• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.147-155
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• 2019

In this study, flexural tests of granite reinforced with titanium metal rods were carried out to repair and restore the damaged stone-made cultural heritage, the Stone Pagoda of the Mireuksa Temple Site. A total of twelve specimens were tested. The primary test parameters are the reinforcement ratio and the location of the reinforcement. For restoration, epoxy resin was used for joining the separated stones, and titanium metal rods were used for structural reinforcement. Test results showed that the flexural failure took place in specimens with a reinforcement ratio of 0.8% or less, and shear failure occurred when the reinforcement ratio was 1.68% or more. The peak load of the reinforced stone was found to be highly related to the reinforcement ratio. The peak load increased with increasing the reinforcement ratio. Also, the flexural behaviors of the reinforced stones were affected by the location of the reinforcement. Based on the test results, this study recommends the reinforcement ratio of the reinforced granite to induce ductile behavior.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.460-466
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• 2011

Kameun temple was constructed in A.D. 682 after 46 year after Chumsungdae was constructed. This paper discusses the scientific implication of Taegeuk stone rods of Kameun temple site through the geometric analysis of their engraved figures. So we can estimate that the west Taegeuk of Kameun temple site has 2 circles comparing the path of the moon with that of the sun leading to the asymmetry in its emblem(Taegeuk) and the east Taegeuk of Kameun temple site has 1 circle representing the path of the sun. The Taegeuks along with around 30 equilateral triangles representing the north latitude $35.8^{\circ}$ give the explicit information of period of the orbit of the moon and the sun. These mathematical methods can explain some relics structure of antiquity with a few historical expounds.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.212-228
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• 2013

Stone cultural heritages are repaired by the use of metal stiffeners. The problem is that this type of repair has been based on the experience of workers without specific guidelines and has caused various problems. This is to suggest the structural reinforcement and behavioral characteristics of metal rods to minimize the secondary damage of materials and have the specimens tested and verified to establish the guidelines on how to insert metal stiffeners. When only epoxy resin is applied to the cut surface, only 70% of the properties of the parent material are regenerated and it is required to structurally reinforce the metal stiffener for the remaining 30%. The metal rod is under the structural behavior after the brittle failure of stone material and the structural behavior does not occur when the metal stiffener is below 0.251%. When it accounts for over 0.5%, it achieves structural reinforcement, but causes secondary damage of parent materials. The appropriate ratio of metal stiffener for the stone material with the strength of $1,500kgf/cm^2$, therefore, should be between 0.283% and 0.377% of the cross section of attached surface to achieve reversible fracture and ductility behavior. In addition, it is more effective to position the stiffeners at close intervals to achieve the peak stress of metal rod against bending load and inserting the stiffener into the upper secions is not structurally supportive, but would rather cause damage of the parent material. Thus, most stiffeners should be inserted into the lower part and some into the central part to work as a stable tensile material under the load stress. The dispersion effect of metal rods was influenced by the area of reinforcing rods and unrelated to their diameter. However, it ensures stability under the load stress to increase the number of stiffeners considering the cross section adhered when working on large-scale structures. The development length is engineered based upon the diameter of stiffener using the following formula: $l_d=\frac{a_tf_y}{u{\Sigma}_0}$. Also, helically-threaded reinforcing rods should be used to perform the behaviors as a structural material.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 1981

The bond strengths with ceramco porcelain were compared between precious alloy S, and non-precious alloys V.U. and R. And the changes in bond strengths of non-precious alloys with ceramco porcelain, according to surface preparations by sand blasting, longitudinal grinding, transverse grinding, and high polishing, were studied. The test specimens were prepared by firing porcelain doughnuts on the surface prepared alloy rods, and investing in dental stone. The specimens were subjected to shear loading forces. The conclusions drawn from the investigation are as follows: 1. The bond strengths with ceramco porcelain were higher in the non-precious alloys U and R, than in the precious alloy S. 2. The bond strengths were in descending order for R alloy, U alloy, V alloy, and S alloy. 3. The bond strengths were highest when the R alloy and U alloy were surface prepared by sand blasting. 4. All bond strength values were lowest when the alloy surfaces were prepared by high polishing.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.21
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• pp.59-72
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• 2007

The relationship between soluble salts and microbial growth on stone surface was investigated. Samples from deteriorated surface layers of several stone monuments were collected, and the soluble salts in samples were chemically analysed. According to the results of chemical analyses, $Na_2SO_4$, $CaSO_4$ $2H_2O$, and NaCl and so on were added to isolation media. As a result of preliminary experiments, 15 bacteria were selected. They are all Gram positives and fourteen of them were rods. Every bacteria could grow not only in media without salts, but also in media with $CaCO_3$, $CaSO_4$ $2H_2O$, and $Ca(OH)_2$. Three bacteria, Bl6, B56, and B6l, secreted viscous substances in these $Ca^{2+}$ added media. $CaCl_2$ $2H_2O$ was the most hygroscopic among 11 soluble salts, but it seemed to interfere with bacterial growth. Ammonium ion was the inhibitor, too.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.155-167
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• 2021

The latest innovation in the field of fashion comes in the form of 3D-printed clothing. This study explores the composition and characteristics of the shapes in the architecture of Zaha Hadid, a representative architectural designer who expresses space in three dimensions. Hadid applies his aesthetic to fashion design using these distinctive geometric shapes to create design motifs as well as develop new clothing material with 3D printing technology. The research was conducted as follows. First, the lines and arrangement of the geometric shapes in Zaha Hadid's architecture were analyzed so that his design principles could be used as a theoretical basis for this study. The study also reviewed geometric fashion designs using 3D printing technology over the last ten years. Second, we developed triangular modules with rods and tongs that could be fashioned into clothing using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printers. Lastly, the 3D printing fashion design was developed to explore new silhouettes, textures, and a novel way of producing clothing. This study hopes to serve as a stepping-stone for further research on innovations that combine fashion with technology.