• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.13-19
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• 2008

The objectives of this paper are to investigate states of these open dumping landfills for managing, utilizing and stabilization of a municipal solid waste landfill site in environmentally secure conditions. The result of the physical analysis of the landfill showed that it is composed of between 29.72-63.84% organic matter, 32.88% vinyl plastic. The environmental assessment of the landfill site confirmed that the landfill is at a maturation phase due to 0.18 of $BOD_5$/CODcr of leachate. VS and FS of TS Was respectively 30.37%, 32.34% and C/N ratio was 21.8. Surface water around landfill was BOD 10.7 mg/g, SS 37.8 mg/g, E-Coli 31,157(MPN/$100m{\ell}$) and Ground water was $COD_{Mn}$ 1.13-1.38 mg/g, $NO_3-N$ 1.025-4.075 mg/g. Leachat indicated T-P 0.002-0.028 mg/g, $NH_3-N$ 4.0-21.0 mg/g. The soil contamination of around landfill didn't appear as below of the regulation of Soil Environment Conservation Act. The Landfill Gas was $CH_4$ 13.25%, $CO_2$ 6.17%, H2S and CO was not detected. Also Surface Water was not detected $CO_2$, $CH_4$, $H_2S$, CO.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.587-595
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• 2017

The study examinesthe hindrance factors including various laws and institutions with regard to the Unbundled Parking System (UPS) that has recently attracted the greatest attention as a way to manage traffic demand for sustainable development, efficient utilization of parking spaces, and to overcome the unstable housing market.The direction of improvement of related laws and institutions is also suggested. Its usage is proven by countries such as the United States of America and France, as they have already implemented this institution. To lay the foundation for the introduction of UPS of our own country, a survey on the preference for UPS was conducted. The survey equally divided 300 respondents into three clusters based on the sales price of apartments in Seoul. The analyses revealed that all three clusters have similar preferences (cluster 1: 68%, cluster 2: 62%, cluster 3: 65%) on UPS, and younger groups seem to answer in the affirmative more than the other age groups no matter what cluster they belong to. In conclusion, the results on the estimation of selection probability on the preference of unbundled parking system and sales discount rate are as follow. The groups of non-vehicle users have higher preference on UPS. When the discount rate is 14%, 69%, 77% and 62%ofrespondents would choose unbundled parking system for clusters 1, 2 and 3, respectively (￦6,370,000/PY,￦3,930,000/PY and ￦2,270,000/PY reduce when applying avg. sales price, respectively).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 1994

The states of development of remote sensing, GIS and forest management technology are such that new directions in forest surveys and management are possible. The technologies can not be considered separately. With the increasing power and decreasing cost of computer processing and the development of inexpensive mass storage media, digital remote sensing applications are becoming more practical. Powerful microcomputer-based image analysis systems and GIS are important advancements. As well, it is only a matter of time before the integration of remote sensing image analysis systems and GIS becomes transparent to the users. Implementation of operational applications by both centralized agencies and local units is, therefore, becoming practical. This paper discussed the state of remote sensing technology and its application to forest surveys and management. The relative advantages and disadvantages of readily available remote sensing products for regional biodiversity assessment were summarized. Discussion is limited to the sources of up-to-date imagery suitable for regional land use/cover mapping, specifically : LANDSAT MSS and TM, and SPOT.

• Korea and Global Affairs
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.89-130
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• 2018

This paper is to analyse the development of the U.S.-China relationship and pending issues and implications. To this end the paper is composed of 6 chapters titled instruction; the relationship between the US and China in the early and hostile confrontation period; the relationship of US-Chinese approach/normalization period and the relationship in the 1980s and 1990s; the relationship by mid-2010 since the opening of the G2 era; the US-China relations and major pending issues and implications in the era of Trump-Xi Jinping; and conclusion. The rapid growth of China over the past three decades has changed the existing US-centered international order and has triggered competition between the two countries. The United States and China have become the only countries that regularly hold strategic and economic dialogue, and the topic has also developed into a country that discusses not only bilateral relations but also global issues. The issues of US-China cooperation and conflicts encompass global issues as well as bilateral relations issues. For example, the South China Sea, the North Korean nuclear issue and the THAAD, the economic and financial order, and the Taiwan issue. It is not a matter of another country, but a problem that directly or indirectly leads to Korea's diplomacy, security and economy. In order to prevent 'Korea passing' in the US-China relationship, we need a hedging strategy that maintains and strengthens the strong ROK-US security cooperation and harmonious promotion of ROK-China economic cooperation.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.24
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• pp.67-90
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• 2010

Today, the police alone can not prevent a crime. And the police is limited to meet for people's the increased needs on public safety. So the police and the community needs the cooperation of a variety of resources. Police in cooperation with community resources to respond to the crime's most professional and the private sector is a private security. However, the role of private security for cooperation policing is insufficient in South Korea. So for this study to build a cooperative policing in South Korea as private security for the following four kinds of directions are presented. First, as a private security of the United States and Japan, specializes in diversified business sectors. Simple human-oriented private security of the building security get out. Instead, take the high-tech crime prevention or industry complex security should be changed to a professional organization. Second, the interaction between police and private security should be increased. Police and private security through regular meetings between the need for mutual interests and build consensus is needed. The role of private security companies to be represented on the Security Association of South Korea's active role in the matter. Third, efforts to improve the image of private security activities and the publiciy activity of private security is needed. Some of the private security in an effort to escape a negative image to the people and actively promote a positive image is necessary. Finally, for South Korea to the level the cooperation between the police and private security are required to develop system models. Front-line policing priority in the field and the mutual understanding between the police and private security in an effort to have a positive perception is needed. Equal partners, especially the police and private security to private security companies to have recognized experts in their own recruitment and training should be improved by strengthening the expertise.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.187-192
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• 1971

This paper deals mainly with the genesis and classification of the Jeonnam series. These soils have brown to dark brown silt loam and silty clay loam A horizon(strong brown or reddish brown where eroded). Argillic B horizons are dominantly red or yellowish red silty clay loam to silty clay with moderately developed subangular blocky structure and with thin clay cutans on the ped faces. The C horizons are strongly and very deeply weathered strong brown, yellowish brown, pale brown and reddish yellow silty clay loam and sandy loam granitic saprolite. Content of clay increases with depth to a maximum between 100cm. Percolating water seems to be responsible for transportation and oriented deposition of clay. Chemically, soil reaction is strongly acid to medium acid throughout the profile. The content of organic matter is 1 to 2 percent, and decreases regularly with depth. Base saturation is low, based on amount of extractable cations. Characterisltically the Jeonnam series are similar to Red-Yellow Podzolic soils of the United States and are similar to Red-Yellow soils of the Japan. In the writer's opinion the Jeonnam soils are classified as Red Yellow soils. According to USDA 7th approximation, this soil can be classified as Typic Hapludults and in the FAO/UNESCO World Soil Map as Helvic Acrisols.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.92-92
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• 2014

Recently, many state-of-art spectroscopy techniques are used to unravel the mysteries of condensed matters. And numerous heterostructures have provided a new avenue to search for new emergent phenomena. Especially, near the interface, various forms of symmetry-breaking can appear, which induces many novel phenomena. Although these intriguing phenomena can be emerged at the interface, by using conventional measurement techniques, the experimental investigations have been limited due to the buried nature of interface. One of the ways to overcome this limitation is in situ investigation of the layer-by-layer evolution of the electronic structure with increasing of the thickness. Namely, with very thin layer, we can measure the electronic structure strongly affected by the interface effect, but with thick layer, the bulk property becomes strong. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is powerful tool to directly obtain electronic structure, and it is very surface sensitive. Thus, the layer-by-layer evolution of the electronic structure in oxide heterostructure can be investigated by using in situ ARPES. LaNiO3 (LNO) heterostructures have recently attracted much attention due to theoretical predictions for many intriguing quantum phenomena. The theories suggest that, by tuning external parameters such as misfit strain and dimensionality in LNO heterostructure, the latent orders, which is absent in bulk, including charge disproportionation, spin-density-wave order and Mott insulator, could be emerged in LNO heterostructure. Here, we performed in situ ARPES studies on LNO films with varying the misfit strain and thickness. (1) By using LaAlO3 (-1.3%), NdGaO3 (+0.3%), and SrTiO3 (+1.7%) substrates, we could obtain LNO films under compressive strain, nearly strain-free, and tensile strain, respectively. As strain state changes from compressive to tensile, the Ni eg bands are rearranged and cross the Fermi level, which induces a change of Fermi surface (FS) topology. Additionally, two different FS superstructures are observed depending on strain states, which are attributed to signatures of latent charge and spin orderings in LNO films. (2) We also deposited LNO ultrathin films under tensile strain with thickness between 1 and 10 unit-cells. We found that the Fermi surface nesting effect becomes strong in two-dimensions and significantly enhances spin-density-wave order. The further details are discussed more in presentation. This work was collaborated with Hyang Keun Yoo, Seung Ill Hyun, Eli Rotenberg, Ji Hoon Shim, Young Jun Chang and Hyeong-Do Kim.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2007

Soil risk assessment models were used to determine the goals of soil remediation and to establish the soil quality standards in developed countries. Recently, Korean Ministry of Environment prepared the guideline for soil risk assessment. Soil risk assessment model applicable to Korean situation will be needed in the near future. In this study, three models for soil risk assessment were extensively compared to suggest the fundamental components that required for the soil risk assessment in Korea. The models considered in this study were CalTOX in the United States, CLEA (Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment) in the United Kingdom, and CSOIL in the Netherlands. The major exposure routes and the intake estimation equations suitable for Korean situation were suggested. The exposure routes suggested were intake of the crops, underground water, indoor outdoor soil ingestion, dust inhalation and a volatile matter inhalation. The equations for intake estimation used in CalTOX and CSOIL seem to be applicable for the calculation of the human intake in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.234-241
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• 2007

Biological amendments consisting of suspensions of selected microorganisms are often used in conjunction with various organic materials for amending soils to improve soil quality and plant growth. The effects of the biological amendment on chemical and biological properties of soil were investigated for a biological amendmentalone and when combined with different organic materials includingmunicipal compost (MC), poultry litter (PL), and cover crops (red clover (RC) and spring oats). A liquid preparation of a biological amendment called Effective Microorganisms was sprayed on the tested plots three times over a two-year period. Effective Microorganisms alone did not influence pH, K, or organic matter content in soil. However, increases in P in PL-treated soils in fall of both years andCa in MC-treated soil in fall 2001, and decreases in Ca, Mg, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in RC-planted soil were associated with EM. Increased dehydrogenase(DH) activitiesassociated with Effective Microorganismswere only detected in July (P=0.0222) and October (P=0.0834) for RC-planted soils in the first year. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysisappeared to be enhanced by Effective Microorganisms in soils untreated or treated with MC and oatsbut only sporadically during the sampling period. FDA hydrolysis in both PL- and RC-treated soils as well as DH activity in PL-treated soils decreased with Effective Microorganisms treatment. Effective Microorganisms did not influence substrate utilization patterns expressed by the BIOLOG assay. We conclude that Effective Microorganisms effects on soil chemical and biological properties varied depending on the added organic materials. Effective Microorganisms periodically increased soil DH activity and FDA hydrolysis with RC and with MC plus oats, respectively.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.15
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• pp.337-358
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• 2008

With the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor in 1941, approximately 2,500 people were killed. The terrorist attack on World Trade Center in the United States resulted in the heavy loss of people's lives, 2,749 in all. The 9.11 demonstrated that terrorist attack could be more serious problem than the war in our modern life. In addition, terrorist armed with new and high technologies have become more dangerous elements to the international community. Especially, the fact that the weapons of mass destruction are used by terrorist organizations is a matter of great concern. The strength of terrorist arsenal gives terrorist a decided advantage over us. The chances of success for terrorist have been increased due to the terrorist friendly environments. Terrorism has evolved without stopping from its birth, which is imposing a great burden on the authorities concerned. The counter-terrorism strategy and tactics used in the past have been useless in the fighting against new terrorism. To cope with the fast changing terrorism, comprehensive countermeasures should be developed. The purpose of this study is to know the enemy. To achieve the goal, the current situation on international terrorism as a whole is examined. Based on the result of the research, this paper also tried to give a perspectives on the future terrorism. At the same time, it provides a guidelines of the direction in the fighting against terrorism.