• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.35-43
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare spatio-temporal parameters during walking between patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and a control group matched for age, height, and weight. Thirty-three subjects were included in this study. Fifteen normal subjects (age, $63.3{\pm}5.8$ yrs; height, $164.1{\pm}8.7$ cm; weight, $60.7{\pm}17.5$ kg) and eighteen patients (age, $64.0{\pm}7.7$ yrs; height, $164.7{\pm}7.3$ cm; weight, $63.6{\pm}7.7$ kg) participated in the study. The Vicon 512 Motion analysis system was used for gait analysis in each group during walking, with and without an obstacle. The measured spatio-temporal parameters were cadence, walking speed, stride time, step time, single limb support time, double limb support time, stride length, and step length. Results in stride length and step length, when walking without an obstacle, showed a significantly greater decrease in the patient group compared to the control group. During walking with an obstacle, the patient group showed a significantly greater decrease in the step length as compared to the control group. For the control group, there were significant decreases in parameters of cadence and walking speed and increases in parameters of stride time, step time, and single limb support time when walking with an obstacle. The patient group had lower cadence and walking speed and higher stride time, step time, and single limb support time during walking with an obstacle than in walking without an obstacle. These results suggest that patients with Parkinson's disease who walk over an obstacle can decrease cadence, stride length, and step length. Further study is needed, performed with more obstacles and combined with other external cues, such as visual or acoustic guides.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the kinematic variables and electromyography (EMG) findings that change with varying characteristics of crouch start and feedback provision, and to provide the fundamental data for record improvement in 400 mH. Method: Four short-distance runners participated in the experiment. The analyzed variables were elapsed time per interval, stride length, and muscle activities in three lower limb muscles. These variables were analyzed by using Kwon3d XP and Noraxon Myoresearch. The participants were subjected to three conditions, including two conditions that relate to the thrusting foot on the rear block and another condition pertinent to feedback provision. Results: In terms of a one-step interval, the elapsed time in condition A was longer than that in condition B, and the one after the feedback was the longest. The stride length of a one-step interval was the longest in condition A. The stride length of a two-step interval was the shortest in condition A. The muscle activity during a one-step interval showed differences in vastus medialis and medial gastrocnemius, with condition A being the highest. Conclusion: When the non-dominant left foot was located at the back, negative results were observed in terms of elapsed time and stride length. Moreover, an imbalance in muscle activity was observed between the left and right feet when the left foot was placed at the back. As a result, significant differences in elapsed time, stride length, and muscle activity were observed depending on the foot placed on the rear block. In conclusion, we identified the characteristics of crouch start in 400 mH, and a specialized program must be suggested.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.215-223
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• 2022

Objective: This study was to resolve the limitations of the experimental environment and to solve the shortcomings of the method of measuring human gait characteristics using optical measuring instruments. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: Fifteen healthy adults without a history of orthopedic surgery on the lower extremities for the past 6 months were participated. They were analyzed gait variables using the smart guide and the 3D image analysis at the same time, and their results were compared. Visual-3D was used to calculate the analysis variables. Results: The reliability and validity of the data according to the two measuring instruments were found to be very high; gait speed(0.85), cycle time(0.99), stride time of both feet(0.98, 0.97) stride legnth of both feet(0.86, 0.88) stride per minute of both feet(0.99, 0.96), foot speed of both feet(0.90, 0.91), step time of both feet(0.77, 0.71), step per minute(0.72, 0.74), stance time of both feet(0.96, 0.97), swing time of both feet(0.93, 0.79), double step time(0.81), initial double step time(0.84) and terminal step time(0.76). Conclusions: In the case of the smart insole, which measures human gait variables using the pressure sensor and inertial sensor inserted in the insole, the reliability and validity of the measured data were found to be very high. It can be used as a device to replace 3D image analysis when measuring pathological gait.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.483-488
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• 2015

Objective : The purposes of this study was to analyze the locomotive movement of forelimbs according to changes in velocities in the quadruped cadence of horses. Methods : Horses selected as subjects consisted of Jeju pony horses (heights of withers: $1.23{\pm}0.51$). Two camcorders (HDR-HC7/HDV 1080i, Sony Corp, Japan) were used to capture the movement of the horses' forelimbs at a rate of 60 frames/sec. Additionally, raw data was collected from Kwon3D XP motion analysis package ver 4.0 program (Visol, Korea) with DARTFISH (DFKREA., Korea) video software solution. The variables analyzed consisted of 1 step lengths, 1 stride lengths, stance time, swing time, 1 stride time, velocity while walking, and trot of the horses. A two-way ANOVA and paired t-test of the variables by velocity and phase were treated at .05 level of significant difference, statistically. Results : The time elapsed of walk(stance: 0.63 sec[63.86%], swing: 0.35 sec[36.14%], 1 stride time: 0.99 sec respectively) showed significant difference with more delay than that of trot(stance: 0.29 sec[45.73%], swing: 0.34 sec[54.27% ], 1 stride time: 0.63 sec respectively), and also showed significant difference at trot in interaction (stance time>tort swing>walk swing>walk stance). The 1 step lengths and stride lengths in trot showed significant difference with longer than that of walk. Velocity of Trot showed significant difference statistically with higher than that of walk Conclusion : The horses' velocity during 1 step lengths and 1 stride lengths showed a proportional relationship, but the correlation between the horses' velocity and stance time showed a negative relationship during the quadruped cadence.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.25-29
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• 2011

Purpose : We investigated the effect of anti-flexion taping at the proximal interphalangeal joints on the gait in stroke patients with clawing toe. Methods : Nineteen patients (mean age $63.26{\pm}9.16$ years) with clawing toe were studied. Gait performance was measured under two different conditions : (1) non-tape (2) application of tape. Gait velocity, step time and stride length were examined with the GAITRite system Results : Compared to the non-tape control condition, step time of the hemiparetic side increased significantly after the application of tape(p=0.03). There was no significant mean differences between the taped and control conditions for stride length of the hemiparetic side and velocity. Conclusion : Whilst the anti-flexion tape at the proximal interphalangeal joints changed the walking by providing significant step time effect, positive changes were noted in stride length of the hemiparetic side after tape application. These findings indicate that anti-flexion tape procedures do not significantly alter stride length of the hemiparetic side and velocity.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers D
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• v.55 no.10
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• pp.452-457
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• 2006

In this paper, an algorithm to detect steps in hemiplegic patients using a 3-axis accelerometer a紅ached on the trunk was proposed. The proposed algorithm consisted of the signal pre-processing, the step detector, the classification of steps and the calculation of stride time. Two FIR band-pass filters were designed and steps were measured by the combination of filtered signals in the vertical and the anteroposterior directions. In addition, the classification of steps and the calculation of stride time were computed by using the detected steps and lateral signals. For the experiment, fourteen hemiplegic patients were participated and the linear accelerations of the trunk and foot switch signals were measured synchronously. To evaluate the system performance, the detected steps and initial contacts by the foot switch were compared. The average error between the steps and initial contacts was 0.024ms and the difference of the average stride time was 0.01s. Finally, all gait events were detected exactly. Results showed that the accelerometry could use for the gait evaluation in clinical rehabilitation therapies.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2015

Objective: This study was conducted to test the effects of mobile texting and gaming on gait with obstructions under different illumination levels. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twelve healthy adults aged 20 to 36 years (mean 23.5 years) were tested under six different conditions. All participants used touchscreen smartphones. Testing conditions included: 1) Walking with an obstruction under a bright illumination level; 2) walking with an obstruction with a low level of illumination; 3) walking with an obstruction while texting under a bright illumination level; 4) walking with an obstruction while texting with a low level of illumination; 5) walking with an obstruction while gaming under a bright illumination level; and 6) walking with an obstruction while gaming with a low level of illumination. All participants were asked to text the Korean national anthem by their own phone and play Temple Run 2 using an iPhone 5. Gait variances were measured over a distance of 3 m, and the mean value after three trials was used. A gait analyzer was used to measure the data. Results: Compared to normal gait with obstruction, gait speed, step length, stride length, step time, stride time, cadence while texting and gaming showed significant differences (p<0.05). Differences between the illumination levels included gait speed, step length, stride length, and step time (p<0.05) with no significant differences in stride time and cadence. Conclusions: Dual-tasking using a smartphone under low levels of illumination lowers the quality of gait with obstructions.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

Background: The Microsoft Kinect which is a low-cost gaming device has been studied as a promise clinical gait analysis tool having satisfactory reliability and validity. However, its accuracy is only guaranteed when it is properly positioned in front of a subject. Objects: The purpose of this study was to identify the error when the Kinect was positioned at a $45^{\circ}$ angle to the longitudinal walking plane compare with those when the Kinect was positioned in front of a subject. Methods: Sixteen healthy adults performed two testing sessions consisting of walking toward and $45^{\circ}$ obliquely the Kinect. Spatiotemporal outcome measures related to stride length, stride time, step length, step time and walking speed were examined. To assess the error between Kinect and 3D motion analysis systems, mean absolute errors (MAE) were determined and compared. Results: MAE of stride length, stride time, step time and walking speed when the Kinect set in front of subjects were investigated as .36, .04, .20 and .32 respectively. MAE of those when the Kinect placed obliquely were investigated as .67, .09, .37, and .58 respectively. There were significant differences in spatiotemporal outcomes between the two conditions. Conclusion: Based on our study experience, positioning the Kinect directly in front of the person walking towards it provides the optimal spatiotemporal data. Therefore, we concluded that the Kinect should be placed carefully and adequately in clinical settings.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.16-23
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• 2012

This study examined the effects of custom-made foot orthotics on the temporal-spatial gait parameters in children with cerebral palsy. Twenty spastic bilateral cerebral palsy (spastic CP) children (11 boys and 9 girls) participated in this study. GAITRite was used to examine the velocity, cadence, step length differential, step length, stride length, stance time, single support time, double support time, base of support, and toe angle while walking with and without foot orthotics. The differences in temporal-spatial parameters were analyzed using paired t-test. The significance level was set at .05. The velocity, cadence, both step lengths, both stride lengths, both bases of support and right toe angle significantly increased when the children with spastic CP with foot orthotics compared to without foot orthotics (p<.05). The step length differential between the two extremities, left stance time and left single support time, significantly decreased with foot orthotics (p<.05). Right stance time, right single support time, both double support times and left toe angle showed little change (p>.05). This study demonstrated that foot orthotics were beneficial for children with spastic CP as a gait assistance tool.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2014

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to compare the spatio-temporal gait parameters between paretic and non-paretic limb while stepping over the different obstacle's heights in subjects with stroke. METHODS: Nine subjects with stroke were participated in this study. Subjects were asked to step over obstacles with a different height. 8 camera motion analysis system(Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, USA) was used to measure spatio-temporal parameters. The two way repeated measurement ANOVA was used to compare spati-temporal gait parameters between paretic and non-paretic limbs while stepping over a different obstacle's height(0cm, 10cm, 20cm). RESULTS: Step width, velocity, single supoort time, and double support time were not different among obstacle's height(p>0.05) but stride length, step length, and cadence were significantly different(p>0.05). In stride length, cadence, and double support time, the interactions between obstacle's heights and limbs were not different(p>0.05) but it was significantly different in velocity, step length, and single support time(p<0.05). Velocity, stride length, cadence, and double support times were not different between paretic limb and non-paretic limb(p>0.05) but step length and single support times were significantly different between paretic limb and non-paretic limb(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results show that there are differences with spatio-temporal gait parameters among obstacle's heights and between paretic and non-paretic limb during obstacle crossing in subjects with stroke.