• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.263-280
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• 2008

Information on the distribution of the basic random variable is essential for the accurate analysis of structural reliability. The usual method for determining the distributions is to fit a candidate distribution to the histogram of available statistical data of the variable and perform approximate goodness-of-fit tests. Generally, such candidate distribution would have parameters that may be evaluated from the statistical moments of the statistical data. In the present paper, a cubic normal distribution, whose parameters are determined using the first four moments of available sample data, is investigated. A parameter table based on the first four moments, which simplifies parameter estimation, is given. The simplicity, generality, flexibility and advantages of this distribution in statistical data analysis and its significance in structural reliability evaluation are discussed. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate these advantages.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.83-95
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigate the preventive effect of KDD against lead toxicity. KDD of 133, 266, 532 and 1,064 mg/kg were administered twice to the rats of Sprague-Dawley strain and then 300 mg/kg lead acetate was given to times, respectively. 1. The $\delta$-ALAD concentration in the urine showed 10.6 ~16.4 mg/kg in the control group indicated statistical significance for the experimental group II, III, IV, V (p<0.05). Also, the Coproporphyrin concentration had 0.119 ~ 0.226 $\mu$g/ml in the control group indicated statiscial significance for the experimental group V of 10 weeks (p<0.05). 2. The $\delta$-ALAD concentration in the blood showed 13.28 ~ 16.08 ALAD unit in the control group indicated statistical significance for the experimental group I (Pb 300 mg/kg) of 6 and 8 weeks, for the experimental group III, IV of 8 and 10 weeks, and for the experimental group V of 4 weeks (p<0.05). The $\delta$-ALAD concentration of experimental group I (Pb 300 mg/kg) group was inclined to decrease during the experiment period. The $\delta$-ALAD concentration of experimental group I (Pb 300 mg/kg) showed statistical significance for the experimental group II, III, IV, V of 6, 8 and 10 weeks. But, there was no statistical significance in the concentration change of hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, hematocrit, Ca, protein among the experimental groups. In conclusion, this study revealed the preventive effect of KDD against lead toxicity and its mechnism inferred to facilitate lead excretion in urinary following hinderance of lead absorption in the gastric-intestine and organs.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1994

In order to investigate the effects of Insamyangwee Tang on cell-mediated and humoral immune response, solid extract of Insamyangwee Tang (sample A), mixture of individual solid extract of Insamyangwee Tang (sample B) were administered orally for 14 days. The auther used ICR mice having a body weight of about 20-22g as experimental animals dividing them into three groups-Saline, Sample A and Sample B group. All of the mice were sensitized i.v. with $10^8$ sheep red blood cells(SRBC) and challenged i.d. with $10^8$ SRBC 4 days later. Such immune responses as delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH), rosette forming cells(RFC), hemagglutinin titers(HA titers) and hemolysin titers(HL titers) were measured at 24 hours after challenge. The results were as follow: 1. DTH in Sample A & Sample B group was increased, as compared with Saline group, with satistical significance. 2. RFC in Sample A & Sample B group were increased, as compared with Saline group, with statistical significance. 3. HA titers in Sample A & Sample B group were not increased, as compared with Saline group, with statistical significance. 4. HL titers were increased just only in Sample A group with statistical significance. The inference from the above results is that Sample A group is better than Sample B group, and Insamyangwee Tang enhance the cell-mediated and humoral immune response.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.485-493
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• 2018

Statistical analysis has found useful application in the design of experiments (DOE) especially optimization of concrete ingredients however, to be able to apply the concept properly using computer aided applications there has to be an upper and lower limits of responses fed to the system. In this study, the production of high-performance steel fiber concrete (HPSFC) at five different fiber addition levels by volume with two aspect ratios of 60 and 83 were studied under two curing methods completely dry cured (DC) and moist cured (MC) conditions. In other words, this study was carried out for those limits based on material properties available in North Cyprus. Specimens utilized were cubes 100 mm size casted and cured for 28 days and tested for compressive strength. Minitab 18 statistical software was utilized for the analysis of results at a 5 per cent level of significance. Experimentally, it was observed that, there was fluctuation in compressive strength results for the two aspect ratios and curing regimes. On the other hand P-value hypothesis evaluation of the response showed that at the stated level of significance, there was a statistically significant difference between dry and moist curing conditions. Upper and lower limit values were proposed for the response to be utilized in DOE for future studies based on these material properties. It was also suggested that for a narrow confidence interval and accuracy of the system, future study should increase the sample size.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.23-38
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• 2017

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical prognostic factors affecting facial palsy in 98 idiopathic facial palsy patients who were hospitalized and treated in 2015, using retrospective statistical analysis. Methods : We investigated patients with idiopathic facial nerve palsy, admitted to a Korean medical hospital in 2015, and examined patients' variables and therapeutic variables. For analysis of clinical data, an independent sample t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and simple regression analysis were performed using IBM SPSS version 24.0. Results : 1. The initial degree of facial palsy showed statistical significance with age. The older the age, the more severe the initial palsy. 2. Following treatment degree of facial palsy was statistically significant with age, hypertension, and fasting blood sugar (FBS). The higher the value, the slower the recovery from facial palsy. There was a statistical significance with the number of treatments in a Korean medical hospital. The more frequent the treatment, the faster the facial palsy recovery. 3. Degree of facial palsy after 12 months was statistically significant with age, hypertension, diabetes, FBS, and the initial severity of facial palsy. The higher the value, the slower the facial palsy recovery. 4. Sex, left or right sided palsy, alcohol consumption, smoking, history of facial palsy, season of onset, total number of treatments and bio chemistry (BC), complete blood cell count (CBC), urinalysis (UA) factors had no statistical significance with prognosis of facial palsy. Conclusion : Age, season of onset, hypertension, diabetes, FBS, initial severity of facial palsy, and the number of treatments at a Korean medical hospital showed statistical significance. The number of treatments at the Korean medical hospital positively correlated with facial palsy prognosis, and the others variables showed a negative correlation with facial palsy prognosis.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.169-191
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• 1997

Hyangpaeyangyeongtang, which was first prescribed in the book of Euijonggumgam (醫宗金鑑), has been widely applied to the treatment of scrofula and carbuncle in the neck and tumor as well in the oriental medicine. The Fritillariae roylei bulbus was also used as an anti-tumor medicine. In order to investigate the effect of Hyangpaeyangyeongtang and Fritillariae roylei bulbus extracts on the immune responses to the epithelioma induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and prostaglandin-$F_2{\alpha}$ in mice, the change of epithelioma size was observed and delayed type hypersensitivity, hemagglutinin titer, hemolysin titer, rosette forming cells, natural killer cell activity, lymphocyte transformation, productivity of interleukin-2 and phagocytic activity were also measured. The results were as follows; 1. The epithelioma size was decreased with statistical significance in the Hyangpaeyangyeongtang group at the 14th day, as compared with the control group. 2. Delayed type hypersensitivity was not shown any decrease in the Hyangpaeyangyeongtang group and the Fritillariae roylei bulbus group, as compared with the control group. 3. Hemagglutinin titer was increased with statistical significance in the Hyangpaeyangyeongtang group, but not in the Fritillariae roylei bulbus group as compared with the control group. 4. Hemolysin titer was increased with statistical significance in the Hyangpaeyangyeongtang group, but not in the Fritillariae roylei bulbus group as compared with the control group. 5. Rosette forming cells were not increased in the Hyangpaeyangyeong tang group, but increased with statistical significance in the Fritillariae roylei bulbus group as compared with the control group. 6. Natural killer cell activity at the ratio 100:1 of effector cells to target cells was increased with statistical significance in the Hyangpaeyayeongngtang group and the Fritillariae roylei bulbus group respectively, and the natural killer cell activity at the ratio of 50:1 and 10:1 of effector cells to target cells Hyangpaeyangyeongtang group was increased with statistical significance as compared with the control group. 7. Lymphocyte transformation was increased in the Hyangpaeyangyeong tang group and the Fritillariae roylei bulbus group respectively, as compared with the control group. 8. Productivity of interleukin-2 was increased in the Hyangpaeyangyecing tang group and the Fritillariae roylei bulbus group respectively, as compared with the control group. 9. Phagocytic activity was not shown any decrease in the Hyangpaeyangyeongtang group and the Fritillariae roylei bulbus group, as compared with the control group.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-37
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• 2003

Objective: We are aimed to identify anti-tumor effects of Curcuma longa L. on the stomach cancer cells through molecular biologic methods. Material & Methods: We used AGS as human stomach cancer cells obtained from American Type Culture Collection. The boiled extract of Curcuma longa L. $5{\mu}l$ (Sample I), $10{\mu}l$ (Sample II) was treated to cultural media(ml) for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours. We measured the killing effect on stomach cancer cells through Trypan blue exclusion test and the suppressive effect on viability of stomach cancer cells via MTT assay. For identification of its anticancer mechanism, the revelation of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax which are genes related to apoptosis using the quantitative RT-PCR, change of mitochondria membrane permeability and membrane potential via flow cytometry, the cycle of cell mitosis, caspase cleavage and annexin V staining were examined. Results: 1. showed significant killing effect on stomach cancer cell than the control group with a time(6 hours later) and density dependent manner, which was statistical significance. 2. Extract of Curcuma longa L. showed suppressive effect on viability of stomach cancer cells that each test groups had more suppressive effects on viability of stomach cancer cells than the control group with a time(6 hours later), which was statistical significance.(p<0.05) 3. In the test about the revelation of genes related to apoptosis, the revelation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL decreased with a density manner which was statistical significance. but the revelation of Bax was not changed with statistical significance. 4. Extract of Curcuma longa L. caused apoptosis by decreasing the absorbance of mitochondria with statistical significance, and also induced apoptosis by decreasing the membrane potential of mitochondria. 5. Extract of Curcuma longa L. destructed the cell cycle of cell mitosos. 6. Cell apoptosis was induced by extract of Curcuma longa L. certificated by method of caspase cleavage and annexin V staining. Conclusion: This experiment showed that Curcuma longa L. has anti-tumor effect with statistical significance. This is in vitro experiment and basic experiment on Curcuma longa L.. We hope more progressive research on Curcuma longa L. will go on and its anti-tumor effects will be more practically identified.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2002

This study was intended to observe the relationship of pain alleviation between the group with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied on bach of head, lung, nasalis internae, shen-men, pharynx & larynx, and internal secretion which are the pants to regulate smoking and that, with no treatment of the kind among smokers and con-smokers with chronic low back pain. It also aimed to conduct a research of applying different treatment methods according to smoking, thus ultimately providing basic data needed by clinic therapists and to help achieve appropriate treatment effects considering the characteristics of each patient. The subject criteria were men who were in their 40's or 50's, smoking or non-smoking and came to the physical therapy of the hospital to cure the chronic low back pain which had lasted more than three months. The total 24 subjects were randomly divided into four groups according to smoking; the group of smokers with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied, that of smokers with no application of such treatment, that of non-smokers with the action of such treatment, and that of non-smokers with no application of such treatment Each group was measured in terms of four pain assessment methods of visual analogue scale(VAS), verbal rating scale(VRS), McGil pain questionnaire(MPQ), endorphin. And the results were as follows: 1. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and endorphin 1 between before and after the treatment. 2. In terms of the pain effects had by the smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy was applied, there was a statistical significance in VRS and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 3. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the non-smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. In terms of the pain effects had by the non-smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular was applied, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 5. The smokers with low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy to see how it affected their pain. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. 6. The subject suffering from low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation to see how it affected their pain according to smoking. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. Based upon the results, it can be concluded that smokers with low back pain received the more effects of pain alleviation from the application of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy compared to the rest of the groups who suffered from low back pain.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.290-299
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• 2003

Background : Nowadays many researches about it s cure are going on world widely since cancer is one of the most human health threatening diseases. In Chinese and North Korean medicine, Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. is practically used to treat many kinds of cancer, but in Korea it is rarely used. So, we need to scientifically identify anti-tumor effects of Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. Objective : We are aimed to identify anti-tumor effects of Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. on the stomach cancer cells through molecular biologic methods. Material & Methods : We used AGS as stomach cancer cells from American Type Culture Collection. We added the boiled extract of Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. $5{\mu}l$(Sample I), $10{\mu}l$(Sample II) to cultural media(ml)for 0,6, 12, 24, 48 hours. We measured the killing effect on stomach cancer cells through Tryphan blue exclusion test and the suppressive effect on viability of stomach cancer cells via MTT assay. the quantitative RT-PCR was used to examine their effect on the revelation of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax, which are genes related to apoptosis. We measured change of mitochondria membrane permeability and membrane potential via flow cytometry. Result : 1. The killing effect on stomach cancer cells showed that each test groups killed more stomach cancer cells than the control group with a time(6 hours later) and density dependent manner, which was statistical significance. 2. The suppressive effect on viability of stomach cancer cells showed that each test groups had more suppressive effects on viability of stomach cancer cells than the control group with a time(6 hours later), which was statistical significance. 3. In the test about the revelation of genes related to apoptosis, the revelation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL decreased with a density manner which was statistical significance. but the revelation of Bax was not changed with statistical significance. 4. As a result of this test, Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. caused apoptosis by decreasing the absorbance of mitochondria with statistical significance. and also induced apoptosis by decreasing the membrane potential of mitochondria. Conclusion : This experiment showed that Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. has anti-tumor effect with statistical significance. This is in vitro experiment and basic experiment on Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. We hope more progressive researchs on Duchesnea india(Audra.) Foche. will go on and its anti-tumor effects will be more practically identified.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.24-58
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• 2019

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to confirm the Efficacy and Safety of "Functional cosmetics containing Humulus japonicus Extract" on dry skin due to mild atopic dermatitis. Methods : A total of 48 patients who visited Semyung Oriental Medical Center from March 20th, 2018 to July 5th, 2018 were included in the study. In this study, the patients were treated with Functional cosmetics containing Humulus japonicus Extract and positive control group. For 6 weeks of gross examination, instrumental assessment were made before and after the study to evaluate how well the products for treatment group with positive control products for control group in recovering the dry skin barriers by mild atopic dermatitis. Results : 1. In the primary endpoint, Skin Hydration showed a statistically significant increase and Transepidermal Water Loss(TEWL) showed a statistically significant decrease in treatment group between Baseline and 6 weeks. 2. In the secondary endpoint, Skin Hydration showed a statistically significant increase in treatment group between Baseline and 3 weeks, but TEWL showed no statistical significance. 3. In the secondary endpoint, Skin Hydration showed a statistically significant increase in treatment group between 3 weeks and 6 weeks, but TEWL showed no statistical significance. 4. In the secondary endpoint, Change of Skin Hydration and TEWL between treatment and control group showed a statistical significance in 6 weeks. 5. In the secondary endpoint, Change of Skin Hydration of 1cm below the medial aspect of the elbow between treatment and control group showed a statistical significance in 3 weeks. 6. In the secondary endpoint, Change of Skin Hydration between treatment and control group showed a statistical significance in 3 weeks and 6 weeks except Center between the medial aspect of the elbow and the wrist in 3 weeks, and Change of TEWL between treatment and control group showed a statistical significance in 6 weeks. 7. To evaluate the safety of the products for the human body, Adverse events, EASI Score, Itching Symptoms Assessment, vital sign check were conducted; There were no severe adverse events during this study. And both experimental group and control group showed no abnormal level. Therefore, it is suggested that products, if used for certain period, should be safe for the human body. Conclusions : According to the above experiments, it is suggested that "Functional cosmetics containing Humulus japonicus Extract" should be effective for dry skin due to mild atopic dermatitis.