• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.595-603
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• 2013

Touchscreen is now installed in the majority of information devices thanks to the developed digital technology. In case of copiers, although touchscreen was installed earlier than any other information device, current user interface indicates that conventional methods have been maintained without any special re-validation. But, since common office devices such as copiers have brief usage time and clear, straightforward purposes, user experience between an user and device is perhaps an important element. Nevertheless, conservativeness of the market and the fact that users and buyers are not always the same are a stumbling block to actively changing UI. Recently, however, as hardware element, buttons, have moved to touchscreen mostly for smartphone, and common and public devices have seen rapid changes in UX, mostly with touchscreen, it has led to high demand for changes in UX of copiers. To remedy the issues with copiers, a literature review was conducted through existing studies and user evaluation based on user survey and prototype was done to examine the copier's UI elements and relevant changes in usage. In particular, a new direction for UX of copiers was suggested by analyzing the impact of differences between software button-oriented UI and hardware button-oriented UI on users and usability. This study findings could be used as basic data for improving the usability of future common devices including copier and UX design.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.59-71
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• 2014

Purpose - In recent years, many firms have attempted various approaches to cope with the continual increase of aviation transportation. The previous research into freight charge forecasting models has focused on regression analyses using a few influence factors to calculate the future price. However, these approaches have limitations that make them difficult to apply into practice: They cannot respond promptly to small price changes and their predictive power is relatively low. Therefore, the current study proposes a freight charge-forecasting model using time series data instead a regression approach. The main purposes of this study can thus be summarized as follows. First, a proper model for freight charge using the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, which is mainly used for time series forecast, is presented. Second, a modified ARIMA model for freight charge prediction and the standard process of determining freight charge based on the model is presented. Third, a straightforward freight charge prediction model for practitioners to apply and utilize is presented. Research design, data, and methodology - To develop a new freight charge model, this study proposes the ARIMAC(p,q) model, which applies time difference constantly to address the correlation coefficient (autocorrelation function and partial autocorrelation function) problem as it appears in the ARIMA(p,q) model and materialize an error-adjusted ARIMAC(p,q). Cargo Account Settlement Systems (CASS) data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) are used to predict the air freight charge. In the modeling, freight charge data for 72 months (from January 2006 to December 2011) are used for the training set, and a prediction interval of 23 months (from January 2012 to November 2013) is used for the validation set. The freight charge from November 2012 to November 2013 is predicted for three routes - Los Angeles, Miami, and Vienna - and the accuracy of the prediction interval is analyzed using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Results - The result of the proposed model shows better accuracy of prediction because the MAPE of the error-adjusted ARIMAC model is 10% and the MAPE of ARIMAC is 11.2% for the L.A. route. For the Miami route, the proposed model also shows slightly better accuracy in that the MAPE of the error-adjusted ARIMAC model is 3.5%, while that of ARIMAC is 3.7%. However, for the Vienna route, the accuracy of ARIMAC is better because the MAPE of ARIMAC is 14.5% and the MAPE of the error-adjusted ARIMAC model is 15.7%. Conclusions - The accuracy of the error-adjusted ARIMAC model appears better when a route's freight charge variance is large, and the accuracy of ARIMA is better when the freight charge variance is small or has a trend of ascent or descent. From the results, it can be concluded that the ARIMAC model, which uses moving averages, has less predictive power for small price changes, while the error-adjusted ARIMAC model, which uses error correction, has the advantage of being able to respond to price changes quickly.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.39-49
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• 2017

Purpose - There are common factors both in Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model and Technology Paradox Theory which can be put together and made in one unified model. The unified model can provide the following merits. First, the unified model is simple but contains factors of the models. Second, the unified model can clarify the process of technology acceptance of common consumers. Third, the unified model can provide the opportunities to analyze the negative sides of new technology, thus find ways to improve the level of acceptance by general consumers. Research design, data, and methodology - The 450 questionnaires were handed out to people around Seoul and 421 were collected. Except insincere and wrong-marked ones, 402 were used to analyze. SPSS program was used to analyze. Factor analysis, regression analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses. Results - By analyzing sub-factors of both models and binding the common factors in one category, we accomplish one model. And we tested the model by empirical method. The results show that the results from the unified model are almost same as the results from the two models. In other words, the unified model works. Conclusions - Explaining one state of affair by two different method is in some sense distracting attention. By devising a new model including factors of both models, we can explain the affair more straightforward and efficiently. At first the technology acceptance model was devised to explain the technology users in an organization and the following tests and revised models were for the similar purposes. However, as on-lone activities including contracts have been expanded and become important, consumers as the technology uses have emerged as first factor to consider. In accordance models to explain this situation has been suggested. The model suggested in this research is one of the models but it has the following merits. That is, it is simple but has strong explanation power, it can clarify the process of technology acceptance of common consumers by containing negative sides of consumer conception, and thus, it can provide the opportunities to analyze the negative sides of new technology, also find ways to improve the level of acceptance by general consumers.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.9B no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2002

The robot soccer simulation game is a dynamic multi-agent environment. In this paper we suggest a new reinforcement learning approach to each agent's dynamic positioning in such dynamic environment. Reinforcement learning is the machine learning in which an agent learns from indirect, delayed reward an optimal policy to choose sequences of actions that produce the greatest cumulative reward. Therefore the reinforcement learning is different from supervised learning in the sense that there is no presentation of input-output pairs as training examples. Furthermore, model-free reinforcement learning algorithms like Q-learning do not require defining or learning any models of the surrounding environment. Nevertheless these algorithms can learn the optimal policy if the agent can visit every state-action pair infinitely. However, the biggest problem of monolithic reinforcement learning is that its straightforward applications do not successfully scale up to more complex environments due to the intractable large space of states. In order to address this problem, we suggest Adaptive Mediation-based Modular Q-Learning (AMMQL) as an improvement of the existing Modular Q-Learning (MQL). While simple modular Q-learning combines the results from each learning module in a fixed way, AMMQL combines them in a more flexible way by assigning different weight to each module according to its contribution to rewards. Therefore in addition to resolving the problem of large state space effectively, AMMQL can show higher adaptability to environmental changes than pure MQL. In this paper we use the AMMQL algorithn as a learning method for dynamic positioning of the robot soccer agent, and implement a robot soccer agent system called Cogitoniks.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.7B
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• pp.685-696
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• 2004

Real-time multimedia applications that require large amount of bandwidth need resource reservation before starting service for providing the QoS(i.e., Quality of Service). To reserve resources in advance, each reservation request has to notify its expectation on the required amount of resources and service duration. Using this information, a resource manager can schedule advance reservations. However, most existing resource management systems are adopting straightforward call admission control process (i.e., only immediate reservation) by checking currently available resources without considering the service duration. Hence, the resource management system that supports advance reservation has to manage confliction caused by indefinite service duration of immediate reservation. Even though the separation of resource pool according to type of reservation can prevent the confliction, it causes low resource utilization. In this paper, we propose an effective resource management scheme that supports both immediate and advance reservations by sharing resources dynamically. Using network cost function, the proposed scheme determines and adaptively adjusts resource boundary according to the confliction rate by varying weight parameters. And also, we define user utility function to quantify user satisfaction based on how well the reserved resource is guaranteed during service time. Simulation results using NS-2 network simulator show that the proposed scheme can achieve better resource utilization with preferable QoS than other schemes like static resource partitioning.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.285-290
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• 2013

As well as the advanced development of modern society, and the environmental problems caused by the use of fossil fuels is emerging. So do not reap the performance level of the car to be able to replace existing fossil fuel and low-emission energy and technology development are continually strives. Therefore, this study aims to present the direction of the new interface 21st century Mobile Auto Electric Segway technology in the field of security and disadvantages based. The Segway is a problem because the control itself skewed by certain slope where the slope in the wrong adjustment tipping. In this study, the year saw the introduction of two pressure sensors(Load cell) used to solve these drawbacks, according to the ratio of the weight control methods. In addition, the ramps operate in a straightforward, using an acceleration sensor and a gyro sensor in order to compensate for the slope value in free control method to study looked. Measured by calculating the value of the occupant's weight and according to the inclination of the pressure sensor pressure sensing experiment results this year, we can see that the control variable for the change in body weight is greater than the inclination. Segway is also easy to control, and the stability of the ramps, etc. As a result, created using a pressure sensor.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.59-84
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• 2012

'Planning researchers' believe that losses from floods can be reduced if governments address this issue and adopt appropriate policies in their plan. As a starting point for examining this idea, this research assessed the ability of local government to incorporate flood mitigation policies in their local comprehensive plans using plan quality evaluation methodology. This study analyzed 53 local comprehensive plans in Florida against the protocol developed by including key flood mitigation policies. While flood mitigation through land use management tools, such as permitted land use in floodplain areas and wetland permit, gained widespread acceptance at the local level in Florida, incentive based tools/taxing tools and acquisition tools were rarely adopted. Study results show that 53 local plans in the sample received a mean score for total flood mitigation policy quality of 38.55, which represents 35.69 % of the total possible points. These findings indicate that there is still considerable room for improvement by local governments on flood issues. The scores of local plans varied widely, with coastal communities receiving significantly higher scores than non-coastal communities. Because the concept of the plan quality and its methodology offer an objective and straightforward tool for studying plan quality and guiding plan preparation, they can be applied to various environmental and hazard issues in Korea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2001

Background : Community-acquired pneumonia(CAP) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, the evolution of drug-resistant microorganisms has become a serious problem in CAP management. Specific antimicrobial therapy is the cornerstone of CAP management. However, obtaining an accurate etiologic diagnosis clinically is not easy and empirical antimicrobial treatment is usually administered prior to the correct microbiologic diagnosis. In this study, the clinical usefulness of empirical CAP treatment was investigated. Methods : A total 35 cases were studied prospectively over a 16-month period in Mokpo Catholic Hospital from Dec. 1995 to Mar. 1997. The microbiologic diagnosis was made by sputum, blood culture, a specific serum antibody test and an immunologic study. Results : The causative organisms were isolated in 10 (30%) out of 33 cases: 8 cases and 1 case on the sputum culture and blood culture respectively, and 1 case by an indirect hemagglutinin test. 12 cases had underlying diseases: pulmonary tuberculosis 4, alcoholism 4, diabetes mellitus 3, and liver cirrhosis 1. Antimicrobial treatment was given empirically and all cases recovered. Conclusion : A definite microbiologic diagnosis before commencing the appropriate treatment in CAP is not straightforward. Empirical therapy according to a clinical assessment is important and helpful. However, every effort to make the correct etiologic diagnosis should be taken.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2010

Cancelable biometrics is a robust and secure biometric recognition method using revocable biometric template in order to prevent possible compromisation of the original biometric data. In this paper, we present a new cancelable bits extraction method for the facial data. We use our previous cancelable feature template for the bits extraction. The adopted cancelable template is generated from two different original face feature vectors extracted from two different appearance-based approaches. Each element of feature vectors is re-ordered, and the scrambled features are added. With the added feature, biometric bits string is extracted using helper data based method. In this technique, helper data is generated using statistical property of the added feature vector, which can be easily replaced with straightforward revocation. Because, the helper data only utilizes partial information of the added feature, our proposed method is a more secure method than our previous one. The proposed method utilizes the helper data to reduce feature variance within the same individual and increase the distinctiveness of bit strings of different individuals for good recognition performance. For a security evaluation of our proposed method, a scenario in which the system is compromised by an adversary is also considered. In our experiments, we analyze the proposed method with respect to performance and security using the extended YALEB face database

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2002

The aim of this study Is to develop a simple and fast method which computes in-vivo doses from transmission doses measured doting patient treatment using an ionization chamber. Energy fluence and the dose that reach the chamber positioned behind the patient is modified by three factors: patient attenuation, inverse square attenuation. and scattering. We adopted a straightforward empirical approach using a phantom transmission factor (PTF) which accounts for the contribution from all three factors. It was done as follows. First of all, the phantom transmission factor was measured as a simple ratio of the chamber reading measured with and without a homogeneous phantom in the radiation beam according to various field sizes($r_p$), phantom to chamber distance($d_g$) and phantom thickness($T_p$). Secondly, we used the concept of effective field to the cases with inhomogeneous phantom (patients) and irregular fields. The effective field size is calculated by finding the field size that produces the same value of PTF to that for the irregular field and/or inhomogeneous phantom. The hypothesis is that the presence of inhomogeneity and irregular field can be accommodated to a certain extent by altering the field size. Thirdly, the center dose at the prescription depth can be computed using the new TMR($r_{p,eff}$) and Sp($r_{p,eff}$) from the effective field size. After that, when TMR(d, $r_{p,eff}$) and SP($r_{p,eff}$) are acquired. the tumor dose is as follows. $$D_{center}=D_t/PTF(d_g,\;T_p){\times}(\frac{SCD}{SAD})^2{\times}BSF(r_o){\times}S_p(r_{p,eff}){\times}TMR(d,\;r_{p,eff})$$ To make certain the accuracy of this method, we checked the accuracy for the following four cases; in cases of regular or irregular field size, inhomogeneous material included, any errors made and clinical situation. The errors were within 2.3% for regular field size, 3.0% irregular field size, 2.4% when inhomogeneous material was included in the phantom, 3.8% for 6 MV when the error was made purposely, 4.7% for 10 MV and 1.8% for the measurement of a patient in clinic. It is considered that this methode can make the quality control for dose at the time of radiation therapy because it is non-invasive that makes possible to measure the doses whenever a patient is given a therapy as well as eliminates the problem for entrance or exit dose measurement.