• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2019

The driver seat of an automobile is in direct contact with the driver and provides the driver with a safe and comfortable ride. The seat consists of a frame, a rail, and many recliners. In recent years, strength and operating force measurement testing of the recliner have become vital for designing car seats. However, performance evaluation requires expensive testing equipment, numerous seat products, and considerable time. Therefore, the trend is to reduce experimentation through interpretation. This study examines the lubrication of solid lubricant for automotive seat recliners and confirms the friction and wear performance. In this study, the lubrication behavior of solid lubricants for car seat recliners is investigated to ascertain the friction and wear performance and to provide accurate values for the strength analysis. The friction material consists of a pin and a plate made from steel, which is widely used in recliners. The friction and wear under lubrication conditions are measured by a reciprocating friction wear tester. The friction coefficient is obtained according to the load and speed. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to achieve a reduction in the error of the test value and the analysis by providing the friction coefficient and wear of the lubricant. The results can be applied to the analysis of automobile seat design.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2017

Due to structural characteristics, construction costs and duration of a modular system would be saved by minimizing the schedule on the job site. As such, it is crucial to develop a connection that can guarantee stiffness while allowing for simple assembling. Particularly, the mid- to high-rise construction of the modular system necessitates the securing of the structural stability and seismic performance of multi-unit frames and connections, and thus, the stiffness of unit-assembled structures needs to be re-evaluated and designed. However, evaluating a frame consisting of slender members and reinforcing materials is a complicated process. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the structural characteristics of a modular unit connection based a method for reinforcing connection brackets and hinges while minimizing the loss of the cross section. Toward this end, the study modeled the beam-to-column connection of a modular system with the proposed connection, and produced a specimen which was used to perform a cycling loading test. The study compared the initial stiffness, the attributes of the hysteretic behavior, and the maximum flexural moment, and observed whether the model acquired the seismic performance, compared to the flexural strength of the steel moment frame connection that is required by the Korean Building Code. The test results showed that the proposed connection produced a similar initial stiffness value to that of the theoretical equation, and its maximum strength exceeded the theoretical strength. Furthermore, the model with a larger ceiling bracket showed higher seismic performance, which was further increased by the reinforcement of the plate.

• 지질공학
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.673-682
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• 2020

비탈면의 안정성 측면에서 파괴형태에 따라 예상 파괴면에서의 지반 전단력과 앵커보강에 의한 저항력은 중요한 요소로 작용할 수 있다. 또한, 앵커가 보강된 비탈면에서는 지압판이 설치된 지반의 풍화, 침하 및 불완전하게 방청 처리된 강연선의 부식 등으로 인하여 앵커축력이 변할 수 있다. 그러나 앵커 축력의 변화로 인해 국부적으로 앵커의 저항력을 상실한 경우에는 앵커가 저항력을 발휘하지 못하게 되어 주변 앵커로 외력이 전가되는 경향이 있으며, 이에 따라 주변앵커의 긴장력을 증가시키게 된다. 이로 인해 전체 비탈면의 안정성에 문제가 발생하게 되므로 주의가 요구된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 비탈면에 설치되어 있는 앵커의 긴장력 변화경향을 모니터링하고 이를 고려한 비탈면 전체의 외적 안정성을 유추하는 방법을 제안하고자 하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.88-93
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• 2021

선박의 건조과정이나 압력용기의 몸체 부분을 용접할 경우 많이 사용되는 SAW(Submerged Arc Welding)는, 용접 부위에 분말 형태의 용제(Flux)를 일정 두께로 살포하고 그 속에 전극 와이어를 연속적으로 공급하여 용접이 이루어지는 방법으로 용접 시 발생되는 아크열이 외부로 노출되지 않는 특징이 있으며, 잠호용접으로 불리기도 한다. 또한 1,500~3,000A의 전류까지 통전 할 수 있는 고전류 용접이 가능하며 아크효율이 95% 이상, 미세한 금속 산화물 입자인 Welding Fume 발생량이 적고 아크광선이 외부로 노출되지 않아 청정한 작업이 가능하며 용입이 깊고 결함이 잘 발생하지 않아 용접 이음부의 신뢰도가 높다. 본 연구에서는 SM490C-TMC 후판을 서브머지드 아크용접(SAW)을 이용하여 이종 용접한 후 용접부의 기계적 특성을 인장, 경도, 매크로, 자분탐상 검사 결과를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 굽힘 시험 결과 시료에서 표면의 터짐 현장이 발생하지 않았고 기타 결점의 유무를 확인할 수 없었으며, 이는 용접 이후 소성변형 과정에서도 충분한 인성을 발휘하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 1F 용접 방법이 굽힘 성능에 문제가 없는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.501-511
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• 2022

Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy seeks (a) no damage, (b) no significant structural damage, and (c) significant structural damage but no collapse of normal buildings, under minor, moderate and severe levels of earthquake shaking, respectively. A procedure is proposed for seismic design of low-rise reinforced concrete special moment frame buildings, which is consistent with this philosophy; buildings are designed to be ductile through appropriate sizing and reinforcement detailing, such that they resist severe level of earthquake shaking without collapse. Nonlinear analyses of study buildings are used to determine quantitatively (a) ranges of design parameters required to assure the required deformability in normal buildings to resist the severe level of earthquake shaking, (b) four specific limit states that represent the start of different structural damage states, and (c) levels of minor and moderate earthquake shakings stated in the philosophy along with an extreme level of earthquake shaking associated with the structural damage state of no collapse. The four limits of structural damage states and the three levels of earthquake shaking identified are shown to be consistent with the performance-based design guidelines available in literature. Finally, nonlinear analyses results are used to confirm the efficacy of the proposed procedure.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.427-446
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• 2022

Cutouts in the beams or plates are often unavoidable due to inspection, maintenance, ventilation, structural aesthetics purpose, and sometimes to lighten the structures. Therefore, there will be a substantial reduction in the strength of the structure due to the introduction of the cutouts. However, these cutouts can be reinforced with the different patterns of ribs (stiffener) to enhance the strength of the structure. The present study highlights the influence of the elliptical cutout reinforced with a different pattern of ribs on the stability performance of such stiffened composite panels subjected to non-uniform edge loads by employing the Finite element (FE) technique. In the present formulation, a 9-noded heterosis element is used to model the skin, and a 3-noded isoparametric beam element is used to simulate the rib that is attached around a cutout in different patterns. The displacement compatibility condition is employed between the plate and stiffener, and arbitrary orientations are taken care by introducing respective transformation matrices. The effect of shear deformation and rotary inertia are incorporated in the formulation. A new mesh configuration is developed to house the attached ribs around an elliptical cutout with different patterns. Initially, a study is performed on the panels with different stiffener schemes for various ply orientations and for different stiffener depth to width ratios (d_s/b_s) to determine an optimal stiffener configuration. Further, various parametric studies are conducted on an obtained optimal stiffened panel to understand the effect of cutout size, cutout orientation, panel aspect ratio, and boundary conditions. Finally, from the analysis, it can be observed that the arrangement of the stiffener attached to a panel has a major impact on the buckling capacity of the stiffened panel. The stiffener's depth to width ratio also significantly influences the buckling characteristic.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.131-142
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• 2021

노후 교각은 내진설계가 적용되지 않아 소성힌지구역에 겹침이음이 대다수 존재한다. 철근부식은 철근 단면적 감소 및 겹침이음부의 거동저하를 유발하여 교각의 내진성능을 저하시킨다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 노후교각의 특성에 따라 철근부식, 겹침이음, 내진설계 및 내진 보강 여부를 고려하여 실험체를 설계 및 제작하고 실험을 통해 그 영향을 조사하였다. 실험결과, 겹침이음 또는 철근부식은 변위연성도를 감소시킨다. 내진설계 상세 또는 강판 내진보강을 적용하면 충분한 변위연성도가 확보됨을 확인하였다. 모든 비내진실험체는 소성힌지구역 내의 횡철근 겹침이음부의 풀림으로 인해 주철근 좌굴과 심부콘크리트 압축파쇄가 발생하였다. 내진설계된 실험체는 철근부식에 의한 소성힌지구역 내 횡철근의 단면감소와 갈고리 풀림에 의해 주철근 좌굴 및 심부콘크리트 압축파쇄가 발생하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.353-369
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• 2022

This study attempts to shed light on the coupled impact of types of loading, thickness stretching, and types of variation of Winkler-Pasternak foundations on the flexural behavior of simply- supported FG plates according to the new quasi-3D high order shear deformation theory, including integral terms. A new function sheep is used in the present work. In particular, both Winkler and Pasternak layers are non-uniform and vary along the plate length direction. In addition, the interaction between the loading type and the variation of Winkler-Pasternak foundation parameters is considered and involved in the governing equilibrium equations. Using the virtual displacement principle and Navier's solution technique, the numerical results of non-dimensional stresses and displacements are computed. Finally, the non-dimensional formulas' results are validated with the existing literature, and excellent agreement is detected between the results. More importantly, several complementary parametric studies with the effect of various geometric and material factors are examined. The present analytical model is suitable for investigating the bending of simply-supported FGM plates for special technical engineering applications.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.155-169
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• 2022

In the present paper an analytical model was developed to study the non-linear vibrations of Functionally Graded Carbon Nanotube (FG-CNT) reinforced doubly-curved shallow shells using the Multiple Scales Method (MSM). The nonlinear partial differential equations of motion are based on the FGM shallow shell hypothesis, the non-linear geometric Von-Karman relationships, and the Galerkin method to reduce the partial differential equations associated with simply supported boundary conditions. The novelty of the present model is the simultaneous prediction of the natural frequencies and their mode shapes versus different curvatures (cylindrical, spherical, conical, and plate) and the different types of FG-CNTs. In addition to combining the vibration analysis with optimization algorithms based on the genetic algorithm, a design optimization methode was developed to maximize the natural frequencies. By considering the expression of the non-dimensional frequency as an objective optimization function, a genetic algorithm program was developed by valuing the mechanical properties, the geometric properties and the FG-CNT configuration of shallow double curvature shells. The results obtained show that the curvature, the volume fraction and the types of NTC distribution have considerable effects on the variation of the Dimensionless Fundamental Linear Frequency (DFLF). The frequency response of the shallow shells of the FG-CNTRC showed two types of nonlinear hardening and softening which are strongly influenced by the change in the fundamental vibration mode. In GA optimization, the mechanical properties and geometric properties in the transverse direction, the volume fraction, and types of distribution of CNTs have a considerable effect on the fundamental frequencies of shallow double-curvature shells. Where the difference between optimized and not optimized DFLF can reach 13.26%.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2022

PCS needs to freely switch AC and DC to connect the battery, external AC loads and renewable energy in both directions for energy efficiency. Whenever converting happens, power loss inevitably occurs. Minimization of the power loss to save electricity and convert it for usage is a very critical function in PCS. PCS plays an important role in the ESS(Energy Storage System) but the importance of stabilizing semiconductors on PCB(Printed Circuit Board) should be empathized with a risk of failure such as a fire explosion. In this study, the temperature variation inside PCS was reviewed by cooling fan on top of PCS, and the vibration characteristics of PCS were analyzed during truck transportation for reliability of the product. In most cases, a cooling fan is mounted to control the inner temperature at the upper part of the PCS and components generating the heat placed on the internal aluminum cooling plate to apply the primary cooling and the secondary cooling system with inlet fans for the external air. Results of CFD showed slightly lack of circulating capacity but simulated temperatures were durable for components. The resonance points of PCS were various due to the complexity of components. Although they were less than 40 Hz which mostly occurs breakage, it was analyzed that the vibration displacement in the resonance frequency band was very insufficient. As a result of random-vibration simulation, the lower part was analyzed as the stress-concentrated point but no breakage was shown. The steel sheet could be stable for now, but for long-term domestic transportation, structural coupling may occur due to accumulation of fatigue strength. After the test completed, output voltage of the product had lost so that extra packaging such as bubble wrap should be considered.