powered submarines, among many options. Moreover, we should integrate SM-3 missiles with the Aegis Combat system that possess strong detection capabilities and flexibility, thereby establishing a sea-based Ballistic Missle Defense (BMD) system centered around the Aegis Combat System, as sea-based ballistic missile threats are best countered out in the seas. Finally, the capabilities gap that could arise as a result of budgetary concerns and timing of fielding new assets should be filled by establishing firm ROK-US-Japan combined defense posture.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.115-124
• /
• 2015

This research analyzed the case of Ncsoft to study the organizational learning, exploitation and exploration that create dynamic capability in hypercompetitive environment. First of all, we demonstrated the activities of exploitation and exploration in Ncsoft according to the life cycle of online game industry. An exploitation related to routine, learning and fit with existing environment brings about incremental innovation. In contrast, an exploration associated with non-learning, flexibility with changing environment results in radical innovation. We examined them based on the life cycle of its various game services. NCsoft that built the leading position in online game industry focused the exploitation activities at the stage of beginning period and growth, whereas NCsoft has increased the activities of exploration at period of mature. In addition, the firm conducts an exploration for its brand new game services and R&D. Conversely, An exploitation is conducted for sustainable updating of patch service and marketing and system building. The result implies that online game companies create sustainable competitive advantage using the balance between exploitation and exploration.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.75-96
• /
• 2016

This paper investigates the usefulness of drones in an urban delivery system. We define the vehicle and drone routing problem with time window (VDRPTW) and present a model that can describe a dual mode delivery system consisting of drones and vehicles in the metropolitan area. Drones are relatively free from traffic congestion but have limited flight range and capacity. Vehicles are not free from traffic congestion, and the complexity of urban road network reduces the efficiency of vehicles. Using drones and vehicles together can reduce inefficiency of the urban delivery system because of their complementary cooperation. In this paper, we assume that drones operate in a point-to-point manner between the depot and customers, and that customers in the need of fast delivery are willing to pay additional charges. For the experiment datasets, we use instances of Solomon (1987), which are well known in the Vehicle Routing Problem society. Moreover, to mirror the urban logistics demand trend, customers who want fast delivery are added to the Solomon's instances. We propose a hybrid evolutionary algorithm for solving VDRPTW. The experiment results provide different useful insights according to the geographical distributions of customers. In the instances where customers are randomly located and in instances where some customers are randomly located while others form some clusters, the dual mode delivery system displays lower total cost and higher customer satisfaction. In instances with clustered customers, the dual mode delivery system exhibits narrow competition for the total cost with the delivery system that uses only vehicles. In this case, using drones and vehicles together can reduce the level of dissatisfaction of customers who take their cargo over the time-window. From the view point of strategic flexibility, the dual mode delivery system appears to be more interesting. In meeting the objective of maximizing customer satisfaction, the use of drones and vehicles incurs less cost and requires fewer resources.