• 자원환경지질
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.91-106
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• 2019

능산리고분군 동하총은 바닥을 포함하여 15면으로 이루어졌으며, 가장 많이 사용한 암석은 복운모화강암으로 7면(46.6%)에 활용하였다. 또한 안구상편마암 3면(20.0%), 화강섬록암, 편마상화강암 및 우백질화강암을 각각 1면(6.7%)으로, 모두 판석으로 구성하였다. 현실과 전실 바닥의 각섬석편암(13.3%)은 모전석으로 사용하였다. 이 암석들은 모두 부여 일대에서 산출되며 주로 금강변에 산지가 분포한다. 당유인원기공비는 뚜렷한 편리와 안구상조직을 갖는 전형적인 안구상편마암이다. 이 암석은 동하총, 산직리 고인돌 및 세탑리 오층석탑의 일부 석재에 활용한 안구상편마암과 같은 종류이다. 이 안구상편마암은 부여 증산리에서 공주 덕지리로 연장되는 대규모 암체로 분포하며, 현재 정원석과 조경석 및 골재용 채석장이 있는 것으로 보아, 부여일대에서는 청동기시대부터 안구상편마암을 활용하기 위한 공급지가 있었을 개연성은 충분하다. 이는 암질이 약해 가공에 수월성은 있으나, 어두운 색을 띠어 벽화의 바탕과 각자에는 단점도 있었을 것이다. 따라서 백제인들이 거리와 지형 및 효율성과 수월성을 두고 어떤 운송체계를 선택했을지 매우 흥미로운 일이다.

• Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2012

The first twenty-five years of scientific study within Korea on Korean traditional ceramics has been characterized as a bridging effort to understand the rich field of artistic ceramic masterpieces on one hand with analytic results gained from mounds of broken shards and kiln wastes on the other. First shard pieces were collected directly from the waste mounds, but most of the analyzed shards were provided by art historians and museum staffs directly involved in systematic excavations. The scientific study is viewed as one of many complimentary ways in learning about the multi-faceted ceramics culture, ultimately connecting human spirits and endeavors from the past to the present to the future. About 1350 pieces of analyzed shards have been so far collected and organized according to the production location and time period. From the experimental results of the analysis, the compositional and microstructural characteristics of bodies and glazes have been deduced for many kiln sites of Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. Except for a few local kilns, porcelain stone was used as body material in both dynasties. The principle of mixing a clay component with a flux material was used in Korean glazes as was in China. The clay component different from body clay was often used early on. In Gangjin a porcelain material appropriate for whiteware body was mixed for celadon glaze, and in Joseon Gwangju kilns glaze stone was chief clay material. The use of wood ash persisted in Korea even in making buncheong glazes, but in Joseon whitewares burnt lime and eventually crushed lime were used as flux material.

• 암석학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.181-191
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• 2015

경복궁 근정전 박석은 눈부심과 미끄럼 방지 및 배수 등을 고려한 판상의 바닥 포장석재다. 이 영역의 박석은 이방성을 갖는 중립질 흑운모화강암으로 조성되었으며, 미약한 미르메카이트 조직을 보이는 것이 특징이다. 고문헌을 토대로 박석의 채석지점을 탐색하여 양자의 동질성을 분석하였으며, 박석의 운송과정을 해석하였다. 이 결과, 박석과 석모도 낙가산 일대의 화강암은 암상, 구성광물, 조직 및 지구화학적 특징이 거의 동일하였다. 박석에 대한 석역은 치석 및 운송 용이성, 물자 및 인력의 부담을 최소화하기 위해 석모도의 화강암 박리돔이라는 물리적 풍화특성을 활용하여 판상의 석재를 조달한 것으로 해석된다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권24호
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• pp.169-184
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• 2003

Yearly mean temperature and relative-humidity of the Seokguram Grotto was measured $19~23^{\circ}C$, 40~44% from May, 1998 to December,2002. The measurement has little differences comparing to the optimum guideline (temperature : $20^{\circ}\pm2^{\circ}C$, relative-humidity : $50^{\circ}\pm5%$). It is necessary to increase humidity in the Seokguram Grotto during winter because of heating and decrease the temperature during summer because of a higher temperature of outside. In addition, the diurnal range keep in $4^{\circ}C$ of temperature and in 10% of relative-humidity. Yearly mean concentration of $CO_2$(carbon dioxide) was measured538~658ppm that is higher than concentration of normal atmosphere(360 ppm). The $CO_2$ has an cumulative effect on the surface of stone cultural properties as a form of carbonic acid($H_2CO_3$) after reaction with water. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) system should be operated to maintain ideal state for the preservation according to the optimum guideline. Also, the entrance into the Seokguram Grotto should be controlled to prevent a sudden fluctuation of humidity and temperature. Human could carry small particles like a microdust, microbe, etc., into the Seokguram Grotto and also could damage the surface by a direct touch.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권25호
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• pp.171-195
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• 2004

This research presents an evaluation of the weathering and deterioration state of the Wanggung-ri five-storied stone pagoda in the Iksan (National Treasure No. 289) and suggests conservational schemes. A deterioration map of the pagoda was drawn from the aspects of petrological, physical, chemical, biological, structural and artificial weathering.The rock properties consisting of the pagoda were medium-grained biotite granite that had leucocratic phenocryst developed in parts. The body of each story suffered severely from the secondary contamination that turned the colors into light grey, pitch dark, yellowish brown, and reddish brown as well as granular decomposition, exfoliation and peel-off. The roof stones were heavy exfoliated or peeled off in most of the cases. In addition to the fine cracks, there were layered cracks on the corners. The roof stones of the3rd and 4th story in the north and west side had some stones fall-off, while those of the 2ndstory in the north side had steel reinforcement filled for a fixing purpose. Those of the 5th story showed big gaps that must have originated from cracks and were easily subject to granular decomposition and rainfall. The inside clay filler was missing in the lower part of the roof stones of the 4th and 5th story and the supporting stones, which were thus covered by light grey or pitch dark sediments. The contact area of the materials was about 70 % in the parts where there was a space due to the filler missing and washigher than 90 % in the lower parts of the pagoda. About 90 % or more of the roof stones surface of each story were covered by aerial plants that formed a thick biological mat. Thus it seemed necessary to come up with the conservational measures to remove the plans living on the surface of the stone materials, with the plans to prevent rain from falling inside, and with the water repellent and hardening treatments to postpone the surface weathering of the rock properties. All those measures and plans must be based on the results of long-term monitoring and thorough detail investigations.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제17권
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• pp.101-116
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• 2016

기존의 석고복원재로 복원한 문화재는 대기 중의 수분을 반복하여 흡·방출하면서 물성이 약화되어 형태가 변형되고 채색층 박락이 진행된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 일반석고보다 더 강한 초경석고를 실험대상으로 두었으며 메타카올린(Metakaolin)을 혼합하여 도자기 복원재료로 적합하도록 물성을 개선하였다. 초경석고와 메타카올린 혼합재료의 압축강도(119MPa)는 일반석고(26MPa)보다 월등히 높았으며, 마모율(0.88％)은 일반석고의 마모율 2.53％ 보다 낮게, 흡수율(2.9％)은 일반석고(17.2％) 보다 약 5배 낮게 측정되었다. 특히, 주사전자현미경 관찰결과 혼합재료의 경화치밀도가 단미의 초경석고보다 높았다. 즉, 메타카올린을 첨가함으로써 초경석고의 강도와 수분저항성을 높이고 표면을 치밀하게 하여 도자기 복원재료로서 적합하게 물성을 개선시켰다. 그리고 이 혼합재료를 실재 문화재인 토제수반(신안18892), 분청사기조화문병(접수2034), 분청사기 국문내인화문대접(접수1730)의 결손부 복원에 적용해봄으로써, 혼합재료가 주입 및 적층성형에 유리하고 경화표면이 균질하여 자연스러운 채색이 가능한 재료임을 확인하였다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.439-450
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• 2009

접착용 에폭시 수지 L-30과 충전용 에폭시 수지 L-50을 대상으로 활석, 규사, 규회석을 중량비 5, 50, 80, 120, 150% 비율로 혼합하여 첨가제에 따른 에폭시수지의 특성을 고찰하였다. 각 재료의 점도와 색도를 측정하고, 이온크로마토그래피 분석, 주사전자현미경관찰을 실시하였다. 또한 실제 석조문화재 적용 시 안정성을 평가하고자 초음파속도와 압축강도, 접촉각 측정을 실시하였다. 활석을 혼합한 경우 에폭시 몰탈은 낮은 초음파 속도를 보이며, 압축강도는 배합 비율이 높아짐에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보인다. 반면 규회석을 혼합한 에폭시 몰탈의 경우에는 상대적으로 높은 초음파 속도를 보이며, 배합 비율이 높아짐에 따라 강도가 증가하는 경향이 관찰되었다. 이는 석조문화재의 접착 충전제의 물성이 첨가제의 특성, 즉 입도 및 형태에 의해 영향을 받는다고 해석할 수 있다. 따라서 충전제는 수지의 종류는 물론 첨가제의 종류와 특성, 배합비에 따른 특성이 다르므로, 문화재 적용 시에는 이를 고려한 처리제의 선택이 중요하다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.361-368
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• 1998

The structure such as building and cultural properties was composed of various materials like wood, metal and stone that have been utilized and exposed to air, wind and rain far a long time. However, because of their special characteristics as structure, collecting of samples that may involve their destruction cannot be permitted, ever for material analysis. Therefore, h order to study the Influence of atmospheric pollution on structure, atmospheric corrosion tests were achieved by making use of materials(bronze. ancient copper, copper, steel and marble) in field exposure tests. Atmospheric exposure sites are selected from places which are characterized by urban, rural, Industrial and marine enoronments In Northeast Asia. According to the results of atmospheric corrosion tests: The corrosion rates of Industrial states In china were more serious than other sampling sites. In the correlation of meteorological factors. wet hours was defiled as Intogeacted hours under that atmospheric temperature is above $0^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity in above 80% that has a great influence on corrosion tests of materials in case of a short time. The relative humidity was above about 75% that resulted in great increase of corrosion rates. In the esimation of corrosion rates between materials, corrosion rates of steel was about thirty times and decuple larger than that of other materials excluding marble in unshelterd exposure and In sheltered exposure.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.349-359
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• 2005

In this study, we focused on the geographical and the meterological conditions, the atmospheric examination, the soil contents and compositions in order to establish cultural properties conservation plan in Gyeongju and its surroundings. Also, the transport route with environmental contaminants in Ulsan and Pohang was examined. The results could be summarized as follows ; Air pollutant and environmental contaminant was transported by two types of winds. One is induced by local winds, the other is induced by synoptic winds. Air contaminant transported from coastal regions to inland regions were associated with wind velocity. Gyeongju had good atmospheric conditions, i.e. $SO_2\;0.009{\sim}0.011ppm,\;CO\;0.6{\sim}0.8ppm,\;NO_2\;0.015{\sim}0.020ppm,\;O_3\;0.017{\sim}0.032ppm,\;PM_{10}\;46{\sim}62{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;Pb\;0.034{\sim}0.060{\mu}g/m^3$, which was below environmental air qualify standards and was little lower than those of Pohang and Ulsan. However, Ulsan and Pohang city are located on south-east coast and have many industrial facilities. Hence, air pollution problems become serious issues in Ulsan, Pohang, Busan, Daegu and other cities due to the emission of air pollutants from the various industrial facilities, incinerator and power plants, etc. The soil of Gyeongju had heavy metals conditions, i.e. $Cd\;0.01{\sim}0.08mg/kg,\;Cu\;N.D{\sim}2.39mg/kg,\;As\;N.D{\sim}0.07mg/kg,\;Hg\;N.D{\sim}0.15mg/kg,\;Pb\;0.49{\sim}1.39mg/kg,\;Cr^{+6}\;0.02{\sim}0.42mg/kg,\;Fe\;0.74{\sim}1.55mg/kg,\;Mn\;0.11{\sim}0.49mg/kg\;and\;Zn\;1.11{\sim}3.56mg/kg$. However, pH value of soil had range of $4.12{\sim}7.45$. The results showed that high pH concentration of soil could occur due to air pollution diffusion and environmental contaminant transport at Ulsan and Pohang city.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.539-544
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• 2023

연구 대상은 경상북도 ◯◯시 ◯◯동에 위치한 마애여래입상 암반으로서 안정성이 우려되는 중생대 백악기 화강섬록암 마애불상이다. 안정성 해석을 위해 마애불 암반의 3차원 face mapping과 절리의 지질공학적 특성, 3차원 스캐닝, 초음파속도, 편광현미경 분석, 전자현미경 분석 및 XRD 분석을 수행하였다. 더불어 손상상태 조사, 평사투영해석, 암반분류 및 한계평형해석으로 마애불 암반의 안전율을 산정하였다. 구간별로 손상 및 가능한 붕괴의 유형과 규모는 암석의 풍화도와 절리면의 배향과 특성에 따라 다르나 쐐기파괴와 전도파괴가 소규모로 예상된다. face-mapping 자료, RMR, 암석의 물성·역학시험, 평사투영해석 및 한계평형해석으로 종합·검토한 결과, 마애불 암반의 건기 시와 우기 시의 허용안전율 1.2에 미달하여 안정성이 우려된다. 손상유형은 박리, 균열, 입상분해 및 초목생장, 균열 방향별 점유율은 전면이 가장 우세한 것으로 나타난다. 마애불 암석은 화강섬록암이며, 표면 변색의 물질은 K, Fe, Mg로 판명되었고, 4조의 절리 중 J1은 인장절리이고 나머지는 전단절리이다. 초음파탐사로 추정한 일축압축강도는 514kgf/cm2로서 대부분 연암과 일부 풍화암에 해당한다. 암반분류 결과 5등급으로 추산되며, 마애여래입상 전면부 불안정성이 예상된다. 기존의 문화재 안전진단의 방법과 더불어 이들 기법은 석조문화재의 객관적인 해석 및 안정성 검토의 합리적인 도구가 될 것으로 예상한다.