• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.147-156
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• 2013

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans JG22 isolated from pepper leaf jangajji on the mutagenic activity of N-methyl, N'-nitro, N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and 2-nitrofluene (2-NF) and to evaluate the effect of physico-chemical pretreatment on the antimutagenic activity of the strain. The viable cells of JG22 strain displayed a significantly high (p <0.05) antimutagenic activity against both mutagens tested. The antimutagenic effect of JG22 strain seems to be positively correlated with the amounts of the cells in the incubation time. This strain produced the antimutagenic activity of the maximum levels after preincubation for 30 min. The binding of this strain against the mutagenic compounds might be mainly present in the cell wall fraction rather than the cytosol fraction. Pretreatment with proteolytic enzymes and simulated gastric and intestinal juices and at different pH values had no significant effect on two mutagens removal by the viable cells. However, the binding activity of the mutagen by the strain seems to be affected by heating, enzymes including $\alpha$-amylase and lysozyme, divalent ions, and sodium metaperiodate. Thus, carbohydrates consisting of the cell walls may be important elements responsible for the binding of MNNG and 2-NF by this strain. In conclusion, the binding of the mutagens to cells of JG 22 strain may play a vital role in suppressing the process of mutagenesis induced by mutagens.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.461-472
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• 2017

The dynamic tests of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) are carried out, the rate-dependent mechanical models of RAC are proposed. The dynamic mechanical behaviors of RAC frame structure are investigated by adopting the numerical simulation method of the finite element. It is indicated that the lateral stiffness and the hysteresis loops of RAC frame structure obtained from the numerical simulation agree well with the test results, more so for the numerical simulation which is considered the strain rate effect than for the numerical simulation with strain rate excluded. The natural vibration frequency and the lateral stiffness increase with the increase of the strain rate. The dynamic model of the lateral stiffness is proposed, which is reasonably applied to describe the effect of the strain rate on the lateral stiffness of RAC frame structure. The effect of the strain rate on the structural deformation and capacity of RAC is analyzed. The analyses show that the inter-story drift decreases with the increase of the strain rate. However, with the increasing strain rate, the structural capacity increases. The dynamic models of the base shear coefficient and the overturning moment of RAC frame structure are developed. The dynamic models are important and can be used to evaluate the strength deterioration of RAC structure under dynamic loading.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.279-280
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• 2007

In this study, it is investigated that the effect of material properties such as various temperature, forming speed and strain rates on formability and forming limits of Mg alloy sheet in square cup deep drawing. Since the sheet metal forming of Mg alloy is perform at elevated temperature, the effect of strain rates related with the forming temperature and forming speed is very important factor for formability and forming limits. Therefore, the investigation for process variables is necessary to improve formability and forming limits. Also, the effects of strain rate and thickness transformation were studied by the experimental and FE analysis using the square cup deep drawing. The temperature, forming speed, and strain rates were investigated. Forming of Mg alloy takes consider into temperature, proper forming speed and strain-rate the formed parts were good without defects fur forming limits.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.415-434
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• 2013

This work is concerned with transverse vibrations of axially traveling nanobeams including strain gradient and thermal effects. The strain gradient elasticity theory and the temperature field are taken into consideration. A new higher-order differential equation of motion is derived from the variational principle and the corresponding higher-order non-classical boundary conditions including simple, clamped, cantilevered supports and their higher-order "offspring" are established. Effects of strain gradient nanoscale parameter, temperature change, shape parameter and axial traction on the natural frequencies are presented and discussed through some numerical examples. It is concluded that the factors mentioned above significantly influence the dynamic behaviors of an axially traveling nanobeam. In particular, the strain gradient effect tends to induce higher vibration frequencies as compared to an axially traveling macro beams based on the classical vibration theory without strain gradient effect.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.3 no.6
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• pp.375-388
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• 2006

Poor strength test results are sometimes not an indication of low concrete quality, but rather inferior testing quality. In a compression test, the strain distribution over the ends of the specimen is a critical factor for the test results. Non-uniform straining of a concrete specimen leads to locally different compressive stresses on the cross-section, and eventual premature breaking of the specimen. Its effect on a specimen can be quantified by comparing the compressive strength results of two specimens, one subjected to uniform strain and another to a specified strain gradient. This can be done with the help of a function that relates two parameters, the strain ratio and the test efficiency. Such a function depends on the concrete strength and cross-sectional shape of the specimen. In this study, theoretical relationships between the strain ratio and test efficiency are developed using a concrete stress-strain model. The results show that for the same strain ratio, the test efficiency is larger for normal strength concrete than for high strength concrete. Further, the effect of the strain gradient on the test result depends on the cross-sectional shape of the specimen. Implementation of the results is demonstrated with the aid of two examples.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.325-330
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• 1995

The distribution of circumferential strain of arterial cross-section Is highest at intima and lowest at adventitia. However, the circumferential strain is theoretically severe at Intima because there is strain concentration. The theoretical degree of the intimal strain can not be explained in physiological condition even though artery is physiologically normal. Physiological adaptation may be undertaken to strain concentration. However, it is not clear, yet. Residual strain of artery is eagerly studied. There is experimental evidence that residual strain exists in artery. When ring of artery is longitudinally cut, it is opened. Assumption is made that intimal strain concentration is reduced with the considel'ation of residual strain. This study experimentally attempts to quantify the effect of residual strain on circumferential strain which is determined under the assumption of zero strain with zero pressure.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.621-633
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• 2006

To reflect the size effect of material $(1\sim15{\mu}m)$ during plastic deformation of polycrystalline copper, a constitutive equation which includes the strain gradient plasticity theory and intrinsic material length model is coupled with the finite element analysis and applied to plane strain deformation problem. The method of least square has been used to calculate the strain gradient at each element during deformation and the effect of distributed force on the strain gradient is investigated as well. It shows when material size is less than the intrinsic material length $(1.54{\mu}m)$, its deformation behavior is quite different compared with that computed from the conventional plasticity. The generation of strain gradient is greatly suppressed, but it appears again as the material size increases. Results also reveal that the strain gradient leads to deformation hardening. The distributed force plays a role to amplify the strain gradient distribution.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 1999

Different pass strains and rolling temperatures were applied to understand the effects of pass strain and rolling temperature on flow stress and flow strain of AA5083 alloy. The specimens were prepared by conventional casting process followed by hot rolling. Hot torsion tests were conducted at temperature ranges of 350 to 52$0^{\circ}C$ under a strain rate of 1.0/sec. During the process, hot-restoration mechanisms, dynamic recovery(DRV) or dynamic recrystallization (DRX), of the AA5083 alloy were analyzed from the flow curves and deformed microstructures. It was found that while the rolling strain per pass and rolling temperature have little effect on the folw stress, they have significant effect on the failure strain. The DRV was responsible for the hot restoration mechanism of the hot-rolled specimen. heavily elongated grains and small subgrains containing dislocations were obtaned during the hot deformation. This was due to the presence of Al6Mn precipitate in the alloy.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.157-173
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• 2015

In the present study, the existing equivalent stain method is improved to make up for its weaknesses. The improved inherent strain model is built considering more sophisticated three dimensional constraints which are embodied by six cubic elements attached on three sides of a core cubic element. From a few case studies, it is found that the inherent strain is mainly affected by the changes in restraints induced by changes of temperature-dependent material properties of the restraining elements. On the other hand, the degree of restraints is identified to be little influential to the inherent strain. Thus, the effect of temperature gradients over plate thickness and plate transverse direction normal to welding is reflected in the calculation of the inherent strain chart. The welding deformation can be calculated by an elastic FE analysis using the inherent strain values taken from the inherent strain chart.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.254-259
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the interactions between the job strain and social support in the workplace on the development of workrelated neck pain in office workers. Methods: The participants included 62 office workers without neck pain over the last twelve months. A battery of measures evaluating the potential workplace risk factors in office settings were conducted at the baseline, and at the 12 month incidence of work-related neck pain was reported via monthly questionnaires. Survival analysis evaluated the interaction effect between job strain and social support on the development of work-related neck pain. Results: The incidence of work-related neck pain was 1.91 (95% CI: 1.06 - 3.45) per 100 person months. The interaction effect between job strain and social support found that job strain may increase the risk of developing new work-related neck pain when lower social support existed in the workplace. On the other hand, the adverse effects of job strain on the development of neck pain were not significant when workers had higher social support from their colleagues and supervisors. Conclusion: An investigation of the moderating effects of risk factors on neck pain might reveal the unexplained relationship between the risk factors for the development of neck pain in office workers. Therefore, the interest in prevention plans and treatments should involve a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors at workplace.