• Title/Summary/Keyword: Statistical Graphs

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Relationship Assessment on Amount of Irrigation Water & Productivity of Rice by Production Function (생산함수를 이용한 농업용수 관개량과 벼 생산성간 관계 평가)

  • Hur, Seung-Oh;Choi, Soonkun;Yeop, Sojin;Hong, Seong-Chang;Choi, Dongho
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.133-138
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    • 2019
  • BACKGROUND: Production function gives the equation that shows the relationship between the quantities of productive factors used and the amount of product obtained, and can answer a variety of questions. This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between irrigation water used for rice production and rice productivity by the production function which shows the mathematical relation between input and output. METHODS AND RESULTS: The statistical data on rice production and on the amount of irrigation water were used for the production function analysis. The analysis period was separated for 1966-1981 and 1982-2011, based on goal's change on agriculture from 'increasing food' to 'complex farming'. The relation between irrigation and yield considering production function is a short-term production function both before and after 1982. These results can be expressed by the sigmoid relation. When comparing the graphs of the two analyzed periods, there are differences in quantity between the maximum point and the minimum point during the same analysis period, which can be called an 'Irrigation Effect' by the difference of irrigation, and 'Technical Effect' by the difference by inputs like as fertilizers etc. CONCLUSION: The results could be useful as information for assessing the relationship between agricultural water and the productivity of rice and predicting rice productivity by irrigation water in Korea.

Effect of Coordinative Locomotor Training on Spine Appearance and Quality of Life in Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis: Single Subject Study (협응이동훈련이 특발성 측만증 환자의 척추 외형과 삶의 질에 미치는 효과 : 단일사례연구)

  • Kim, Jin-Cheol;Oh, Eun-Ju
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.89-97
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    • 2021
  • PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of coordinative locomotor training on the spine appearance and quality of life of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS: This study included two patients with idiopathic scoliosis: one with a thoracic and lumbar type scoliosis and the other with thoracic type scoliosis. The study design was a single case study (A-B-A'), with a baseline-intervention/phase-post-intervention. The baseline (A) was designed and measured five times, intervention phase (B) ten times, and post-intervention (A') five times. The coordinative locomotor training program was divided into 10 minutes of warm-up exercise, 30 minutes of the main exercise, and 10 minutes of the finishing exercise, for 50 minutes each time. The primary outcome measurements were measured using the Cobb's angle, Adam's test, and Gait view pro 2.0 to determine the changes in the spine appearance. The secondary outcome measurements were compared before and after using the SRS-22 questionnaire to determine the quality of life of the scoliosis patients. A statistical test analyzed the mean and standard deviation, and the rate of change was presented by a visual analysis method using descriptive statistics and graphs. RESULTS: The findings showed that the spine appearance and quality of life of the two subjects were improved compared to the baseline measurements during the intervention phase, and the improved state was maintained during the post-intervention period. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that coordinative locomotor training may help improve the spine appearance and quality of life of patients with idiopathic scoliosis.

Goal-oriented Movement Reality-based Skeleton Animation Using Machine Learning

  • Yu-Won JEONG
    • International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.267-277
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    • 2024
  • This paper explores the use of machine learning in game production to create goal-oriented, realistic animations for skeleton monsters. The purpose of this research is to enhance realism by implementing intelligent movements in monsters within game development. To achieve this, we designed and implemented a learning model for skeleton monsters using reinforcement learning algorithms. During the machine learning process, various reward conditions were established, including the monster's speed, direction, leg movements, and goal contact. The use of configurable joints introduced physical constraints. The experimental method validated performance through seven statistical graphs generated using machine learning methods. The results demonstrated that the developed model allows skeleton monsters to move to their target points efficiently and with natural animation. This paper has implemented a method for creating game monster animations using machine learning, which can be applied in various gaming environments in the future. The year 2024 is expected to bring expanded innovation in the gaming industry. Currently, advancements in technology such as virtual reality, AI, and cloud computing are redefining the sector, providing new experiences and various opportunities. Innovative content optimized for this period is needed to offer new gaming experiences. A high level of interaction and realism, along with the immersion and fun it induces, must be established as the foundation for the environment in which these can be implemented. Recent advancements in AI technology are significantly impacting the gaming industry. By applying many elements necessary for game development, AI can efficiently optimize the game production environment. Through this research, We demonstrate that the application of machine learning to Unity and game engines in game development can contribute to creating more dynamic and realistic game environments. To ensure that VR gaming does not end as a mere craze, we propose new methods in this study to enhance realism and immersion, thereby increasing enjoyment for continuous user engagement.

A Time Series Graph based Convolutional Neural Network Model for Effective Input Variable Pattern Learning : Application to the Prediction of Stock Market (효과적인 입력변수 패턴 학습을 위한 시계열 그래프 기반 합성곱 신경망 모형: 주식시장 예측에의 응용)

  • Lee, Mo-Se;Ahn, Hyunchul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.167-181
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    • 2018
  • Over the past decade, deep learning has been in spotlight among various machine learning algorithms. In particular, CNN(Convolutional Neural Network), which is known as the effective solution for recognizing and classifying images or voices, has been popularly applied to classification and prediction problems. In this study, we investigate the way to apply CNN in business problem solving. Specifically, this study propose to apply CNN to stock market prediction, one of the most challenging tasks in the machine learning research. As mentioned, CNN has strength in interpreting images. Thus, the model proposed in this study adopts CNN as the binary classifier that predicts stock market direction (upward or downward) by using time series graphs as its inputs. That is, our proposal is to build a machine learning algorithm that mimics an experts called 'technical analysts' who examine the graph of past price movement, and predict future financial price movements. Our proposed model named 'CNN-FG(Convolutional Neural Network using Fluctuation Graph)' consists of five steps. In the first step, it divides the dataset into the intervals of 5 days. And then, it creates time series graphs for the divided dataset in step 2. The size of the image in which the graph is drawn is $40(pixels){\times}40(pixels)$, and the graph of each independent variable was drawn using different colors. In step 3, the model converts the images into the matrices. Each image is converted into the combination of three matrices in order to express the value of the color using R(red), G(green), and B(blue) scale. In the next step, it splits the dataset of the graph images into training and validation datasets. We used 80% of the total dataset as the training dataset, and the remaining 20% as the validation dataset. And then, CNN classifiers are trained using the images of training dataset in the final step. Regarding the parameters of CNN-FG, we adopted two convolution filters ($5{\times}5{\times}6$ and $5{\times}5{\times}9$) in the convolution layer. In the pooling layer, $2{\times}2$ max pooling filter was used. The numbers of the nodes in two hidden layers were set to, respectively, 900 and 32, and the number of the nodes in the output layer was set to 2(one is for the prediction of upward trend, and the other one is for downward trend). Activation functions for the convolution layer and the hidden layer were set to ReLU(Rectified Linear Unit), and one for the output layer set to Softmax function. To validate our model - CNN-FG, we applied it to the prediction of KOSPI200 for 2,026 days in eight years (from 2009 to 2016). To match the proportions of the two groups in the independent variable (i.e. tomorrow's stock market movement), we selected 1,950 samples by applying random sampling. Finally, we built the training dataset using 80% of the total dataset (1,560 samples), and the validation dataset using 20% (390 samples). The dependent variables of the experimental dataset included twelve technical indicators popularly been used in the previous studies. They include Stochastic %K, Stochastic %D, Momentum, ROC(rate of change), LW %R(Larry William's %R), A/D oscillator(accumulation/distribution oscillator), OSCP(price oscillator), CCI(commodity channel index), and so on. To confirm the superiority of CNN-FG, we compared its prediction accuracy with the ones of other classification models. Experimental results showed that CNN-FG outperforms LOGIT(logistic regression), ANN(artificial neural network), and SVM(support vector machine) with the statistical significance. These empirical results imply that converting time series business data into graphs and building CNN-based classification models using these graphs can be effective from the perspective of prediction accuracy. Thus, this paper sheds a light on how to apply deep learning techniques to the domain of business problem solving.

Statistical Analysis of Maritime Traffic Volume at Manila Bay, Philippines (필리핀 마닐라만의 해양 교통량 통계분석)

  • Dimailig, Orlando S.;Jeong, Jae-Yong
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.323-330
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    • 2012
  • Manila Bay is home to the Port of Manila with three harbors: North Harbor, South Harbor and MICT(Manila International container Terminal). There is an adjacent fishing port to the north and another port across the Bay, the Limao Port. This study focuses on the volume of traffic movement in the Bay area taken from Manila VTMS raw data of the arrival and departure movements only. It is a two-year period of study of 2010 and 2011 traffic volume. It divides the data according to their numbers; to their sizes measured in gross tons; to the time of vessels' movements, whether daytime or night-time; and to each voyage trade: domestic or foreign. Quantitative values are calculated from the raw data based on the whole population of the two-year period. The results are illustrated by tables and graphs. Statistical measures are applied to determine the spread and frequencies of the data and test any significance from the hypotheses. These are shown in the tabulated form and interpreted to give a better picture of the frequency and volume of traffic. In the end, a summary is offered where it is hoped that this paper will propel further studies of improving the safety behavior in the premier port of the country.

Development of a Computer Program for Stand Spatial Structure Analysis (임분(林分) 공간구조(空間構造) 분석(分析)을 위한 컴퓨터 프로그램의 개발(開發))

  • Shin, Man Yong;Oh, Jung Soo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.88 no.3
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    • pp.389-399
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    • 1999
  • This study was conducted to develop an application software, SIDAS3D(Stand Inventory Data Analysis System for 3 Dimensional Representation), of which the purpose of development is to make it easier to analyze and display the 3D spatial structure of a forest stand, based on the data such as tree position, species, DBH, height, clear length of individual trees, and crown width. This program has a statistical analysis function for stand attributes per hectare and displays simple graphs of stand statistics such as the distribution of diameters, heights, and volumes. It also has two additional functions, of which one is to display the 3D image of stand structure and the other is to display the image of crown projection. In addition, this program provides an imaginary treatment simulation function, which can visually confirm the suitability of silvicultural treatments on computers. To test the precision and reliability of SIDAS3D, data obtained by the precision forest inventory method were used. Statistical analysis ability of SIDAS3D was compared with that of SAS. And its representational ability was compared with that of TreeDraw. According to the verification, SIDAS3D was superior to SAS and TreeDraw in both the data processing time and the interpretative ability of results. It was concluded that SIDAS3D could be used to help users efficiently make decisions for appropriate silvicultural treatments and rational management plans because it has analysis functions providing various valuable information.

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A systematic review of studies using time series analysis of health and welfare in Korea (체계적 문헌고찰을 통한 국내 보건복지 분야의 시계열 분석 연구 동향)

  • Woo, Kyung-Sook;Shin, Young-Jeon
    • Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.579-599
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this study was to identify the trends and risk of bias of research using time series analysis on health and welfare in Korea and to suggest a direction for future health and welfare research. The database searches identified 6,543 papers. Following the process for screening and selecting, a total of 91 papers were included in the systematic review. There has been a steady increase in the number of articles using time series analysis from 1987 to 2013. Time series analysis was applied in medicine and health science journals. The main goals were explanation and description. Most of the subjects were heath status and utilization of healthcare services. The main model used in the time series analysis was ARIMA followed by time series regression. The data were gathered from various sources, including the national statistical office and government agencies. For assessing risk of bias, some studies were found to have inadequate sample sizes or showed no time series graphs and plots. These findings suggest greater widespread utilization of time series analysis in the field of health and welfare and to use the appropriate analysis methods and statistical procedures to obtain more reliable results to improve the quality of research.

Influence of the CYP1A1 T3801C Polymorphism on Tobacco and Alcohol-Associated Head and Neck Cancer Susceptibility in Northeast India

  • Singh, Seram Anil;Choudhury, Javed Hussain;Kapfo, Wetetsho;Kundu, Sharbadeb;Dhar, Bishal;Laskar, Shaheen;Das, Raima;Kumar, Manish;Ghosh, Sankar Kumar
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.16 no.16
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    • pp.6953-6961
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    • 2015
  • Background: Tobacco and alcohol contain or may generate carcinogenic compounds related to cancers. CYP1A1 enzymes act upon these carcinogens before elimination from the body. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CYP1A1 T3801C polymorphism modulates the relationship between tobacco and alcohol-associated head and neck cancer (HNC) susceptibility among the northeast Indian population. Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventy histologically confirmed HNC cases and 230 controls were included within the study. The CYP1A1 T3801C polymorphism was determined using PCR-RFLP, and the results were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Logistic regression (LR) and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) approaches were applied for statistical analysis. Results: The CYP1A1 CC genotype was significantly associated with HNC risk (P=0.045). A significantly increased risk of HNC (OR=6.09; P<0.0001) was observed in individuals with combined habits of smoking, alcohol drinking and tobacco-betel quid chewing. Further, gene-environment interactions revealed enhanced risks of HNC among smokers, alcohol drinkers and tobacco-betel quid chewers carrying CYP1A1 TC or CC genotypes. The highest risk of HNC was observed among smokers (OR=7.55; P=0.009) and chewers (OR=10.8; P<0.0001) carrying the CYP1A1 CC genotype. In MDR analysis, the best model for HNC risk was the three-factor model combination of smoking, tobacco-betel quid chewing and the CYP1A1 variant genotype (CVC=99/100; TBA=0.605; P<0.0001); whereas interaction entropy graphs showed synergistic interaction between tobacco habits and CYP1A1. Conclusions: Our results confirm that the CYP1A1 T3801C polymorphism modifies the risk of HNC and further demonstrated importance of gene-environment interaction.

Characteristics of Pollutant Washed-off from Highways with Storm Runoff Duration (아스팔트 포장 고속도로의 강우 지속시간별 오염물질 유출 경향)

  • Kim Lee-Hyun;Lee Eun-Ju;Ko Seok-Oh;Kang Hee-Man
    • International Journal of Highway Engineering
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    • v.8 no.1 s.27
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    • pp.99-106
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    • 2006
  • During the dry periods, many types of pollutant are accumulating on the paved surface by vehicle activities. Particularly, the highways are stormwater intensive landuses because of high imperviousness and high pollutant mass emissions from vehicles. The accumulated pollutants in highways are washed-off during a rainfall event and are highly contributing on water quality of receiving water bodies. The stormwater runoff from the highways are containing various pollutants such as metals, oil & grease and toxic chemicals originated from vehicles. Therefore, this research is performed to find pollutant characteristics in the magnitude of statistical pollutant concentrations during storm periods. During the monitoring periods, the first-flush phenomenon is visibly occurred on most storm events, which is confirmed from hydro- and pollute-graphs. The 95% confidence intervals of washed-off pollutant concentration are ranged to 154.7-257.1 mg/L for 755,138.9-197.6 mg/L for COD, 3.5-6.4 mg/L for oil & grease, 6.3-9.2 mg/L for TN and 2.3-3.31 mg/L for TP. The first flush effect is mostly occurred within initial 30 min of storm duration.

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Testing The Healing Environment Conditions for Nurses with two Independent Variables: Visibility Enhancement along with Shortening the Walking Distance of the Nurses to Patient - Focused on LogWare stop sequence and space syntax for U-Shape, L- Shape and I-Shape NS-

  • Shaikh, Javaria Manzoor;Park, Jae Seung
    • KIEAE Journal
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.19-26
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    • 2015
  • Purpose: Maximizing human comfort in design of medical environments depends immensely on specialized architects particularly critical care design; the study proposes Evidence-Based Design as an apparent analog to Evidence-Based Medicine. Healthcare facility designs are substantially based on the findings of study in an effort to design environments that augment care by improving patient safety and being therapeutic. On SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) t-test is applied to simulate two independent variables of PDR (Pre Design-Research) and POE (Post- Occupancy Evaluation). PDR is conducted on relatively new hospital Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital to analyse visibility from researchers' point of view, here the ICU is arranged in I-Shape. POE is applied on Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital to simulate walking on LogWare where two NS are designed based on L- Shape and Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea where five NS are functional for ICU Intensive Care Unit, Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU), Critical Care Unit (CCU), Korean Oriental Medical Care Unit which are mostly arranged in U-Shape, and walking pattern is recognized to be in a zigzag path. Method: T-Test is applied on two dependent communication variables: walkability and visibility, with confidence interval of 95%. This study systematically analyses the Nurse Station (NS) typo-morphology, and simulates nurse horizontal circulation, by computing round route visits to patient's bed, then estimating minimum round route on LogWare stop sequence software. The visual connectivity is measured on depth map graphs. Hence the aim is to reduce staff stress and fatigue for better patients care by minimizing staff horizontal travel time and to facilitate nurse walk path and support space distribution by increasing effectiveness in delivering care. Result: Applying visibility graph and isovist field on space syntax on I- Shape, L- Shape and U- Shape ICU (SICU, MICU and CCU) configuration, I-shape facilitated 20% more patients in linear view as they stir to rise from their beds from nurse station compared to U-shape. In conclusion, it was proved that U-Shape supply minimum walking and maximum visibility; and L shape provides just visibility as the nurse is at pivot. I shape provides panoramic view from the Nurse Station but very rigorous walking.