• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.383-393
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• 1991

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of cimaterol on growth performance, carcass quality and cellular functional activity of broilers as affected by the various protein and energy levels. In starter period (0-21 days) all chicks were fed the basal diet which contained approximately 23 % crude protein and 3200 kcal of metabolizable energy per kg of diet. The cimaterol was added during 22-49 days and during the period of 8th week the cimaterol was withdrawn. In finisher period (22-49 days), a $2{\times}2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement consisting of 2 levels of cimaterol (0 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg), 2 levels of protein (19%, 17%) and 3 levels of energy (3200, 2900, 2600 kcal/kg) was used. In the finisher period, the body weight gain and feed efficiency was improved by the supplementation of cimaterol. The high protein and high energy level with supplementation of cimaterol had showed the highest body weight gain and feed efficiency, without significant difference. The administration of cimaterol had no effects on percentage of abdominal fat content, giblet and neck. Eventhough the difference was not significant (p>0.05), carcass yield was improved slightly by the administration of cimaterol. The effect of cimaterol on carcass composition was clearly demonstrated that protein content of broilers was not increased (p>0.05) but fat content decreased significantly (p<0.05). The ultilization of nutrients in experimental diets was not significantly affected by feeding cimaterol compared to control group. The results of in vitro studies with liver and adipose tissue showed that cimaterol increased the lipolytic activities at 19% protein level whereas at 17% protein level this effect was variable. Lipogenic activities in liver and adipose tissue were not affected with the administration of cimaterol but the activities increased as energy decreased, particularly in liver tissue. In cell studies with acinar culture of liver tissues, cimaterol had no effect on protein synthetic activity but the parameter was increased at higher level of dietary protein and energy. Protein secretion in liver was increased by the supplementation of cimaterol. In addition, at high protein level the protein secretion was increased and has shown the highest values at medium energy level.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권2호
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• pp.377-386
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• 2023

The effect of different commercially available bedding materials on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of ducks for 42 days was investigated. 336 one-day-old White-Pekin ducklings (60.48 ± 0.16 g) were randomly allocated into 24-floor pens with one of the three beddings namely i) coco peat, ii) rice husks, or iii) sawdust. 14 ducklings per pen and 8 replicate pens per bedding material were used. Birds were fed a starter diet from days 1-21 and a grower diet from days 22-42. Weekly growth performance evaluation was conducted for the average body weight, weight gains, daily feed intake, and feed conversion efficiency. One bird per pen was sacrificed on day 42 for the evaluation of carcass characteristics including the carcass, breast, and leg muscle percentages. Breast and leg muscle samples were then collected and analyzed for their proximate and pH values. Higher body weights (p < 0.05) were noticed with rice husks on day 42 only. Improved daily gains (p < 0.05) were also noticed for birds raised with rice husks over the entire period (days 1-42). Concerning feed intake, higher values (p < 0.05) were similarly noted with rice husks for the grower phase (days 22-42), and the entire experimental period (days 1-42). Marginally improved feed intake values were also noted with the use of rice husks as the bedding materials on day 42 (p = 0.092). Improved feed efficiency (p < 0.05) was noticed with rice husks on day 35, the grower period, and the entire 42-day period. However, no significant differences were noticed for most of the carcass characteristics that were evaluated. Nevertheless, higher (p < 0.05) pH values for the breast muscle were noticed with the use of coco peat and sawdust as the bedding. Conclusively, the bedding type could have a significant impact on the growth performance of ducks without adverse effects on carcass characteristics. The use of rice husks as bedding might be advantageous and is therefore recommended.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.287-292
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• 2009

본 연구는 마늘 추출물(GE)의 급여가 육계 생산성, 영양소 소화율, 도체 성상 및 계육 특성에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하기 위하여 1일령 Hubbard 종 Broiler(체중 $44.72{\pm}1.76\;g$) 1,200수를 공시하여 3처리 4반복, 반복당 100수씩 완전 임의 배치하였다. 3개의 처리구는 각각 대조구, 마늘 추출물 (GE) 100 ppm, 200 ppm 첨가구로 나누어, 육계 전기(0~3주)와 육계 후기(4~5주) 총 5주 동안 사양 시험을 진행하였다. 마늘 추출물(GE) 100 ppm과 200 ppm을 사료에 첨가하여 실험한 결과 증체량과 사료 섭취량에서는 GE 100 ppm 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 높게 나타났지만 통계적 유의성은 인증되지 않았다(p>0.05). 후기의 사료 요구율은 GE 100 ppm 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 개선되었다(p<0.05). 영양소 소화율에서는 GE 100 ppm 첨가구와 GE 200 ppm 첨가구의 건물 소화율이 대조구에 비해 개선되었다(p<0.05). 산패도는 계육의 보존 기간을 늘려주는 주요한 요소인데, 마늘 추출물 급여시 계육의 산패도가 저장 8일과 12일차에 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 육색 측정에서는 가슴살의 명도, 적색도와 황색도를 조사하였는데, 명도에서 GE 200 ppm 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 본 실험의 결과 육계 사료 내 GE의 첨가는 육계의 생산성에는 영향을 미치지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 계육의 보존 기간을 늘려주는 주요한 요소인 산패도와 소비자들의 기호성을 높여주는 육색(명도)을 개선시킨 것으로 볼 때 육계 사료 내 GE의 첨가는 계육의 육질 개선에 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 1981

여름철 고온다습기에 사료를 저장시 문제되는 미생물의 증식과 사료의 영양가 손실이 부로일러의 성장 및 사료효율에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수분함량이 낮은 저수분사료(수분 12%)와 수분함량이 높은 고수분사료(수분 15%)에 항곰팡이제인 Sorbic acid를 0.02%와 0.04% 그리고 Ca-Pro-pionic acid를 0.1%와 0.2% 첨가하여 Anak계부로일러로 실험하여 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 1. 항곰팡이제는 호기성이나 염기성세균 보다 곰팡이나 효모의 증식 억제에 효과가 있었으며 특히 수분 15%에서는 Sorbic acid 0.04% 첨가가 억제효과가 가장 컷다. 2. 수분 15%인 분쇄옥수수의 전분손실은 14% 정도이었으나 항곰량이제를 첨가하므로서 3-7%로 크게 낮아졌으며, Sorbic acia가 Ca-propionic acid보다 효과적이었다. 3. 지방함량 손실은 고수분구에서 15% 였으나 Sorbic acid 0.04% 첨가로 Ca-propionic acid보다는 지방손실은 7%로 줄일 수 있었다. 4. 부로일러 전기의 증체량을 저수분구에 Sorbic-acid를 첨가한 것은 타구에 비하여 유의적으로 높았고 고수분구에 항곰팡이제 무첨가구와 Ca-propionic acid 0.1% 첨가구는 타구에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다 (P＜0.05). 5 전기의 사료효율은 고수분구에 항곰팡이제 무첨가구에서만 유의적으로 낮았으나(P＜0.05) 항 곰팡이제의 종류나 수준 그리고 수분의 고, 저에는 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 6. 부로일러후기의 증체량은 고수분구에 항곰팡이제 무첨가구는 유의적으로 낮았고. 저수구분에 Sorbic acid 0.04% 첨가구는 고수분구에 Ca-propionic acid 0.1%와 저수분에 Ca-propionic acid 0.1% 첨가구에 비해서 유의적으로 좋았다 (P＜0.05). 7. 후기의 사료효율에 있어서 고수분구에 함곰장이제 무첨가구는 유의적으로 낮았으며 저수분구에 Sorbic acid 0.02%와 0.04% 첨가가 저수분구에 Ca-Propionic acid 0.1%와 0.2% 첨가보다 유의적으로 높았다 (P＜0.05) 8. 장내 징생물 변화는 소장보다 맹장에서 세균이나 곰팡이가 많았고 세분함량에 의한 장내미생물의 차이는 없었으나 항곰팡이제 첨가는 장내에서 곰팡이 억제효과가 있었다. 9. 수분 15% 기타 대조구에서 뇌 연화증 이 발생하였으며 기타구에서는 별다른 이상이 없었다. 이상의 시험결과 하절기 고수분사료에는 Sorbic acid 0.04%나 CP 0.2%를 첨가하거나 사료의 수분함량을 12% 이하로 낮추는 것이 부로일러 성장과 사료효율 증진에 유효하다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1455-1459
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• 2003

A $2{\times}3$ factorial design was used to study the impact of rearing systems, individual (I) vs. group (G) and different levels of milk/skim milk feeding (three schedules, F1, F2 and F3) on performance of crossbred (Bos indicus ${\times}$ Bos taurus) calves. Six calves (three from each sex) were taken in each group on the basis of their birth weight. All the calves were fed colostrum for three days and thereafter, were allotted to three different milk feeding schedules (F), i.e. milk fed upto 8 weeks of age (F1), milk upto 4 weeks followed by 50% (F2) and 100% (F3) replacement of milk with skim milk in the next 4 weeks. Calf starter and cereal green fodder were fed ad libitum to all the calves beginning from second week of age. A digestibility trial was conducted at 15th week of age to assess nutrient utilization during postweaning period. The digestibilty of dry matter (DM), organic matter, total carbohydrate, ether extract and crude protein (CP) were nonsignificant between the rearing systems and the feeding schedules. There was significantly higher digestibility of NDF and ADF in G than I and in F3 than F1 and F2. The concentration CP and total digestible nutrients of the diet ranged from 17.18 to 17.75% and 66.32 to 70.14%, respectively. The DM intake (kg/100 kg body weight) ranged from 1.74 to 2.14 kg during 0 to 8 weeks and 3.19 to 3.41 kg during 0 to 14 weeks of age. The effects during postweaning phase (9-14 weeks of age) showed increased performance in group housed calves compared to individually housed ones with a superior average daily gain (590 vs. 443 g) and dry matter intake (1.79 vs. 1.64 kg). Above all, replacement of milk with skim milk at 50% level after 4th week followed by complete removal after 6th week of age (F2) seemed to suit better in coping with immediate energy starvation due to sole feeding of skim milk (F3) and they performed the best under group housed system of rearing.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1608-1614
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the different dietary ratios of n-6 to n-3 (n-6/n-3) fatty acid (FA) on performance and n-6/n-3 FA in muscles of broiler chickens. A total of 300 one-day-old Cobb chicks were randomly assigned to 3 treatments of 10 replicates in each (10 birds/replicate). Birds were fed on a corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 1% oil during starter (day 1 to 21) and 2% oil during finisher (day 22 to 39) phases, respectively. Treatments of high, medium and low dietary n-6/n-3 FA were formulated by replacing rice bran oil with linseed oil to achieve n-6/n-3 FA close to >20:1, 10:1 and 5:1, respectively. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were similar (p>0.05) among the treatments. Serum glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatments. In breast, concentration of C18:3n-3 was significantly greater (p = 0.001) for medium and low vs high n-6/n-3 FA, while concentrations of C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3, total n-3 FA, and n-6/n-3 FA were significantly higher for low vs medium, and medium vs high dietary n-6/n-3 FA. In contrast, concentrations of C18:2 and mono-unsaturated FA (MUFA) were lower for low vs high dietary n-6/n-3 FA. In thigh muscles, concentrations of C20:5n-3 were higher (p<0.05) for medium and low vs high dietary n-6/n-3 FA, and concentrations of C18:3n-3, C22:6, and n-3 FA were greater (p<0.05) for medium vs high, low vs medium dietary n-6/n-3 FA. However, concentrations of C18:1, MUFA, n-6/n-3 were lower (p<0.05) for low and medium vs high dietary n-6/n-3 FA. In conclusion, lowering the dietary n-6/n-3 FA did not affect the performance of chickens, but enhanced beneficial long-chain n-3 FA and decreased n-6/n-3 FA in chicken breast and thigh, which could be advantageous for obtaining healthy chicken products.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2007

본 시험은 육계에 대한 생균제, 일라이트, 활성탄 및 목초액의 사료적 가치를 평가하기 위하여 생균제 0.2%(T1)와 일라이트(T2), 활성탄(T3) 및 목초액(T4)을 각각 1.0%를 broiler 200수에 급여하여 증체량, 사료 섭취량, pH, 전단력, 관능 평가, 육색 및 지방산 함량을 분석하였다. 증체량은 전기 사료 급여 시에 C보다 T1과 T4에서 유의적으로 높았고, 후기 사료 급여 시는 C와 T4보다 T1, T2 및 T3에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 사료 효율은 처리구간에 유의성이 없었다. 계육의 일반 성분 중 수분과 조단백질 및 조회분은 유의성이 없으며, 조지방은 대조구보다 처리구에서 낮은 함량을 보였다. 가열 감량은 T3와 T4에서 낮았으며, 보수성은 T3와 T4에서 높았다. 관능 평가 결과 연도는 C가 가장 높고 T4가 제일 낮아 연도 개선 효과를 보였다. 육색 중 적색도$(a^*)$ 및 황색도$(b^*)$ 값은 모든 처리구에서 차이가 없었으나, 명도$(L^*)$값은 T1, T2, T3 및 T4에서 대조구보다 높았다(P<0.05). 포화 지방산인 stearic acid 함량은 C보다 T1, T2, T3 및 T4에서 낮았으며, 불포화 지방산인 oleic acid 함량은 대조구보다 처리구에서 높았다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 육계 사료에 목초액을 1% 첨가 급여할 경우 경쟁력 있는 브랜드 계육의 생산이 가능하며, 농가 소득 증대에 크게 기여할 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.515-523
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the variability in broiler performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and ileal digestible energy (IDE) between five different maize samples fed with and without xylanase at 16,000 U/kg. Various in vitro characterisations were conducted to determine if any could predict performance or AME. Samples of the maize were harvested in five diverse regions and fed individually in a mash diet as follows (g/kg): test maize 608.3; soya bean meal (SBM) 324.1; poultry fat 25.2; salt 4.6; met 2.6; lys 1.6; thr 0.5; limestone 9.7, dical 18.4; vit/min 5.0; CP 210 and ME (kcal/kg) 3,085. The diets were fed to 720 broilers with 6 replicates, each containing 12 birds per treatment, from 0 to 18 d of age. Maize samples were analysed for starch, protein, crude fibre, fat, protein solubility index (PSI) and vitreousness using near infra red reflectance spectroscopy (NIR). They were also assayed using an in vitro starch digestibility method. The results showed that there was no effect of harvest region on the feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the broilers over the 18 d period (p = 0.959, 0.926, 0.819 respectively). There was an improvement in all parameters with the addition of xylanase (FI p = 0.011; BWG and FCR p<0.001). There was a significant positive effect of xylanase on IDE, AME, IDE Intake (IDEI) and AME intake (AMEI) (p<0.0001 in all cases). Although there was no significant effect of maize source, there was a strong trend towards variability in IDE (p = 0.066) and AME (p = 0.058). There were no significant correlations (p<0.05) between any proximate or physiochemical values and any performance or AME values. This may suggest that none of those selected were suitable predictors for performance or AME. The broilers performed well according to the breed guidelines, with slightly increased FI, increased BWG and similar FCR prior to the addition of xylanase. When FCR and BWG were analysed with FI as a covariate, xylanase addition remained significant suggesting that the improvement in BWG and FCR was driven by an increase in digestibility and nutrient availability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.98-105
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• 2018

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of pelleted and expanded sorghum-based feeds prepared with different moisture levels and particle size of ingredients on metabolizable energy, ileal digestibility of amino acids and broiler performance. Methods: The experiment was performed with 720 male broiler chicks of the Cobb strain, with treatments of six replications, with 15 birds each; they were arranged in a completely randomized design and $2{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial scheme (pelleted or expanded feed processing, 0.8% or 1.6% moisture addition in the mixer, and particle size of 650 or 850 microns). Results: Higher pellet quality (pellets, % and pellet durability index [PDI]) was obtained in expanded diets and inclusion of 1.6% moisture. The particle size of 850 microns increased the PDI of final diet. All studied treatments had no significant effect on weight gain and broiler carcass and cut yields. Lower feed conversion occurred for birds fed pelleted feed at 42 d. The highest apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen balance (AMEn) values of feed in the initial rearing phase (10 to 13 days) were observed in birds fed pelleted feed or for feed prepared with 1.6% moisture. The highest ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids were obtained with the consumption of pelleted feed prepared with a particle size of 650 microns and 1.6% moisture. Conclusion: Pelleted feed prepared with a milling particle size of 650 microns and 1.6% moisture provided increased ileal digestibility of amino acids and AMEn in the starter period. However, the expanded feed improved pellet quality and feed conversion of broilers at 42 days of age. We conclude that factors such as moisture, particle size and processing affect the pellet quality, and therefore should be considered when attempting to optimize broiler performance.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2005

본 연구는 Spent Bleaching Clay(SBC)를 육계사료의 에너지 공급원으로 활용 가능성을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 부화 직후의 120수의 병아리(한협 3호)를4처리 3반복, 반복당 10수(암수 각각 5수씩)를 Control(T1) 사료에 SBC를 $2.0\%(T2),\;4.0\%(T3)$ 및 $6.0\%(T4)$ 첨가한 4처리로 배치하였다. 시험사료 급여전 1주일은 시판사료를 급여하였다. 4주간의 시험 기간동안 증체중 및 사료 섭취량은 T3 및 T4 처리구에서 증가하는 경향이 인정되었다. 사료효율은 T3구에서 개선되는 경향이 인정되었다. 가슴살 및 다리살에서 치방산 조성을 사료의 처리에 따른 효과는 인정되지 않았다. 육계 초기 및 후기 사료 급여시 모두, 사료중의 건물, 조단백질 및 조지방 이용율은 T4 처리구가 다른 처리구에 비해서 유의하게 감소하였으며(p<0.05), 대사에너지가도 T4 처리구가 다른 3구에 비해서 유의하게 저하하였다(p<0.05). 사료중의 조회분의 이용율은 사료의 처리에 따른 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 결론적으로 본 시험의 결과 육계사료에 $2\~4\%$의 SBC첨가는 육계의 성장 및 사료효율 개선의 가능성이 있음이 사료된다.