• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.882-889
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• 2012

This study has evaluated the trophic state in Daecheong Lake by Carlson (1977) method, Aizaki (1981) method, Yang and dickman (1993) method, and Korean trophic state index method. For estimating the trophic state index from each analysis method we use water quality factors such as COD, TN, TP, Chl-a, and SD provided by the water information system and the ministry of environment. The seasonal lake trophic state results denote the mesotrophic state lake from Carlson (1977) method, Aizaki (1981) method, and Korean trophic state index method and the high relation between Carlson (1977) method and Aizaki (1981) method with the coefficient of determination $R^2$ greater than 0.9 for all the seasons. Although Korean trophic index method has relatively weak relation to other methods with the coefficient of determination $R^2$ ranging from 0.419 to 0.701, we propose that Korean trophic index method is suitable for use in domestic lakes since Korean trophic index results show the similar periodicity and tendency with other method results. Hence, Korean trophic index method incorporating domestic lake characteristics is expected to can contribute to seasonal water quality management measures in lakes.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.340-351
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• 2019

In this study, the relationship between trophic state indices was analyzed based on the monthly or weekly water quality data of 81 lakes (mostly man-made) in Korea between 2013-2017. Carlson's $TSI_C$ and Aizaki's $TSI_m$ were calculated using the summer (Jun.-Sep.) average data at the upper water layer. The previous Korean trophic state index ($TSI_{KO}$) and the newly suggested index ($TSI_{KON}$) was calculated using the annual average data at the whole layer and at the upper layer, respectively. While previous trophic state index (TSI) such as Carlson's TSI included logarithmic function, we devised newly Monod-type $TSI_{KON}$(Chl) that is 50 when half-saturation concentration of chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ ($Chl.{\alpha}$) measured by UNESCO-method is $10{\mu}gL^{-1}$. MMF-type $TSI_{KON}$(TP) was derived based on the relationship between TP and $Chl.{\alpha}$. A comprehensive $TSI_{KON}$ was decided as the larger one of the two $TSI_{KON}$ values. The range of previous TSI was usually 40-50 for the mesotrophic state, which seemed narrow to discriminate trophic characteristics of the class. The upper limits of $TSI_{KON}$ for oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic state were set to 23, 50 and 75, respectively. Classification by $TSI_C$ and $TSI_m$ showed higher frequency of eutrophic class compared to $TSI_{KO}$ and $TSI_{KON}$. This means that the estimation by TSIs developed in foreign natural lakes can lead to distorted results in the classification of the trophic state of Korean lakes. This is due to the decrease of transparency by non-algal material and the reduction in phosphorus availability to algal growth, particularly in Monsoon period.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 1988

This study was done for the purpose of analysing the relationships between the clothing weight and health state on the kindergartners. The data were collected in July. Oct. 1986, and February, April. 1987, 324 kindergartners is Seoul. And those factors assumed in the study to have impacts on the clothing weight were, 1) Anthropometric measurement and BMI, Kaup-Index, % fat. 2) The motor ability 3) The health states assumed by application of cornell medical index and health state, Incidence, medical history. The results obtained were to follows. 1) In November, clothing weight was ghigh correlation between anthropometric measurements, BMI, Kaup-Index, motor ability and cornell-medical index. 2) The health problem scores were significant in total clothing weight, upper wear clothing weight, under wear clothing weight. 3) The relation between clothing weight and weight, BMI, motor ability and cold contration among the health state scores proves to be significant correlation.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.487-513
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• 2003

환경의 지속가능한 개발을 평가하기 위해서는 환경정보의 통합이 이루어져야 하며, 그 구체적인 수단으로 환경지표와 지수의 개발이 선행되어야만 한다. 해양환경 종합지수의 작성은 해양환경계정의 기초작업으로서 의의를 가지며, 해양국가인 우리 나라에 있어 매우 유용한 연구가 될 수 있다. 또한 지수의 형태에 있어서도 국내 해양환경의 전반적인 환경상태를 나타내는 해양환경 종합지수와 각 해양부문별 상태를 나타내는 부문해양환경지수의 개발이 적절하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 1991년부터 2001년까지의 우리나라의 해양환경 종합지수를 도출해 보고자 한다. 해양환경 종합지수는 압력-상태-대응(pressure-sate-response PSR)체계를 따르며, 지수의 각 항목 및 가중치의 도출은 다속성 효용이론(multi-attribute utility theory : MAUT)을 적용한다. 본 연구에서 작성한 해양환경 종합지수는 해양환경에 대한 연도별 압력지수, 상태지수, 대응지수와 동해, 남해, 서해의 해역별 상태지수를 제공한다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.311-325
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• 2011

Nowadays, many engineers believe that hybrid structures with reinforced concrete central core walls and perimeter steel frames offer an economical method to develop the strength and stiffness required for seismic design. As a result, a variety of such structures have recently been applied in actual construction. However, the performance-based seismic design of such structures has not been investigated systematically. In the performance-based seismic design, quantifying the seismic damage of complete structures by damage indices is one of the fundamental issues. Four damage states and the final softening index at each state for high-rise hybrid structures are suggested firstly in this paper. Based on nonlinear dynamic analysis, the relation of the maximum inter-story drift, the main structural characteristics, and the final softening index is obtained. At the same time, the relation between the maximum inter-story drift and the maximum roof displacement over the height is also acquired. A double-variable index accounting for maximum deformation and cumulative energy is put forward based on the pushover analysis. Finally, a case study is conducted on a high-rise hybrid structure model tested on shaking table before to verify the suggested quantities of damage indices.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1537-1549
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• 2014

The objectives of this study were to analyze reservoir trophic state, based on Trophic State Index (TSI), spatial variation patterns of three zones (riverine, transition, and lacustrine zone), and empirical models through 20-years long-term data analysis. Trophic variables of TP and CHL-a were highest during the summer monsoon, and decreased along the main axis from the riverine to lacustrine zone. In the mean time, TN did not show the trend. Ratios of N:P and Secchi disc transparency (SD) increased from the riverine to lacustrine zone. The analysis of trophic state index (TSI) showed that mean TSI (TP) and TSI (CHL-a) were 62 and 57, respectively, and these values were highest in the transition zone during the summer. This zone should be managed well due to highest lake water pollution. The analysis of Trophic State Index Deviation (TSID) showed that algal growth was primarily limited by light penetration, and this was most pronounced in the monsoon season. The analysis of empirical models showed that the value of $R^2$, based on CHL-SD model, was 0.30 (p < 0.0001) in the transition zone and the $R^2$, based on TP-SD model, was 0.41 (p < 0.0001) in the transition zone.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the degree of stress state and stress related factors in 280 male white collar workers by using Psychosocial Well-being Index. The results were as follows; 1. According to Psychosocial Well-being Index, mild stress state was 78.6 %, healthy state was 12.9 %, and high risk stress state was 8.6 %. Single marital status, low education level, low income and low frequency of exercise group had high score of stress. 2. The total stress score was highly associated with the factors of social performance and self confidence, depression, general well-being and vitality, and sleeping disturbance and anxiety in order. 3. In reliability test of stress factors, Cronbach's a coefficients of social performance and self confidence, sleeping disturbance and anxiety, depression, general well-being and vitality were 0.91, 0.91, 0.90, and 0.89 respectively. In conclusion, it suggested that marital status, income, education, and exercise were associated with stress score. All of the above factors should be considered to white collar workers health.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제30권1B호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 치수특성을 평가할 수 있는 세부지표를 선정하여 유역별 치수 관련 현황을 분석하였으며 세부지표를 P-S-R(Pressure-State-Response) 구성 체계로 구성하여 각 치수특성평가 지수인 압력, 현상, 및 대책 지수를 개발하였다. 또한 이들 지수를 통합하여 유역의 치수 현황을 종합적으로 파악할 수 있는 홍수위험지수를 개발하였다. 1980년대 이후 2000년대까지 117개 중권역에서 산정된 홍수의 발생에 대한 압력지수와 피해의 현황지수는 비례관계로 나타났으나 대책지수의 증가에도 현황지수는 감소하고 있지 않았다. 이는 상대적으로 피해의 압력요인들이 홍수대응력을 초과하고 있음을 보여준다. 따라서 향후 홍수대책에서는 설계기준을 더욱 강화시킬 필요가 있음을 보여 준다. 홍수위험지수는 지속적인 치수사업의 성과에 의해 점진적으로 낮아지고 있고 한강과 낙동강 권역이 금강, 섬진강 및 영산강 권역보다 상대적으로 홍수위험도가 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 치수사업의 성과의 평가와 함께 유역 간 홍수의 상대적인 위험도를 시 공간적으로 분석하여 치수 관련 정책 및 대책 수립에서 보다 효과적인 의사결정을 지원할 수 있을 것이다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.175-189
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• 2012

This paper presents an algorithm for structural reliability with the response surface method. For this aim, an approach with three stages is proposed named as improved response surface method. In the algorithm, firstly, a quadratic approximate function is formed and design point is determined with First Order Reliability Method. Secondly, a point close to the exact limit state function is searched using the design point. Lastly, vector projected method is used to generate the sample points and Second Order Reliability Method is performed to obtain reliability index and probability of failure. Five numerical examples are selected to illustrate the proposed algorithm. The limit state functions of three examples (cantilever beam, highly nonlinear limit state function and dynamic response of an oscillator) are defined explicitly and the others (frame and truss structures) are defined implicitly. ANSYS finite element program is utilized to obtain the response of the structures which are needed in the reliability analysis of implicit limit state functions. The results (reliability index, probability of failure and limit state function evaluations) obtained from the improved response surface are compared with those of Monte Carlo Simulation, First Order Reliability Method, Second Order Reliability Method and Classical Response Surface Method. According to the results, proposed algorithm gives better results for both reliability index and limit state function evaluations.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.13-27
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this survey research was to investigate the relationship among oral health State, behavior and knowledge of oral health of patients who participate in dental hygiene students voluntarily. Methods : The subject in this were patients who got a scaling at the oral hygiene practice lab in the department of dental hygiene in S university dental clinic from April 1 to May 31, 2010. For the data analysis, an SPSS WIN 11.5 program was used and its signification level was 0.05. Results : 1. For the oral health state according to sex distinction, it showed the men's 0.78 MT index was higher than women's 0.48 MT index and statistically significant difference. For FT index, women(4.72) was higher than men(3.50) and it showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 2. For the oral health state according to age distinction, DT index of under 20years(2.44) was higher than the others and it showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 3. For the oral health state according to marriage distinction, not married DT index(1.59) was higher than married DT index(2.56) and it showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 4. For the oral health behavior according to age distinction, 87.0% 20~29years patients replied as I have experience of my teeth scaled and it showed statistically significant difference. 18.5% more than 30 years replied as I use interdental brush and it showed statistically significant difference. 18.5% more than 30 years replied as I use powered brush and it showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 5. For the oral health state according to oral health behavior distinction, there were significant difference that regular visit of dental clinic, experience of teeth scaled, toothbrushing, oral hygiene device(p<0.05). 6. For the oral health state according to oral health knowledge distinction, there were significant difference that toothbrushing time after each meal, appropriate toothbrushing time, toothbrushing method, dental caries foods(p<0.05). Conclusions : I suggest with the result of the study that there was a very close relationship between oral health status, behavior and knowledge of oral health. Therefore student of the dental hygiene should be encouraged to pay more attention to oral health care of the patient, and they should be well educated oral health care personnels who volunteers in practice for oral prophylaxis.