• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.5-27
• /
• 1995

One of the important tasks for new parents, especially mothers, is to establish warm, mutually affirming interpersonal relationships with the new baby in the family, with the purpose of promoting the health development of the child and the well-being of the whole family. Nurses assess the quality of the behavioral characteristics of the maternal-infant interaction. The purpose of this longitudinal descriptive correlational study is to investigate the changes of the mother - infant interactions from postpartum 1 day to postpartum 8weeks of the transition to parenthood. The aim was to contribute to the development of theoretical under standing on which to base care toward promoting the quality of maternal - infant interaction. Data were collect ed directly by the investigator and at rained from Jul, 1, 1990 to Jun 8, 1991, Subjects were a random sample of 44 mothers, 44 who had a normal delivery (but with out other perinatal complications) at four general hospitals in Seoul. Instruments used were the Stainton Parent-infant Interaction Scale (1981). The first observations were made in the delivery room, followed by day 1, day 2, day 3 and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks after, birth, for a total of 8 contacts. Observations in the hospital were made during the hour prior to scheduled feedings. The infant was placed beside the mother. Later contacts were made at home. Data analysis was don by computer using as SPSS program and included, Paired t-test, t-test and Pearson Correlation coefficient ; the results were as follows. 1. The daily maternal-infant interaction score for the initial contact ofter birth to 8 weeks postpartum had the lowest average score 5.21 and the highest 8.02(in a range of 0-10). This subject group of mothers needed Extra nursing supporting to promote their maternal-infant interaction. 2. The daily scores for the maternal-infant interaction tended to rise, showing a gradual improvement over the period of eight weeks. However, there were significantly different increases in maternal-infant interaction only from the first to second day (p=0.000) and from the fourth to sixth weeks ofter birth.(p=0.000) 3. When the seven items of maternal-infant interaction were evaluated items of maternal-infant inter action were evaluated separately, "Care taking for the baby" had the highest average score, 1.60(in a range of 0-2) and "Speaks to baby" the lowest, 0.8. All items, suggested the subjects' need of nursing intervention to promote maternal-infant interaction 4. There were positive correlations between certain general characteristics, namely, both a higher economic status (p=0.027) and breast feeding (p=0.021) and maternal-infant interaction.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.1801-1810
• /
• 2016

Recent discovery showing the presence of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the circulation sparked interest in their use as potential biomarkers. Our previous studies showed the diagnostic potential of miR-451 as a serological marker for inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), miR-337-5p and miR-30b for non-inflammatory breast cancer (non-IBC). The aim of this study is to investigate the prognostic values of circulating miRNAs by comparing the amounts of 12 circulating miRNAs in the serum of IBC and non-IBC from Tunisian breast cancer patients, and by determinating whether correlated pairs of miRNAs could provide useful information in the diagnosis of IBC and non-IBC patients. TaqMan qPCR was performed to detect circulating expression of miRNAs in serum of 20 IBC, 20 non-IBC and 20 healthy controls. Nonparametric rank Spearman rho correlation coefficient was used to examine the prognostic value of miRNAs and to assess the correlation profile between miRNAs expression. Further, a large number of miRNAs were highly correlated (rho>0.5) in both patients groups and controls. Also, the correlations profiles were different between IBC, non-IBC and healthy controls indicating important changes in molecular pathways in cancer cells. Our results showed that miR-335 was significantly overexpressed in premenopausal non-IBC patients; miR-24 was significantly overexpressed in non-IBC postmenopausal patients. Patients with previous parity had higher serum of miR-342-5p levels than those without. Furthermore, patients with HER2+ IBC present lower serum levels of miR-15a than patients with HER2-disease. Together, these results underline the potential of miRNAs to function as diagnostic and prognostic markers for IBC and non-IBC, with links to the menopausal state, Her2 status and parity.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.77-85
• /
• 2019

Purpose - Statistics of Traditional Market is the only source of information on traditional markets, shopping street, and underground shopping street. The government conducts a survey of traditional market conditions every year to look at the current status of traditional markets and provide effective support. Therefore, this study examines the necessity and validity of updating about the Survey Population of Traditional Market Research design, data, and methodology - This study investigated the necessity of updating about the Survey Population of Traditional Market through literature review. Therefore this study examined the necessity of the current population based on the review of the population related to the sample design, methods, and the sampling frame. Next, we examined the change patterns of the population and the sample by dividing the population and sample of the current survey of the traditional market survey into the market unit, the store unit within the market, and finally the individual store unit. Results - As a result, the population of traditional market changes about 4~6%. Next, the analysis of the store unit in the market shows that the number of stores is very variable even though the market is continuously included in the survey target. Finally, as a result of examining the characteristics of individual stores, the stores with less than one year were more than 6% of the total surveyed stores based on the traditional market. These results are generally inconsistent with the idea that stores in traditional markets will operate for a long time in one place. Next, we proposed the establishment of a management system, applying Citizen Generated Data, and circulation survey. Additionally, this study proposes to change the stratification variables at the regional level rather than the market unit. Conclusions - Therefore, in this study, it is suggested that a current population of traditional market is needed updating, and that a population survey should be updated at least four years. In addition, a system for investigating traditional markets and districts was established and a circulation survey was proposed for efficient use of budgets. Based on these research results and policy suggestions, the future research directions are suggested.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.53 no.2
• /
• pp.262-266
• /
• 2010

Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) is a major proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathophysiology of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Etanercept is an effective inhibitor of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and has shown a beneficial effect in patients with JRA. However, the most important cause of concern related to etanercept administration is infection. We report a case of encephalitis in a JRA patient receiving long-term treatment with etanercept. The patient was a 4-year-old boy with refractory JRA, and he received etanercept subcutaneously at a dose of $0.4\;mg\;kg^{-1}\;day^{-1}$ twice a week for 14 months, along with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, methotrexate, oral steroids, and sulfasalazine. The patient presented with sudden fever, headache, vomiting, a generalized tonic seizure, and changes in mental status. We suspected a central nervous system infection, and simultaneously administered antibiotics, an antiviral agent, and steroids. After 2 days of hospitalization, his mental function returned to normal, and he showed no further seizure-like movements. Brain magnetic resonance imaging scan of the patient showed a multifocal cortical lesion on both sides of the temporoparietooccipital lobe, which indicated encephalitis. Although we were unable to identify the causative organism of encephalitis, we think that the encephalitis may be attributed to infection, and the use of etanercept may have increased the risk of severe infection. Therefore, etanercept was discontinued and the patient recovered shortly after. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of encephalitis in a juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with etanercept.

• The Korean Nurse
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.36-48
• /
• 1990

This study was attempted to provide us with basic information on how to improve understanding with patients for operation, and to offer then better nursing and treatment. This kind of study will help scientific application to nursing practice and operating room. The data was collected by interviewing 29 patients who underwent the elective surgery under the general anesthesia at Y hospital in Seoul. The interview ran from October 15 to December 15, 1989. The research instrument was a anxiety measurement device (SAAI) originally developed by Spielberger, et al and modified by Jung-Tack Kim. 1. Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis one was that there would be a difference in state anxiety level according to a time difference in watiting for operation. This hypothesis was rejected(state.anxiety level one hour before operation P>.05, r-.747, State anxiety level half an hour before operation P>.05, r-.1550, state anxiety level just before operation, P>.05, r=.1099). However, state anxiety, evel appeared to be associated with a longer watiting period, like one day before operation (P<.05, r-.4628). Hypothesis two was that there would be a difference according to state anxiety level of patients for operation. This was rejected. (Change of blood perssure in systolie P>.05 r=.1082, Change of blood pressure in diastolic P>.05, r=.088, Change of pulse rate, P>.05, r-1.909) 2. Examining trait anxiety and state anxiety levels, the average level of trait anxiety was 42.034, and the average level of state anxiety one day before operation was 43,000. The average level of state anxiety was averaged 42.356 in a waiting room for operation. 3. Examining the state anxiety level by time period, the one hour before was 42.379 the level half an hour before 42.276, and the level just before operation 42.414. The low level of state anxiety was due to the fact that premedication was not eliminated. 4. Age and time period like one day before operation was related to state anxiety level (F=5.271, P<.0.01) and blood pressure in waiting room for operation. That is, state anxiety level and blood pressure of patients one day before operation appeared high. Sex was relation to changes of blood pressure ; the blood pressure of male patients appeard higer than of female patients. A marital status was also related anxiety level one hour before operation the married patient for operation showed a higher state anxiety level than that of the unmarried patient for operation. Education was similarily related to trait anxiety level in which highly educated patients show lower levels of trait anxiety than poorly educated ones. Motive for hospitalization was related to state anxiety level for patient one hour before operation (F=6.464, P<.05) likewise, patients who are supposed to undergo operation hastily showed higher levels of anxiety than patients who expect elective surgeries.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.24
• /
• pp.10937-10941
• /
• 2015

Pathogenesis of lung cancer is a complicated biological process including multiple genetic and epigenetic changes. Since cigarette smoking is confirmed as the most main risk factor of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the aim of this study was to determine whether tobacco exposure plays a role in gene methylation. Methylation of the RAR-${\beta}$ gene were detected using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in DNA from 167 newly diagnosed cases with NSCLC and corresponding 105 controls. A significant statistical association was found in the detection rate of the promoter methylation of RAR-${\beta}$ gene between NSCLC and controls ($x^2$=166.01; p<0.01), and hypermethylation of the RAR-${\beta}$ gene was significantly associated with smoking status (p=0.038, p<0.05). No relationship was found between RAR-${\beta}$ gene methylation and pathologic staging including clinical stage, cell type, gender and drinking (p>0.05), and the methylation of RAR-${\beta}$ gene rate of NSCLC was slightly higher in stages III+IV (80.0%) than in I+II (70.8%). Similar results were obtained for methylation of the RAR-${\beta}$ gene between squamous cell carcinoma (77.9%) and other cell type lung cancer (73.9%). These results showed that the frequency of methylation increased gradually with the development of clinical stage in smoking-associated lung cancer patients, and tobacco smoke may be play a potential role in RAR-${\beta}$ gene methylation in the early pathogenesis and process in lung cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. Aberrant promoter methylation is considered to be a promising marker of previous carcinogen exposure and cancer risk.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.88-93
• /
• 2013

Purpose: Maxillary sinus elevation has been widely used to enable insertion of endosseous implants in severely resorbed maxilla. Maxillary sinusitis after this procedure was considered to be the major drawback, therefore, preoperative evaluation of paranasal sinus is considered to be important. In order to evaluate the condition of the sinus, we used Waters' projection. In this study, asymptomatic patients were evaluated by Waters' view, and compared to timing to assess the sinus cavity. Methods: The retrospective study was based on 14 patients who were performed sinus elevation surgery in Seoul National University Dental Hospital. These patients did not show any signs of maxillary sinusitis. These patients were taken Waters' view at preoperative, postoperative 1 day, 3 months, 6 months. In Waters' view, presence of air fluid level, radiopacity of sinus wall, or radiopacity of entire maxillary sinus were evaluated. The density, and sinus dimension changes were assessed using Adobe Photoshop CS5$^{(R)}$ (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). Results: Findings of Waters views in patients with clear maxillary sinus at preoperative time were followed by elevated sinus floor with transplanted bone, mucosal swelling, and air fluid level. At postoperative 3 months, and 6 months, the radiographic findings were similar to preoperative state. By contrast, patients with preoperative mucosal swelling, or haziness in sinus cavity showed radiopacity entire sinus in Waters' view. In cases of the patients who were treated with simultaneous treatment to mucosal swelling, good status of sinus cavity were found. Conclusion: Although Waters' projections provide the limited information, and is less sensitive method compared with computed tomography, it is simple, easy, and economical method to assess of maxillary sinus. We suggest using Waters' view as radiographic routine tool for evaluation of sinus condition, especially in the sinus elevation surgery.

• Nutritional Sciences
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.68-74
• /
• 2002

Studies of the relationship between the composition of serum fatty acids and blood pressure are complex and controversial. Fatty acids, important constituents of biological membranes, could potentially affect vasoreactivities including blood pressure. In this study the compositions of fatty acids in serum phospholipids were compared between three types of hypertensive subjects (men, pre-menopausal women, and post-menopausal women) and their respective nrmotensive controls. Serum lipids were extracted and phospholipids were separated by thin layer chromatography. The percentage of palmitic acid (16 : 0) in serum phospholipids was significantly higher and the percentage of stearic acid (18 : 0) was significantly lower in all three hypertensive groups, compared with their corresponding control groups. Only in the group of post-menopausal women, palmitic acid was closely associated wish increases in both systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), while stearic acid was associated with decreases in both SBP and DBP. The polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids behaved differently from saturated fatty acids. The ratios of products / precursor fatty acids, such as $\sumLCPUFA\omega6/18 : 2\omega$6, 20 : 4$\omega$6/18 : 2$\omega$6, ∑LCPUFA$\omega$3/18 : 3$\omega$3 and 22 : 6$\omega$3/20 : 5$\omega$3, were all clearly associated with both SBP and DBP in hypertensive, post-menopausal women. Desaturation and elongation in fatty acid metabolism could affect the bioavailability of eicosanoid precursors. Changes in the constituent fatty acids of phospholipids and eicosanoid precursors may also influence fluidity, ionic transport, hormone receptors and enzyme activities in biological membranes. In conclusion, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in post-menopausal women was positively associated with the level of palmitic acid, and negatively associated with the level of stearic acid, in serum phospholipids. The relationships between serum phospholipid-$\omega$6 and $\omega$3 series fatty acids and blood pressure in women, especially in post-menopausal women, require further investigation by taking into consideration hormonal status and eicosanoid metabolism. Funker study is needed to determine the value of dietary manipulation of fatty acid constituents of serum phospholipids, relating to hypertension in women.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.119-124
• /
• 2007

Introduction: In Oriental medicine, the status of tongue is the important indicator to diagnose one's health, because it represents physiological and clinicopathological changes of inner parts of the body. The method of tongue diagnosis is not only convenient but also non-invasive, so tongue diagnosis is most widely used in Oriental medicine. By the way, since tongue diagnosis is affected by examination circumstances a lot, its performance depends on a light source, degrees of an angle, a medical doctor's condition etc. Therefore, it is not easy to make an objective and standardized tongue diagnosis. In order to solve this problem, in this study, we tried to design a discriminant function for thick and thin coating with color vectors of preprocessed image. Method: 52 subjects, who were diagnosed as white-coated tongue, were involved. Among them, 45 subjects diagnosed as thin coating and 7 subjects diagnosed as thick coating by oriental medical doctors, and then their tongue images were obtained from a digital tongue diagnosis system. Using those acquired tongue images, we implemented two steps: Preprocessing and image analyzing. The preprocessing part of this method includes histogram equalization and histogram stretching at each color component, especially, intensity and saturation. It makes the difference between tongue substance and tongue coating was more visible, so that we can separate tongue coating easily. Next part, we analyzed the characteristic of color values and found the threshold to divide tongue area into coating area. Then, from tongue coating image, it is possible to extract the variables that were important to classify thick and thin coating. Result : By statistical analysis, two significant vectors, associated with G, were found, which were able to describe the difference between thick and thin coating very well. Using these two variables, we designed the discriminant function for coating classification and examined its performance. As a result, the overall accuracy of thick and thin coating classification was 92.3%. Discussion : From the result, we can expect that the discriminant function is applicable to other coatings in a similar way. Also, it can be used to make an objective and standardized diagnosis.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
• /
• v.5 no.5
• /
• pp.1311-1319
• /
• 1998

The methods of providing available bandwidth adaptively using feedback to maximize the utilization of network as well as the quality of service have been the focus of recent research activities for ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode). This study has been extended from the point-to-point connection to a point-to-multipoint environment as the number of applications requiring multicast service increases. It is known that the effectiveness of feedback based congestion control scheme diminishes as propagation delay increases. Especially for a multicast connection consisting of various paths and destinations with different performance and congestion status, the problem of unfairness due to different propagation delays may occur. The degree of such unfairness may change depending on various aspects of congestion control schemes. These has been, however, relatively little study on these problems. In this paper, we present how various aspects of control schemes-length of the interval between feedback generations, point of time to coalesce feedback cells from child paths, decreasing factor of source rate in case of congestion-affect the degree of unfairness. Simulation results show that degree of unfairness changes according to when the feedback coalescing happens. Expecially it is shown that the effect of feedback coalescing time to the degree of unfairness is more significant for the smaller feedback interval. It is also found that as the source rate decreasing factor becomes larger the average ACR(Allowed Cell Rate) at the source gets lower and the degree of unfairness grow larger.