• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.807-816
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• 2017

In this paper, we introduce an efficient new model reduction method, named the automated static condensation method, which is developed for the local analysis of large finite element models. The algebraic multilevel substructuring procedure is modified appropriately, and then applied to the original static condensation method. The retained substructure, which is the local finite element model to be analyzed, is defined, and then the remaining part of the global model is automatically partitioned into many omitted substructures in an algebraic perspective. For an efficient condensation procedure, a substructural tree diagram and substructural sets are established. Using these, the omitted substructures are sequentially condensed into the retained substructure to construct the reduced model. Using several large practical engineering problems, the performance of the proposed method is demonstrated in terms of its solution accuracy and computational efficiency, compared to the original static condensation method and the superelement technique.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.193-200
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• 2021

In this study, an analysis technique using static condensation is proposed for an efficient local nonlinear static analysis. The static condensation method is a model reduction method based on the degrees of freedom, and the analysis model is divided into a target part and a condensed part to be omitted. In this study, the nonlinear and linear parts were designated to the target and the omitted parts, respectively, and both the stiffness matrix and load vector corresponding to the linear part were condensed into the nonlinear part. After model condensation, the reduced model comprising the stiffness matrix and the load vector for the nonlinear part is constructed, and only this reduced model was updated through the Newton-Raphson iteration for an efficient nonlinear analysis. Finally, the efficiency and reliability of the proposed analysis technique were presented by applying it to various numerical examples.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.490-496
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• 2001

An experimental study on the behavior of the water hold-up by condensation of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger with regard to the surface characteristics, i.e., contact angle, was conducted. The static and dynamic contact angles were measured, and condensation experiments were conducted. Flow patterns on the fins with different surface characteristics were visualized. Results showed that the static contact angle is proportional to the dynamic contact angle within the range of this study. The water hold-up of the heat exchanger increases as the static or dynamic contact angle of its surfaces increases. Existence of transition of flow patterns was found as the static or dynamic angle increase. Due to the transition in the flow patterns, changes in the gradient of the water hold-up is occurred around the static angle of 8$0^{\circ}C$.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.2177-2183
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• 1994

The rapid expansion or condensible gas such as moist air of steam gives rise to nonequilibrium condensation. As a result of irreversibility of condensation process in the supersonic cascade flow of low pressure steam turbine, the entropy of the flow is increased, and the efficiency of the turbine is decreased. In the present study, to investigate the flow of moist air in 2-dimensional cascade made as the configuration of the tip section of the last actual steam turbine moving blade, the static pressure at both sides of pressure and suction of blade are measured by static pressure taps and the distribution of Mach number on both surfaces of the blade are obtained by using the measured static pressure. Also, the flow field is visualized by a schlieren system. From the experimental results, the effects of the stagnation temperature and specific humidity on the flow properties in a 2-dimensional stationary cascade of a practical steam turbine blade are clearly identified.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1316-1321
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• 2003

The systematic method to construct equivalent static load from the given dynamic load is proposed in the present study. Previously reported works to construct equivalent static load were based on ad hoc methods. They may results in unreliable structural design. The present study proposes a selection scheme of degrees of freedom(d.o.f) for imposing the equivalent static loads. The d.o.fs are selected by Two-level condensation scheme(TLCS). TLCS consists of two two-steps. The first step is the energy estimation in element-level and the second step consists of the traditional sequential elimination precudure. Through several numerical examples, the efficiency and reliability of proposed scheme is verified.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.973-992
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• 2016

A direct and relatively simple method for controlling nodal displacements and/or internal bar forces has been developed for prestressable structural assemblies including complex elements ("macro-elements", e.g., the pantographic element), involving Matrix Condensation, in which structural matrices being built up from matrices of elementary elements. The method is aimed at static shape control of geometrically sensitive structures. The paper discusses identification of the most effective bars for actuation, without incurring violation in bar forces, and also with objective of minimal number of actuators or minimum actuation. The advantages of the method is that the changes for both force and displacement regimes are within a single formulation. The method can also be used for adjustment of bar forces to either reduce instances of high forces or increase low forces (e.g., in a cable nearing slack).

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.3980-3990
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• 1996

When a moist air is rapidly expanded in a supersonic nozzle, nonequilibrium condensation occurs at a supersaturation state. Condensation shock wave appears in the nozzle flow if the releasing latent heat due to condensation goes beyond a critical value. It has been known that self-excited oscillations of the condensation shock wave generate in an air or a steam nozzle flow with a large humidity. In the present study, the passive control technique using porous wall with a cavity underneath was applied to the condensation shock wave. The effects of the passive control on the steady and self-excited condensation shock waves were experimentally investigated by Schlieren visualization and static pressure measurements. The result shows that the present passive control is a useful technique to suppress the self-excited oscillations of condensation shock wave.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.157.2-157.2
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• 2016

Water repellent surfaces may enhance the condensation by efficiently removing the condensed droplets. However, such surfaces may lose their original performance as they are exposed to external mechanical stresses. In this work, we fabricated spray-coated mechanically robust superhydrophobic surfaces using treated titanium dioxide (Type 1) or silica particles (Type 2). Then we compared the mechanical robustness of such surfaces with the silane-coated superhydrophobic surface and PEEK coated surface using a controlled-sand blasting method. The results show that the spray-coated samples can maintain the same level of the contact angle hysteresis than silane-coated superhydorphobic surface after sand blasting at 2 bar. The spray-coating method was applied to the tube type condenser and the condensation behaviors were observed within the environmental chamber with controlled pressure, humidity and non-condensable gas. Previously-reported droplet jumping was observed in the early stage of the condensation event, but soon the droplet jumping stopped and only dropwise condensation was observed since the condensed droplets were pinned on the cracks at spray-coated surfaces. The static contact angle decreases from $158.0^{\circ}$ to $133.2^{\circ}$, and hysteresis increases from $3.0^{\circ}$ to $23.5^{\circ}$ when active condensation occurs on such surfaces. This work suggests the benefits and limitation of spray-coated superhydrophobic condensers and help develop advanced condensers for practical use.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.329-340
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• 1997

A passive control of interaction of condensation shock wave / boundary layer for reducing the strength of condensation shock was conducted experimentally in a 2.5 * 8 cm$^{2}$ indraft type supersonic wind tunnel. The effects of following factors on passive control were investigated: 1) the thickness of porous wall, 2) the diameter of porous hole, and 3) the orientation of porous hole. On the other hand, the location of nonequilibrium condensation region and condensation shock wave was controlled by regulation of the stagnation conditions. Surface static pressure measurements as well as Schlieren observations of the flow field were obtained, and their effects were compared with the results the cases of without passive control. It was found that thinner porous wall, smaller porous hole and FFH orientation for the same cavity size and porosity of 12% are more favourable than the cases of its opposite.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.492-499
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• 2001

The characteristics of Prand시-Meyer expansion of supersonic flow with condensation along a wavy wall in a channel are investigated by means of experiments and numerical analyses. Experiments are carried out for the case of moist air flow in an intermittent indraft supersonic wind tunnel. The flow fields are visualized by a Schlieren system and the distributions of static pressure along the upper wavy wall are measured by a scanning valve system with pressure transducers. In numerical analyses, the distributions of streamlines, Mach lines, iso-pressure lines, and iso-mass fractions of liquid are obtained by the two-dimensional direct marching method of characteristics. The effects of stagnation temperature, absolute humidity, and attack angle of the upper wavy wall on the generation and the locations of generation and reflection of an oblique shock wave are clarified. Futhermore, it is confirmed that the wavy wall plays an important role in the generation of an oblique shock wave and that the effect of condensation on the flow fields is apparent.