• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1626-1631
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• 2010

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary replacement of normal maize (NM) with quality protein maize (QPM) on performance, immune response and carcass characteristics of broiler (Krishibro) chickens. Six experimental diets were prepared separately for starter and finisher phases. Diet 1 was a control diet formulated with NM and soybean meal. In diets 2-5, the NM was replaced with QPM at 25, 50, 75 and 100%, respectively. Diet 6 was the same as the control diet, but supplemented with synthetic lysine similar to the industry standard. Each test diet was fed to 8 replicates, each of 5 chicks, reared in stainless steel battery brooders. The AME content of QPM (3382 kcal/kg) was similar to that of NM (3,352 kcal/kg), but protein (9.91 vs. 8.94%), lysine (0.40 vs. 0.26%) and tryptophan (0.09 vs. 0.07%) contents of QPM were higher than NM. Dietary replacement of NM with 50% QPM significantly (p<0.05) improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, humoral immune response, relative bursa weight, and breast muscle yield and lowered abdominal fat content. No further improvement in these parameters was recorded by increasing the level of replacement of NM with QPM to either 75% or 100%. Further, the improvement noticed in the 50% QPM group was similar to the group fed the NM diet with lysine supplementation, and thus dietary replacement of NM with QPM at 50% did not need extra synthetic lysine supplementation. It is concluded that dietary replacement of NM with QPM at the 50% level resulted in optimum performance, higher breast muscle yield and higher immune response in broiler chickens.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.53-56
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• 2007

ME가와 단백질 수준이 백세미 육계의 생산성과 경제성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 시중에 판매되는 육계 초이 및 전기 사료를 T1로 하여 전기(starter) 및 육성기(grower) 사료로 각각 이용하였고, T1 사료의 ME가와 조단백 함량을 하향 조정한 세 처리구 등 총 4가지 사료(전기: T1; ME 3,040, CP 21.40%, T2;ME 2,950, CP 20.62%, T3; ME 2,950, CP 19.90%, T4; ME 2,900, CP 18.50% 그리고 후기: T1; ME 3,070, CP 20.86%, T2; ME 3,000, CP 19.70%, T3; ME 3,000, CP 18.70%, T4; ME 2,920, CP 18.00%)를 실용 산란계 암컷(Hy-Line)과 육용 종계 수컷($Ross^{(R)}$)을 인공 수정하여 부화시킨 백세미 초생추 360수(4처리, 6반복, 반복당 15수)에 공시하여 5주간의 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 증체량은 T1구가 다른 세 처리구에 비해 가장 높았고 사료 섭취량 또한 T1구가 가장 높았다. 사료 전환율도 T1구가 가장 좋았다. 생산 지수에서도 T1이 153으로 T2: 112, T3: 108 그리고 T4: 101 보다 유의하게 높았다. 또한 경제성 분석에서도 T1이 다른 처리구에 비하여 현저하게 우수하였으며 kg 증체당 사료비가 가장 낮았다. 그 다음으로 T4, T3, T2 순이었다. 결론적으로 백세미의 증체량과 사료 요구율 및 경제성을 고려할 때 기존의 육계 사료를 급여 시 생산성이 가장 높았으며, 사료의 ME가와 조단백질 함량을 하향 조정할수록 생산성이 저하되었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.307-314
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• 2015

본 연구는 한방생약부산물을 이용한 육계의 사료첨가제를 개발하기 위해 대조군(CON), HM1(한방생약부산물 0.15%), HM2(한방생약부산물 0.3%) 및 HM3(한방생약부산물 0.5%) 등 4개군에 육계 96수를 완전임의 배치하여 생산성, 장내 미생물 균총, 혈액 생화학적 지표, 면역글로블린 및 백혈구 성상의 변화에 대하여 조사하였다. 한방생약부산물 0.15% 첨가군(HM1)에서 대조군에 비해 육계전기(3~21일령) 사료요구율이 유의적(p<0.05)으로 개선되었으나, 전 기간에서는 차이가 없었다. 장내 소화물의 E. coli 및 Lactobacili 총 균수에서도 한방생약부산물 급여는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 혈액 생화학적 지표에서는 한방생약부산물 급여 시 AST 및 glucose 수준을 유의하게(p<0.05) 감소시켰다. 면역글로불린(IgG 및 IgA)과 백혈구 감별계수에서는 처리에 따른 차이는 없었다. 결론적으로 육계에서 0.15~0.3% 수준의 한방생약 부산물 첨가는 육계전기에 사료이용성 및 간 조직의 기능을 개선하는 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1881-1891
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• 2022

Objective: The present study aimed to quantify the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on broiler chickens' performance by employing a meta-analysis approach. Methods: A total of 16 studies were included in the database after being systematically selected using a PRISMA protocol. Hedges' g effect size was used to quantify pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) using random-effects models at 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Publication bias among studies was computed with Egger's test and visualized using funnel plots. Results: Results indicated that dietary FSBM inclusion increased final body weight (BW) (SMD = 0.586, 95% CI: 0.221 to 0.951, p = 0.002) of broiler chickens, particularly in starter period (SMD = 0.691, 95% CL: 0.149 to 1.233, p = 0.013) while in the finisher period, the effect was weaker (SMD = 0.509, 95% CI: 0.015 to 1.004, p = 0.043). Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected with FSBM inclusion when compared to control. Subgroup analysis revealed that FI increased in starter period (SMD = 0.582, 95% CI: 0.037 to 1.128, p = 0.036). When considering types of microorganism as moderating variables in the subgroup analysis, we found that Aspergillus oryzae, mixed probiotics+bromelain protease, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus bacteria significantly increased ADG and FI (p<0.01). Additionally, either Bacillus subtilis+protease or Bacillus subtilis alone decreased FCR (p<0.001). However, meta-regression analysis showed that levels of FSBM inclusion had no effects on final BW (p = 0.502), ADG (p = 0.588), FI (p = 0.861), and FCR (p = 0.462). Conclusion: Substituting SBM in broiler chickens' diet with FSBM improved BW of broiler chickens, especially in the starter period whereas the effects on ADG, FI, and FCR were mostly dependent on microbial strains used for fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1197-1205
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of feeding DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HMTBA) and DL-methionine (DLM) supplemented corn-soybean-cottonseed meal diets on growth performance, carcass composition, and muscle color of broilers. The trial was designed as a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial experiment, including two methionine (Met) sources (HMTBA and DLM), three equimolar graded levels of Met supplementation (i.e., 0.08, 0.16, and 0.24% in the starter diet and 0.07, 0.14, and 0.21% in the grower and finisher diets, respectively), and two sexes (male and female). Additionally, one basal diet for each sex was formulated to be limiting in Met to test the dosage response of increasing supplemental Met levels. Four hundred and twenty 10-d-old broilers were randomly allotted to 14 treatments (seven each for males and females), with five replicate pens per treatment and six chicks per pen. There was no difference (p>0.05) between the two Met sources in growth performance and muscle deposition of broilers throughout the whole experimental period (d 10 to 49). With the increasing Met supplementation levels, average daily gain was increased (quadratic; p<0.01) during the starter, grower, and overall phases, average daily feed intake was increased (quadratic; p<0.01) during the starter phase, and feed:gain ratio was decreased (quadratic; p<0.05) during the grower and overall phases. At the end of finisher phase, Met supplementation increased breast muscle content (quadratic; p<0.01) and thigh muscle content (linear; p<0.05), and decreased abdominal fat content (quadratic; p<0.02). Compared to the broiler fed DLM, broilers fed HMTBA had superior breast and thigh muscle coloration (p<0.01). Male broilers had higher weight gain and feed intake and better feed conversion than female broilers (p<0.01). The fat content of thigh muscle in female broilers was higher than that of male broilers (p<0.03). The best fit comparison of HMTBA vs. DLM was determined by Schwarz Bayesian Criteria index, which indicated that the average relative bioefficacy of HMTBA vs. DLM was 120% with 95% confidence limit 67 to 172%. These results indicated that Met supplementation improved growth performance and carcass quality of broilers fed corn-soybean-cottonseed meal diets irrespective of Met sources. Compared to DLM, HMTBA has the same molar bioefficacy on improving the growth performance and carcass quality of broilers; however, HMTBA fed birds had superior meat color to DLM fed birds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.401-409
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• 2012

The study was conducted to investigate the chemical composition of distillery yeast sludge and its inclusion in broiler diets to replace canola meal. Raw distillery yeast sludge was washed with water using water and sludge in the ratio 6:1, respectively. Proximate analysis of raw distillery yeast sludge and washed distillery sludge was carried out for crude protein (CP), true protein (TP), ether extract (EE), ash, acid insoluble ash and nitrogen free extract (NFE) determination. Mineral contents and amino acid profile of raw distillery yeast sludge and washed distillery sludge were also determined. After chemical evaluation, four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous broiler starter and finisher diets were prepared in mash form using 0 (control), 4, 8 and 12% levels of washed distillery sludge replacing canola meal. One hundred and twenty day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 12 experimental units in such a way that each diet was offered to three experimental units, each comprising of 10 chicks. It was observed that washing affected the nutrients either by decreasing or increasing their concentration. It decreased the total mineral contents whereas CP, TP, EE and NFE contents increased. Washing also increased amino acid profile. Average feed intake and weight gain were higher in birds fed diet containing 8% washed distillery sludge and lower in birds fed diet containing 0% washed distillery sludge. Feed cost per kg live weight gain decreased significantly as the level of washed distillery sludge was increased in the diet. Average heart, liver and pancreas weights decreased with increased level of washed distillery sludge in the diet. The study revealed that after washing, distillery yeast sludge can be used successfully in broiler diets up to the level of 8% without any adverse effect on broiler's performance.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2003

본 연구는 눈꽃 동충하초(Paecilomyces japonica)의 접종사료 급여가 육계의 증체량, 사료효율 및 닭고기 중에 전이되는 cordycepin의 함량에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 120마리의 초생추를 기초사료만 급여한 대조구, Paecilo-myces japonica 접종사료 5% 대체한 T1, 접종사료 10% 대체한 T2및 접종사료 20% 대체한 T3의 4 처리구로 구분하여 2∼5주령간(4주 동안) 사양실험을 진행하였다. 눈꽃 동충하초가 접종된 사료 중의 cordycepin의 함량은 미접종 사료보다 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 증체량 및 사료효율은 사육 전기에 T1 구에서 현저하게 개선되었지만(P<0.05),사육 후기에는 T3 처리구에서 가장 낮게 평가되었으며(P<0.05), 사육전 기간에 증체량 및 사료효율은 T3구가 다른 처리구보다 낮아지는 경향을 보였다 사양시험 종료 후, 가슴살과 대퇴부살 중에 검출된 코디세핀(Cordycepin)의 함량은 동충하초 처리구에서 대조구보다 통계적으로 높았지만(P<0.05).동충 하초 처리구간에 cordycepin 함량은 차이가 없었다. 본 연구결과로 증체량 및 사료효율은 눈꽃동충하초 접종사료 5% 대체구(T1)에서 개선되는 경향을 보였으며, 가슴살 및 대퇴부살에서 코디세핀(Cordycepin)의 함량은 눈꽃동충하초 접종사료의 급여로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05).

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.149-156
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• 1989

규산 광물질의 일종인 zeolite의 첨가수준이 육계의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하며 1, 2차에 걸친 사양시험을 실시하였다. 본 시험에 사용한 zeolite는 한국산 이며, 1, 2차 공히 broiler숫병아리(Abor Acres종)를 각각 60수와 216수를 공시하였다. 시험 1에서는 대조구와 대조구에 zeolite를 2%첨가한 구의 2처리로 하였으며 전, 후기 구분 없이 단일사료를 급여하였고 시험 2에서는 대조구($T_1$ )와 대조구와 동숙종 동단백질수준이 되게 zeolite를 2%사용한 구($T_2$)그리고 대조구에 zeolite 2%를 단순첨가한 구($T_3$)의 3처리로 하였다. 대조구($T_1$ )와 zeolite 2%사용구($T_2$)의 배합표는 각각 least-cost formulation으로 작성되었으며 전기사료(0~4 주)와 후기사료(5~7)를 각각 급여하였다. 시험 1의 결과에 의하면 4주령에는 대조구에 비해 zeolite 2% 첨가구가 증체량이 유의하게(P＜0.05) 낮았으나 5,6주에는 증체량이 높아졌고, 총증체량과 총사료섭취량은 zeolite 2%첨가구가 높았으나 처리간에 유의차는 없었고 사료효율은 같았다. 시험 2의 결과에 의하면 전기, 후기 및 전기간중의 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료효율 및 폐사율에 있어서 통계적인 유의차는 없었으나 $T_3$구의 증체량 및 사료섭취양이 높은 경향을 나타내었고 zeolite처리구($T_2$, $T_3$)가 대조구에 비해 사료효율이 떨어지는 경향을 보였다. 계분의 수분함양은 zeolite 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의하게(P＜0.01) 낮았으며, 하절기에 가까워질수록 유의하게 (P＜0.01) 증가하였다. 1kg증체당 사료원료비는 $T_1$ 348.34, $T_2$ 359.83, $T_3$ 346.85원으로 $T_3$가 가장 경제성이 높았다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2015

본 총설은 부화 후 1주일간 급여되는 초이사료 적용의 필요성 및 배합설계방안을 제시하여 육계생산성을 증대하는 방안을 살펴보고자 한다. 육계는 지난 수년 간 괄목할 만한 증체 속도 증가, 출하일령 단축 그리고 사료효율 향상을 보 여줬다. 이는 육종 개량, 사육 환경 개선, 과학적인 사양관리기법 적용 및 적정 영양공급 등의 결과이며, 한국의 경우 다른 나라에 비해 육계사육기간이 매우 짧아, 부화 후 약 31일령이면 출하가 이루어지고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 육계초기 1주일간은 전체 사육기간의 20% 이상을 차지할 뿐만 아니라, 초기성장이 출하체중과 일령 그리고 사료효율에 지대한 영향을 미치고 있으므로 초기 1주일간의 사료공급을 통한 생산성 향상이 매우 중요하다. 생후 7일령까지의 어린 병아리는 소화기관 미발달과 효소의 분비 및 활력 부족으로 사료 내 영양소의 소화 흡수 및 이용률이 낮은 편임을 고려하여, 초이사료의 급여를 위한 영양적 접근 방법으로는 크게 3가지로 나눌 수 있다. 첫 번째로는 단순히 영양수준을 올리기보다는 양질의 원료 사용, 특히 단백질과 탄수화물 이용률 증진을 위 한 선택적인 원료 사용 및 원료의 가공처리가 필요하다. 에너지 공급의 경우, 에너지 수준 못지않게 에너지 공급원이 중요한데, 특히 불포화지방산공급원인 식물성이 기름 첨가를 권장한다. 영양소 공급의 경우, 단백질 함량을 증가시키기보다는 이상적 아미노산 비율에 따른 필수아미노산 공급이 중요하다. 필요 시 효소제를 비롯한 항생제 등의 대체 물질 첨가를 통해 항병력이나 소화흡수율을 향상시키는 방안을 고려해 볼 수 있다. 아울러 기타 제한 아미노산의 충족에 대한 연구와 부화 후 7일간 사료 내 전해질 균형의 영향에 대한 연구가 앞으로 필요하다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2010

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of dietary inorganic (copper sulfate) and organic (copper proteinate) forms of copper and energy level on performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens. Two hundred day-old commercial Vencobb broiler chicks were purchased and randomly distributed to 20 cages of 10 birds each. These replicates were randomly assigned to one of five treatments in a (($2{\times}2$)+1) factorial arrangement. These two factors were sources of Cu ($CuSO_{4}$ vs. Cuproteinate) and dose of Cu supplements (200 mg and 400 mg/kg dietary dry matter) and the control (no supplemental Cu). After the starter period (up to 3 weeks), from d 22 onwards another factor i.e. energy at two levels (2,900 vs. 2,920 kcal/kg diet) was introduced with the previous factorial arrangements by subdividing each replicate into two equal parts, for two energy levels, without disturbing the dose and source of Cu supplement. Cu-salt supplementation linearly increased (p<0.01) live weight (LW), live weight gain (LWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 3 weeks, whereas cumulative feed intake (CFI) was unaffected (p>0.05). LWG and FCR were higher (p<0.01) in Cu-proteinate supplemented birds compared to $CuSO_{4}$ supplementation. A linear dose response (p<0.01) of Cu was found for the performance of broiler chickens. Birds having a higher energy level in the finisher stage increased (p<0.01) LWG and FCR. Cumulative feed intake was similar (p>0.05) across the groups up to the 5th week. Cu-proteinate increased performance of broiler chickens compared to $CuSO_{4}$. Dose of supplemental Cu-salt irrespective of source showed a linear response (p<0.01) for performance. Supplementation of Cu-proteinate increased metabolizability of DM (p<0.01), NFE (p<0.05), total carbohydrate (p<0.01) and OM (p<0.01) at the starter period. Increased dose of Cu-salt linearly increased (p<0.01) metabolizability of DM, CP, CF, NFE and OM. Higher energy level in the diet improved DM (p<0.05), EE (p<0.01), NFE (p = 0.01), total carbohydrate (p<0.01) and OM (p<0.01) metabolizability. Cu-proteinate supplementation showed better nutrient utilization compared to CuSO4. Dose of Cu linearly increased DM, CP, EE, NFE, total carbohydrate and OM metabolizability. CF metabolizability was unaffected (p>0.05) among the treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Cu-salt more than the requirement may improve performance and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens even with a high energy finisher diet. Cu-proteinate showed better performance and nutrient utilization compared to $CuSO_{4}$.