• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.391-395
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• 2011

The structure and dielectric properties of poled <001>-oriented 0.7Pb($Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-0.3PbTiO_3$ (PMN-0.3PT) crystals have been investigated for orientations both parallel and perpendicular to the [001] poling direction. An electric field induced monoclinic phase was observed for the initial poled sample. The phase remained stable after the field was removed. A quite different temperature dependence of dielectric constant has been observed between heating and cooling due to an irreversible phase transformation. The results of mesh scans and temperature dependence of the dielectric constant demonstrate that the initial monoclinic phase changes to a single domain tetragonal phase at 370K and to a paraelectric cubic phase at 405K upon heating. However, upon subsequent cooling from the unpoled state, the cubic phase changes to a poly domain tetragonal phase and to a rhombohedral phase. In the ferroelectric tetragonal phase with a single domain state, the dielectric constant measured perpendicular to the poling direction was dramatically higher than that of the parallel direction. A large dielectric constant implies easier polarization rotation away from the polar axis. This enhancement is believed to be related to dielectric softening close to the morphotropic phase boundary and at the phase transition temperature.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.236-242
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• 2014

Fabrication of reaction-bonded $Al_2O_3$ (RBAO) ceramics using Al-Zn-Mg alloy powder was studied in order to improve traditional RBAO ceramic processing using Al powder. The influence on reaction-bonding and microstructure, as well as on physical and mechanical properties, of the particulate characteristics of the $Al_2O_3$-Al alloy powder mixtures after milling, was revealed. Variation of the particulate characteristics of this $Al_2O_3$-Al alloy powder mixture with milling time was reported previously. To start, the $Al_2O_3$-Al alloy powder mixture was milled, reaction-bonded, post-sintered, and characterized. During reaction-bonding of the $Al_2O_3$-Al alloy powder mixture compacts, oxidation of the Al alloy took place in two stages, that is, there was solid- and liquid-state oxidation of the Al alloy. The solid-state oxidation exhibited strong dependence on the density of surface defects on the Al-alloy particles formed during milling. Higher milling efficiency resulted in less participation of the Al alloy in reaction-bonding. This was because of its consumption by chemical reactions during milling, and subsequent powder handling, and could be rather harmful in the case of over-milling. In contrast to very little dependence of oxidation of the Al alloy on its particle size after milling, the relative density, microstructure, and flexural strength were strongly dependent on particle size after milling (i.e., on milling efficiency). The relative density and 4-point flexural strength of the RBAO ceramics in this study were ~98% and ~365 MPa, respectively, after post-sintering at $1,600^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1990

Resonant multi photon ionization (RMPD of Hg atoms is studied by focusing a high-power laser into the ionization cell. The intermediate resonant state is taken as $6d^1D_2$ with the 4-photon resonance wavelength of 560.7 nm. The ionization signal is measured as Hg vapor pressure (0.1-3.0 Torr), laser intensity $(10-120GW/\textrm{cm}^2)$, and laser wavelength (559-569 nm) vary. AC Stark shift and line broadening of the resonant state $(6d^1D_2)$ are observed and the shift factor is measured to be $-0.6(cm^{-1}/GW/\textrm{cm}^2$. It is also observed that the ionization signal increases as the Hg vapor pressure increases up to a certain value of pressure, however, if the pressure further increases, the signal decreases. The order of non-linearity, which discribes the laser intensity dependence of ionization rate, is measured to be 3 at the resonance, and compared with the theoretical results.esults.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2018

Southeast Asia witnessed a paradox of political stagnation and economic development in 2017. The 'dual order' of security dependence on America and economic dependence on China was sustained in East Asia. In this regard, Southeast Asia of two faces was quite similar to broader East Asia. On one hand, the old socialist group with totalitarian nostalgia lurked in the buffer zone between totalitarianism and authoritarianism, while the original capitalist group under democratic disguise roamed in the gray zone between authoritarianism and democracy. On the other, the old socialist group with the legacy of the planned economy succumbed to the temptation of the Beijing Consensus on state capitalism, while the original capitalist group with the myth of the market economy was exposed to the pressure of the Washington Consensus on liberal capitalism. The ASEAN Community representing the regional integration of Southeast Asia was caught in the strategic predicament of a looming 'new cold war' between the continental and maritime powers.

• ALGAE
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2020

Iodine exists as a trace element in seawater, with total iodine being generally constant at about 0.45-0.55 μM. Almost all of this iodine occurs in two main forms: iodate and iodide. Iodate is the thermodynamically stable form under normal seawater conditions, and thus should be the only iodine-containing species in the water column. However, iodate concentrations are found to vary considerably, being generally greater at depth and lower at the surface, while iodide concentrations follow the reverse pattern, being anomalously accumulated in the euphotic zone and decreasing with depth. The fact that iodide concentrations follow a depth dependence corresponding to the euphotic zone suggests that biological activity is the source of the reduced iodine. Nonetheless, the nature and source of iodate reduction activity remains controversial. Here, using a combination of field and laboratory studies, we examine some of the questions raised in our and other previous studies, and seek further correlations between changes in iodine speciation and the presence of marine macro- and microalgae. The present results indicate that microalgal growth per se does not seem to be responsible for the reduction of iodate to iodide. However, there is some support for the hypothesis that iodate reduction can occur due to release of cellular reducing agents that accompany cell senescence during phytoplankton bloom declines. In addition, support is given to the concept that macroalgal species such as giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) can take up both iodide and iodate from seawater (albeit on a slower time scale). We propose a mechanism whereby iodate is reduced to iodide at the cell surface by cell surface reductases and is taken up directly as such without reentering the bulk solution.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.805-810
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• 2007

Molecular recognition for a specific cation depending on the change of the oxidation state of the metal catalyst component contained in the hydrogel network has been studied in a self-oscillating hydrogel. The selfoscillating hydrogels are synthesized by the copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), lead methacrylic acid (Pb(MAA)2), and Ru(bpy)3 2+ monomer as a metal catalyst component. The recognition for a specific cation (in this study, Ca2+ has been used) is characterized by the adsorbed amount of Ca2+ into the gel. The recognition of the gels for Ca2+ is higher at the temperature below the LCST, and also higher at the oxidized state than at reduced state of the metal catalyst component which corresponds to a more swollen state. Moreover, a propagating wave induced by a periodic change of the oxidation state with the diffusion phenomena in the oscillating hydrogel shows a possibility for temporal and site-specific molecular recognition due to the local swelling of the gel.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.227-232
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• 1993

The temperature dependence of $Na^+-dependent$ succinate uptake was studied in brush border (BBMV) and basolateral (BLMV) membrane vesicles isolated from the rabbit kidney cortex. The succinate uptake was markedly altered by temperature in a similar fashion in both membranes. The temperature dependence was characterized by a nonlinear Arrhenius plot with a break point at 22 and $25^{\circ}C$ for BBMV and BLMV, respectively. The activation energy was 3.91 and 17.09 kcal/mole at above and below the break point respectively, far BBMV; 2.65 and 14.05 kcal/mole, respectively, for BLMV. When temperature increased f개m 20 to $35^{\circ}C$, the Vmax of succinate transport increased from $3.49{\pm}0.11\;to\;5.90{\pm}0.86\;nmole/mg/5\;sec$ for BBMV and from $2.86{\pm}0.25\;to\;3.63{\pm}0.32\;nmole/mg/5\;sec$ for BLMV, with no change in Km in both membranes. These results suggest that renal dicarboxylate transport is similarly sensitive to a change in membrane physical state in BBMV and BLMV.

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.204-209
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• 1995

The pH dependence of kinetic parameters in the amination direction of the aspartase from Hafnia alvei has been determined. The V/K for fumarate is bell shaped with pK values of 6.4 and 8.7. The maximum velocity for fumarate is also bell shaped with pK values of 7.2 and 9.1. The pH dependence of 1/K, for potassium (competitive inhibitor of ammonia) decreases at low pH with pK 7.6. Together with data [Yoon and Cook (1994) Korean J. Biochem. 27, 1-5] on the deamination direction of the aspartase, these results are consistent with two enzyme groups which are necessary for catalysis. An enzymatic group that must be deprotonated has been identified. Another enzyme group must be protonated for substrate binding. Both the general base and general acid group are in a protonation state opposite that in which they started when aspartate was bound. A proton is abstracted from C-3 of the monoanionic form of L-aspartate by an enzyme general base with, a pK of 6.3~6.6 in the absence and presence of $Mg^{2+}$ Ammonia is then expelled with the assistance of a general acid group giving $NH_{4+}$ as the product.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 2003.02a
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• pp.63-77
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• 2003

In this paper, we investigate the co-movements of the real GDP cycle and the telecommunications service expenditure cycle over 1980 through 2000 in Korea. We used several appropriate statistical tools to characterize and to compare the co-movements between the two aforementioned variables. The statistics presented in this paper are common, easy to Interpret and capture important visual, descriptive information and the dynamics of data that would be lost if one focused only on the unconditional correlation coefficients of de-trended data. This paper examines four possible characteristics for the co-movements of real GDP and telecommunications service expenditure in Korea. The first is that in low frequency, the cyclical movements in telecommunications service expenditure are very similar to the cyclical movements in real GDP, The second is that in the high frequency, the estimated stationary cyclical telecommunications service expenditure is not closely related to the estimated stationary cyclical real GDP. Third, according to co-spectra analysis, the strong relationships between the variables are found in the mid-term frequency and as such this empirical finding has important implications for telecommunications policy and telecommunications service implementation strategies. Finally, in the short-term period, our empirical results support telecommunications network theories such as path dependence properties, lock-in, positive feedback externality, and network externality.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.54-60
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• 1985

This study is concerned with the mechanism of PTCR in $BaTiO_3$ ceramics doped by $Nb^{+5}$ Since the vacancy compensation layer at the grain boundary of n-type doped $BaTiO_3$ ceramics has been known as a major factor for surface state to give PTCR phenomena the dependence of PTCR on such vacancy compensation layer was attemped to be confirmed experimentally in this study. For the experiment quenching and annealing at various temperature after sintering were adopted to induce difference in the thickness of vacancycompensation layer so as to exihibit difference of PTCReffect eachother. The TEX>$Ba^{++}$ cocentration at the grain and grain boundary was measured by EDAX to confirm the formation of the vacancy compensation layer. It was found that i)either decrease in the temperature for quenching ii) or increase in the temperature for annealing improves the PTCR effect clearly iii)increase in TEX>$Ba^{++}$ concentration at the grain boundary results in the improvement of PTCR effect. It was concluded that all the experimental results gave the evidence for the dependence of PTCR effect on the vacancy compensation layer at the grain boundary which had been induced possibly by the $Ba^{++}$ diffusion by the heat treatment conducted.