• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.379-387
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• 2017

As the average load factor of High-Speed Rail (HSR) trains increased up to 98%, it caused uncomfortable crowdedness in the cabin and deteriorated the level of service to the HSR users. In this paper, we estimated the willingness-to-pay (WTP) of the HSR users for mitigating the crowdedness in the cabin. The contingent valuation method based on the stated preference data was used and the tobit model was applied for the estimation of WTP. It can be concluded that WTP for mitigating the crowdedness in the HSR trains is proportional to the congestion level of train and income level of user. Males, first-class users, not-assigned ticket users, and monthly pass users have relatively higher WTPs, while homemakers, travelers in weekends, commuters and leisure travelers have relatively lower values. The results can provide the fundamental information to estimate the benefits of mitigating crowdedness or the magnitude of governmental subsidy to railway operators for additional introduction of HSR trains.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2015

With the help of fast growing multimedia technology and high preference for users of large screens, the newest video coding standard, HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) high-quality video compression), has been introduced. Therefore, the high definition image services which are four times more clear than conventional HD video, are getting popular. JPEG 2000 also has stated to support 4K and 8K UHD. As a result, it requires fast processing technology to read and write UHD images. This paper introduces a study on fast parallel processing technology for UHD images. For this purpose, first, JPEG 2000 is reviewed and a GPU based parallel implementation is proposed for a preprocessing of color conversion stage. The parallelled algorithm is implemented with OpenCL (Open Computing Language). The simulation results show that the proposed method shows 5 times performance improvements on processing speed for 4K UHD over the method using threads.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.683-699
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• 2007

This study applied the choice experiment (CE) method to measure values of statistical lives from multi-attributed mortality risk reduction choices. The four characteristics of mortality risk (i.e. cause of death, voluntariness of mortality risk, timing of death, magnitude of mortality risk reduction) are utilized to design the alternatives of choice sets. The estimation results for the multinomial logit model show that individuals are willing to pay 27,930 won per year for a change from the status quo to a $\frac{1}{100}$ mortality risk reduction for 10 years, 116,773 won per year for mortality risk reduction associated with adults, 97,682 won per year for voluntary mortality risk reduction, 77,234 won per year for involuntary mortality risk reduction. There were several estimates of VSL related to different attributes of mortality risk. The mean VSLs of infant/child/young adult ranged from 1,165 million won to 1,367 million won. The mean VSLs ranged from 1,631 million won to 1,833 million won for adult, and were between 1,128 million won and 1,330 million won for old person.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2009

Objectives: With more and more health economic evaluations being performed in many countries, the question of whether the results from the foreign studies can be transferred to other country is becoming important. The objective of this study was to conduct a case study using three transferability diagnosis tools for economic evaluation on rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Three diagnosis tools were used to assess transferability: Welte's tool, Boulenger's and Urdahl's. Five researchers who have experience on economic evaluation made consensus on the evaluation through the semi-delphi method. Results: With Welte's tool, absolute and relative prices in healthcare, practice variation, health-status preference, productivity and work-loss time were evaluated as biased. The transferability information score by Boulenger's was 85.9%, which means qood quality reporting. In case of Urdahl's, research questions were well defined and reporting was transparent and explicitly stated. However, both the relevance of data inputs to Korea and robustness of model were relatively low. In conclusion the UK study on rheumatoid arthritis could be partially transferable to Korea, and will need modeling-based adjustments.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.98-120
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to elicit preference for drug listing decision criteria and to estimate the ICER threshold in South Korea using the discrete choice experiment (DCE) method. To collect the data, a DCE survey was administered to a subject sample either educated in the principle concepts of pharmacoeconomics or were decision makers within that field. Subjects chose between alternative drug profiles differing in four attributes: ICER, uncertainty, budget impact and severity of disease. The orthogonal and balanced designs were determined through computer algorithm to take the optimal set of drug profiles. The survey employed 15 hypothetical choice sets. A random effect probit model was used to analyze the relative importance of attributes and the probabilities of a recommendation response. Parameter estimates from the models indicated that three attributes (ICER, Impact, Severity of disease) influenced respondents' choice significantly(p${\pm}$0.001). In addition, each parameter displayed an expected sign. The Lower the ICER, the higher the probability of choosing that alternative. Respondents also preferred low levels of uncertainty and smaller impact on health service budget. They were also more likely to choose drugs for serious diseases rather than mild or moderate ones. Uncertainty however is not statistically significant. The ICER threshold, at which the probability of a recommendation was 0.5, was 29,000,000 KW/QALY in expert group and 46,500,000 KW/QALY in industry group. We also found that those in our sample were willing to accept high ICER to get medication for severe diseases. This study demonstrates that the cost-effectiveness, budget impact and severity of disease are the main reimbursement decision criteria in South Korea, and that DCE can be a useful tool in analyzing the decision making process where a variety of factors are considered and prioritized.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.386-395
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• 2008

Since obesity has been a crucial issue regarding children's health in Korea, numerous studies have been conducted. However, it is difficult to locate studies that can help researchers and/or medical professionals who want to study behavioral differences between obese and normal weight (non-obese) children. The collected literature about obese childrens behaviors were accumulated by performing 'key word' searches from several web engines: 'obesity' 'children obesity' 'behavior' 'habit' 'eating behavior or habit' 'exercise' 'physical activity' and 'daily behavior'. The information was extracted and the behaviors were reviewed utilizing 30 papers that revealed any differences from normal weight children with at least p .05 level of significance. According to those studies, the obese children tended to skip meals more often as a method of losing weight. They also have an increased appetite, eat larger portions and rarely leave food on their plates. The obese children prefer to eat high fat, high calorie foods and eat faster than their normal weight counterparts. Also, the children usually eat alone and eat at irregular meal times. Beside the behaviors related to the standard three meals a day, obese children have high preferences for snacking. The children reported that with pocket money they usually eat certain types of snacks without parent approval. The children stated that they exercise more on a regular basis. However, when asked about their participation they were not likely to engage actively. Meanwhile, they tend to spend free time doing sedentary activities such as watching TV or playing on the computer. Since these studies used self -reported questionnaires with a small sample, size there may be difficulty in forming a basis about obese children's behaviors. Nevertheless, these findings are in accordance with other studies conducted in local as well as western countries. In conclusion, obese children have different daily behaviors or routines from normal weight children. It is recommended that altering these behavioral patterns to match those of normal weight children should be encouraged.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.235-247
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• 2022

A marine protected area (MPA) is a spatially designated section of the ocean where the biodiversity is high. Munseom MPA has a unique underwater landscape including soft coral, subtropical fish, and benthos, attracting many scuba divers. This paper intends to evaluate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the scuba diving management policy in the Munseom MPA. As a stated preference valuation method, a choice experiment was applied to assess divers' preferences with economic values for the policy. The attributes used in the study included zoning (temporal closure), conservation education, daily permit, soft coral area, and diving fee. We collected 333 questionnaires through online and field surveys and used 296 after excluding incomplete responses for the final data analysis. Study results show that a six-month closure, a decrease in soft coral habitat, and the diving fee were statistically significant. A positive coefficient with regard to the six-month closure variable indicates that divers preferred the policy, and the marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) was estimated to be KRW 8,637 per person per dive. The aggregate WTP of KRW 233 million was obtained by multiplying the MWTP by the number of visiting divers per year. When comparing the levels of recreation specialization, more skilled divers preferred the management option. The results of this study will help predict the priority of management measures and the levels of acceptability among divers when diving management is implemented in Korea in the future. This study suggests that marine environmental policies need to consider divers as one of the important stakeholders for marine conservation.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.71-84
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• 2014

Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate preferred herbal medicine packaging. Methods The study used questionnaires for the caregivers, who have administered their children herbal and western medicine. 106 of them were visited the Department of Pediatrics, the Oriental Medicine Hospital of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ University, during the period between in 2014. We used PASW Stastics 18.0 to analyze different dosing methods, and preferred packaging and drug formulations. Results 1. 77.4% answered that they use cups to administer medications, 9.4% transferred it to other plastic bottles, 8.5% used straw to drink from the pouch, 4.7% drank as it is inside the pouch. Method of taking it was not very significant depending on the age. 2. Compare to pills and capsules, 48 responders answered that pills and capsules are easier to take, 11 answered herbal medication is easier to take. 32 answered that there were no significant difference. 3. 45.3% reported vinyl pouch was preferable, 44.3% answered spout pouch was preferred, 5.7% answered bottles are convenient, and another 5.7% responders thought cup was fine. Others include syrup bottles had 1 person. These varying preferences were not depending on the age variations. 4. 56.3% answered that price was the main reason why they prefer one over the other. Others 29.2% stated convenience, 12.5% reported safety, and 10.4% people answered ease of administration as their main reason for their preferences. Conclusions Based on this study, numbers of parents felt inconvenient administering herbal medicine as a vinyl pouch, and felt necessary to improve this. However, price and other reasons made vinyl pouch still more preferable option. Vinyl pouch that we are using today didn't show any safety issues. Therefore, it is recommended to still use vinyl pouch, but with caps on top to improve administration and distinguishing issues.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.101-114
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• 2003

홈 유비퀴터스 네트워크란 PC, 휴대 전화, 디지털TV, 냉장고, 에어컨, 개인 휴대 정보 단말기(PDA), 게임기 등 가정 내의 정보기기들 사이에 통합된 네트워크를 형성해 데이터를 공유할 수 있는 환경을 구성한 것이다. 홈 네트워크 서비스를 가능케 한 요인은 기술적 측면에서 가전기기의 디지털화 및 초고속망의 보급, 수요측면에서 가전기기를 통한 다양한 서비스를 이용하고자 하는 소비자의 요구, 공급측면으로 포화된 정보통신기기 시장에서 새로운 수요창출이 필요한 환경 등으로 요약될 수 있다. 이와 같이 현재 정보통신산업은 지금까지 구축된 정보통신 인프라를 바탕으로 새롭게 등장한 홈 네트워크 서비스 분야에 주목하고 있다. 홈 네트워크는 정보통신기술을 가전기기에 융합시킴으로써 새로운 서비스를 창출한다는 점에서 정보통신산업은 물론, 기존의 백색가전 산업까지 포괄하여 관련 산업의 전후방 효과가 매우 크다. 본 연구에서는 홈 네트워크 서비스에 관련한 핵심 속성을 분석하고, 핵심 속성에 대한 소비자의 선호를 분석하는 실증연구를 수행하였다. 현재 홈 네트워크 시장이 본격적으로 형성되지 않아 현시선호(revealed preference) 자료의 구득이 불가능하므로, 소비자에게 향후 제공될 수 있는 서비스 특성을 지닌 가상적인 제품 조합을 제시하고, 이에 대해 소비자가 실제 시장에서와 같은 구매행위를 가정하도록 한 후, 각 제품 조합에 대한 선호 순위를 매기게 함으로써 소비자의 진술선호(stated preference)를 측정하는 컨조인트(conjoint) 방법론을 사용하였다. 이러한 분석을 통해서 홈 네트워크 서비스의 각 속성에 대한 소비자의 선호구조를 파악하고 지불의 사액(Willingness To Pay, WTP)을 분석하도록 한다. 본 연구의 결과를 이용하여 향후 전개될 홈 네트워크 서비스 및 관련시장의 발전 방향을 전망해 보고 이에 따른 기업이나 정부차원의 대응전략을 파악하고자 한다.육구에서는 큰 변화를 나타내고 있지 않았다(p<0.05). 운동과 비운동시킨 참돔의 지질 함량의 변화는 운동시킨 참돔은 운동으로 인한 에너지 소비로 인하여 함량이 유의적으로 감소했으며(r=-0.35), 비운동사육구에서는 절식으로 인하여 지질함량이 감소하였다(r=-0.38). 파괴강도와 가장 밀접한 영향을 가지는 콜라겐은 운동과 비운동 모두 사육기간동안 큰 변화는 보이지 않았다. 초기의 파괴강도값은 1.45±0.02kg(운동사육구), 1.36±0.18kg(비운동사육구)이였으며 사육기간동안 운동사육구는 파괴강도값이 증가한 반면, 비운동수조에서는 참돔의 파괴강도는 사육기간동안 큰 유의차가 없었다. 각 성분간의 상관도를 살펴보면, 수분함량과 파괴강도는 상관성을 가졌으며, 지질함량과 파괴강도도 같은 경향은 나타내었다. 운동기간동안의 파괴강도와 콜라겐 사이에는 상관성의 거의 없었다. 이는 운동기간에 따른 파괴강도의 증가가 콜라겐의 함량의 증가보다는 지질함량의 감소와 수분함량의 증가와 같은 성분과의 상관성이 크다고 판단된다. 다음으로는, 운동횟수에 의한 영향으로써 운동시간을 1일 6시간으로 설정하여, 운동횟수를 결정하기 위하여 오전, 오후에 각 3시간씩 운동시키는 방법과 오전부터 6시간동안 운동시키는 두 방법을 이용하여 품질을 비교하였다. 각 조건에 따라 운동시킨 참돔의 수분함량을 나타낸 것으로, 2회(오전 3시간, 오후 3시간)에 나누어서 운동시키기 위한 육의 수분함량은 73.37±2.02%를 나타냈으며, 1회(6시간 운동)운동시키기 위한 육은 71.74±1.66%을 나타내었다. 각각의 운동조건에서 양식된 참돔은 사육초기에는 큰 변화가 없었으나, 사육 5일 이후에는 수분함량이 증가하여 15일에는 76.40±0.14, 75.62±0.98%의 수분함량을 2회와 1회 운동시킨 참돔의 육에서 각각 나타났다. 운동횟수에 따른 지질함량은 2회 운동시킨 참돔은 5.83±2.08, 1회 운동시킨 참돔은 6.72

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.33-59
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• 2008

This paper aims to analyse the preference for German farm tourism among the German population. For this reason, we conducted an empirical study in Germany during summer 2007 and we applieda structural equation model based on partial leasts quares(PLS) to analyse the data. In the following chapters we will introduce the literature review and our conceptual frame work. We will then outline the procedures we adopted and the results of the empirical analysis. In the final part so me conclusions will be presented and a discussion will follow in order to draw the future directions of our research. According to our hypotheses, the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H1: The higher the information degree about it. H2: The lower the influence of the social stimuli. H3: The higher the physical exposure to it (experience). H4: The higher the wellness image of agri-tourism. H5: The higher the traditional image of agri-tourism. H6: The higher the exciting image of agri-tourism. H7: The higher the perceived value for money. Our further hypotheses affirm that the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H8: The lower the perceived risk. H9: The higher the motive to enjoy a holiday in the nature. H10: The higher the motive to enjoy a sport holiday. H11: The lower the motive to have an organized holiday. H12: The lower the motive to have a holiday abroad. H13: The lower the motive of action and night life. H14: The higher the motive to spend a holiday with the family. H15: The lower the motive to spend a city holiday. Finally, our model has some socio-demographics data. As we mentioned before, German agri-tourism has traditionally been the travel destination of large-size families, with low-to-middle income. For that reason, our final hypothesises are the following: the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked-set of an individual is higher: H16: The higher the number of family members. H17: The lower the family income. Since in this study we use a path model with a PLS approach, we are able to state some interrelations among the exogenous latent variables: H18: The motive of sport holiday has a positive influence towards nature motives. H19: The physical exposition to agri-tourism has a positive influence toward information. H20: The motive of family holiday has a negative influence toward the motive of action and night life. H21: Social stimuli have a positive influence towards individuals risk perceptions. H22: Social stimuli have negative influence towards experience. Data for this study were gathered via administrated questionnaires during the summer 2007 within the frame of an academic "marketing research" course. The corresponding t-values are assessed using the bootstrapping method with 500 re-samples. In our model 61% of the degree of appreciation of German agri-tourism (evoked set) is explained by five independent variables: value for money ($0.335^{{\ast}{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H7) experience ($0.267^{{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H3), exciting image ($0.204^{\ast}$) (H6) organisation ($-0.162^{\ast}$) (H11) and holiday abroad ($-0.156^{\ast}$) (H12). The variance explained ($R^2$) for the other endogenous variables are the following: nature 24.3%, information 14.1%, action holiday 13.8%, risk perception 5.8% and experience 2.4%. An overview can be inferred from table 5. The results also allow us to test each of the proposed hypotheses. With exception of organization and abroad, none of the others travel style factors (H9 to H15) seem to have any significant impact towards evoked set which leads to the rejection of the respective hypotheses. As expected, social stimuli have a significant influence on individuals' risk perception (H21 accepted), however neither the former nor the latter have a valuable impact on evoked set (rejection of H2 and H8). Besides, since the influence of social stimuli towards experience is not significant, also H22 has to be rejected. Experience influences information (H19 accepted) but the latter does not affect significantly the evoked set (H1 rejected). Both H4 as well as H5, referring respectively to the perceived images of German agri-tourism as a wellness destination and the traditional image of the German farm tourism have to be rejected. Finally, none of the demographic data included in the model explains significantly the variance of the factor evoked set. Therefore neither H16 nor H17 has been accepted. As far as the interrelation between sport and nature (H18) and family and action (H20) are concerned, the stated relationship among these variables has been statistically confirmed. Our path model based on partial least squares shows the factors influencing the preference for farm tourism in Germany. Among others value for money and experience are the most significant ones. Practical implications are discussed.